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PDS220-FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
WORLD LEADER OF INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEMS
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Product Guide
“Our aim is to provide ‘Consistently Excellent Service’ in the eyes of our customers”
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.
1 About This Manual.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
1.2 References..................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Symbols .........................................................................................................................1
2 What is an Optical Beam Smoke Detector ............................................................................. 2
2.1 Definition ........................................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Operation Principles....................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Optical Beam Smoke Detector Types............................................................................ 4
2.3.1 Projected............................................................................................................ 4
2.3.2 Reflected............................................................................................................ 4
2.3.3 Application of Projected and Reflected Optical Beam Smoke Detectors.......... 5
2.3.4 New Optical Beam Smoke Detector Technology .............................................. 5
3 Where is an Optical Beam Smoke Detector Used ................................................................. 6
3.1 Traditional Applications.................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Special Applications....................................................................................................... 6
4 Specify an Optical Beam Smoke Detector ............................................................................. 7
4.1 Standards.......................................................................................................................7
4.2 Coverage / Ceiling Height .............................................................................................. 7
4.3 Location, Spacing and Positioning................................................................................. 7
4.3.1 Flat Ceiling......................................................................................................... 8
4.3.2 Apex Ceiling – Shed Type ................................................................................. 8
4.3.3 Apex Ceiling – Peaked Type ............................................................................. 9
4.3.4 Atrium .............................................................................................................. 10
4.4 Capability to Critical Enviroments ................................................................................ 11
4.4.1 High Air Velocity .............................................................................................. 11
4.4.2 Hostile Enviroment .......................................................................................... 11
4.4.3 Stratification ..................................................................................................... 12
4.5 Comparison with Point Type Detectors ....................................................................... 14
4.5.1 High Air Velocity .............................................................................................. 14
4.5.2 Coverage / Spacing ......................................................................................... 14
4.5.3 Installation / Maintenance in Wide Area’s ....................................................... 14
4.6 Interface to a Fire Alarm Control Panel ....................................................................... 15
4.6.1 Conventional Optical Beam Smoke Detector .................................................. 15
4.6.2 Conventional Optical Beam Smoke Detector on an Addressable FACP ........ 15
5 Install an Optical Beam Smoke Detector ............................................................................. 16
5.1 Structure.......................................................................................................................16
5.2 Reflections and Obscuration........................................................................................ 17
5.3 Optical Cross Talk........................................................................................................ 18
5.4 Sensitivity .....................................................................................................................18
5.5 Sunlight / Artificial Lights.............................................................................................. 18
5.6 Heat Sources ............................................................................................................... 18
5.7 Testing Procedures...................................................................................................... 19
5.7.1 Smoke Test...................................................................................................... 19
5.7.2 Fault Test......................................................................................................... 19
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
6 Commision an Optical Beam Smoke Detector .................................................................... 20
7 Maintain an Optical Beam Smoke detector.......................................................................... 21
8 FIRERAY Optical Beam Smoke Detectors ........................................................................... 22
8.1 Approvals ..................................................................................................................... 22
8.2 FIRERAY Projected Range.......................................................................................... 23
8.2.1 FIRERAY 2000 ................................................................................................ 23
8.2.2 Accessories ..................................................................................................... 23
8.3 FIRERAY Reflected Range.......................................................................................... 24
8.3.1 FIRERAY 50R 100R........................................................................................ 24
8.3.2 Accessories ..................................................................................................... 24
8.4 FIRERAY Reflected and Motorised Range.................................................................. 26
8.4.1 FIRERAY 5000 ................................................................................................ 26
8.4.2 Accessories ..................................................................................................... 27
9 Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 30
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
Page 1
1 About This Manual
1.1 Introduction
The aim of this guide is to offer information on the proper use of infrared (IR) / Optical Beam Smoke
Detectors to protect lives, equipment and property.
The Guide summarise the design requirements, the principles and practical applications for their
incorporation as a component of a Fire Alarm Control Panel
For specific applications, Optical Beam Smoke Detectors can be important links in a well engineered
Fire Alarm Control Panel. Thanks to their own capabilities, Optical Beam Smoke Detectors can
overcome the problems and limitations of point-type smoke detectors
Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are an efficient and economical way of protecting lives, equipment
and property where:
Areas are wide
Ceilings are high
Architecture cosmetic / aesthetic is important
Cost of installation and servicing is low.
1.2 References
PDS220-0004 FIRERAY 2000 Beam Detector Product Data Sheet
PDS220-0005 FIRERAY 50R 100R Beam Detector Product Data Sheet
PDS220-0008 FIRERAY 5000 Beam Detector Product Data Sheet
1.3 Symbols
Note: Configuration considerations
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
Page 2
2 What is an Optical Beam Smoke Detector
2.1 Definition
An Optical Beam Smoke Detector comprises of a Transmitter, a Receiver and a Control Unit
The Transmitter is an infrared light source that generates and projects a modulated infrared
(invisible) light beam over an area to the Receiver.
The Receiver is a photosensitive sensor that forwards the signal to a Control unit.
The Control Unit, which can be a separate or integrated unit (depending on the type of Optical
Beam Smoke Detector) analyses the signal information and communicates with the Fire Alarm
Control Panel (FACP) on the status of the Optical Beam Smoke Detector
Core: The effective region corresponds to the Core area, which will connect the Transmitter with the
Receiver / Reflector. The Core region contains sufficient IR energy to operate the system.
