Destination and source steps, destination and source transitions......................................................................... 195
Multiple actions, conditioned actions .................................................................................................................. 196
Conditional actions, event-based actions............................................................................................................. 197
Actions on activation or deactivation of a step .................................................................................................... 197
Actions on transition crossing.............................................................................................................................. 197
Synchronization................................................................................................................................................... 198
Grafcet setting...................................................................................................................................................... 199
Grafcet forcings (60848 standard) ....................................................................................................................... 206
Macro-steps.......................................................................................................................................................... 207
Encapsulating steps.............................................................................................................................................. 210
Grafcet / Ladder and Grafcet / Flow chars links .................................................................................................. 212
Counters............................................................................................................................................................... 213
Gemma..................................................................................................................................................... 214
Creating a Gemma............................................................................................................................................... 216
ontent of Gemma rectangles ................................................................................................................................ 216
Obtaining a corresponding Grafcet...................................................................................................................... 216
Printing Gemma................................................................................................................................................... 217
Exporting Gemma................................................................................................................................................ 217
Example of Gemma ............................................................................................................................................. 217
Ladder...................................................................................................................................................... 220
Example of Ladder............................................................................................................................................... 221
Flow chart................................................................................................................................................ 222
Drawing flow charts............................................................................................................................................. 223
Example of a flow chart....................................................................................................................................... 224
Literal languages..................................................................................................................................... 226
How is a literal language used?............................................................................................................................ 226
Setting a code box................................................................................................................................................ 227
Low level literal language.................................................................................................................................... 228
Macro-instruction................................................................................................................................................. 285
Libraries............................................................................................................................................................... 286
Pre-defined macro-instructions............................................................................................................................ 286
Description of pre-defined macro-instructions..................................................................................................... 286
Example of low level literal language.................................................................................................................. 288
Extended literal language........................................................................................................................ 291
Writing boolean equations................................................................................................................................... 292
Writing numeric equations................................................................................................................................... 293
IF...THEN...ELSE...structure......................................................................................................................................... 294
WHILE ... ENDWHILE structure........................................................................................................................ 295
Example of a program in extended literal language............................................................................................. 295
ST literal language................................................................................................................................... 296
General Information............................................................................................................................................. 296
Boolean equations................................................................................................................................................ 297
Numeric equations............................................................................................................................................... 298
Programming structures....................................................................................................................................... 299
Example of a program in extended literal language............................................................................................. 300
Organization chart................................................................................................................................... 300
Creating an organizational chart.......................................................................................................................... 301
Rectangle content................................................................................................................................................. 302
Illustration ............................................................................................................................................... 302
Function blocks........................................................................................................................................ 304
Creating a function block..................................................................................................................................... 305
Drawing a block and creating a « .ZON » file ..................................................................................................... 305
Creating an « .LIB » file...................................................................................................................................... 307
Simple example of a function block..................................................................................................................... 307
Illustration............................................................................................................................................................ 308
Supplementary syntax.......................................................................................................................................... 311
Evolved function blocks ........................................................................................................................... 312
Syntax.................................................................................................................................................................. 312
Differentiating between new and old function blocks.......................................................................................... 312
Example............................................................................................................................................................... 313
Predefined function blocks....................................................................................................................... 313
Conversion blocks................................................................................................................................................ 314
Time delay blocks................................................................................................................................................ 314
String blocks........................................................................................................................................................ 314
Word table blocks................................................................................................................................................ 314
Advanced techniques................................................................................................................................314