Scattered Region: The energy is Scattered Region is not sufficient to ensure reliable operation of
the system.
Edge: The transition area between Core and the Scattered Region.
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Page 3
2.2 Operation Principles
The Optical Beam Smoke Detector works on the principle of light obscuration. The photosensitive
element of the Optical Beam Smoke Detector sees light produced by the Transmitter in a normal
condition. The Receiver is calibrated to a preset sensitivity level based on a percentage of total
obscuration. AMPAC’s range of Optical Beam Smoke Detectors offers various sensitivity settings to
choose from.
Unlike point type photoelectric smoke detectors, Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are generally less
sensitive to the colour of the smoke. Therefore an Optical Beam Smoke Detector may be well suited
to applications unsuitable for point type photoelectric detectors, such as applications where the
anticipated fire would produce black smoke. Optical Beam Smoke Detectors do require visible
smoke and therefore may not be as sensitive as Ion detectors in some applications.
Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are sensitive to the cumulative obscuration presented by a smoke
field. A combination of smoke density and the linear distance of the smoke field create this
cumulative obscuration across the projected light beam. Cumulative obscuration is therefore a
measure of the percentage of light blockage.
Note: Condensation can be considered as an obscuration phenomenon.
Since the sudden and total obscuration of the light beam is not a typical smoke signature, the Optical
Beam Smoke Detector will see this a fault condition, not as an alarm. The threshold is typically set
by the manufacturer at a specified sensitivity level. This minimises the possibility of unwanted alarm
due to the blockage of the beam by a solid object, such as a sign or a ladder being inadvertently
placed in the beam path.
Very small, slow changes in the obscuration of the light source are also not typical of a smoke
signature. These changes occur because of environmental conditions such as dust or dirt
accumulation on the Optical Beam Smoke Detector’s optical assemblies or on the reflector surface.
Small, slow changes may also occur due to building movement.
Changes caused by environmental conditions are typically compensated for by an automatic gain
control (AGC). When the Optical Beam Smoke Detector is first turned on and put through its setup
program, it assumes the light signal level at that time as a reference point for normal condition.
As the quality of the light signal degrades over time, the AGC will compensate for this change. The
rate of compensation is limited to ensure that Optical Beam Smoke Detector will maintain its set
sensitivity and will also still be sensitive to smouldering or slow building fires.
When the AGC can no longer compensate for the loss of signal (as with accumulation of dust or dirt
or building movement) the Optical Beam Smoke Detector will signal a fault condition, so that
maintenance can take place.
With a motorised Optical Beam Smoke Detector, it is also possible to steer and reposition the unit to
retain good alignment after building movement.
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
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2.3 Optical Beam Smoke Detector Types
There are currently two types of Optical Beam Smoke Detectors. The Projected style and the
Reflective style.
2.3.1 Projected
The Transmitter and the Receiver are installed at each end of the area to be protected, up to 100
metres apart. The Receiver is electrically connected to the Control Unit, the later being installed at
the ground level
2.3.2 Reflected
The Transmitter and the Receiver are contained within one unit: The Transceiver. The transmitted
infrared light beam is reflected back by a reflector (prism) mounted directly opposite this unit, up to
100 metres away. The Receiver is connected to a Control Unit that can be either integrated into the
Transceiver or installed at ground level
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
Page 5
2.3.3 Application of Projected and Reflected Optical Beam Smoke Detectors
The Type of Optical Beam Smoke Detector used will be dictated by the installation and the
environment conditions and constraints.
Projected Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are less susceptible to stray reflection as reflections go
back to the transmitter. As a result, projected Optical Beam Smoke Detectors can operate within
narrower gaps left in the operating environment.
In addition, Projected Optical Beam Smoke Detector Transmitter and Receiver units are generally
compact and easily adopted into “aesthetic” architectural designs.
Reflected Optical Beam Smoke Detectors utilises less wiring for reduced costs (power and wiring
are only required at the transceiver end) and only requires the Transceiver to be aligned. However
the Reflected Optical Beam Smoke Detector can be vulnerable to reflective items close to IR beam
path.
As the Reflector has a wide acceptance angle, it does not need to be aligned as accurately as both
ends of a Projected Optical Beam Smoke Detectors
2.3.4 New Optical Beam Smoke Detector Technology
The latest Optical Beam Smoke Detectors generation can also encompass a motor.
In conjunction with a Control Unit installed at ground level, the user can benefit from being able to
steer the motorised units without the need to perform most of the setting up, commissioning and
maintaining activities from heights.
With a motorised Optical Beam Smoke Detector, it is possible to include software algorithms that
automatically align the unit and can accommodate building movements
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
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3 Where is an Optical Beam Smoke Detector Used
3.1 Traditional Applications
Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are used to provide “wide area” smoke detection. These are usually
used in situations where it is either impractical, inappropriate or not cost effective (installation, wiring
and maintenance) to use traditional point type detectors. It also enables coverage of a large area, at
minimal cost.
Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are also ideally suited for situations that might include high ceilings,
dusty and dirty environments, or environments that experience temperature extremes
Some examples of common applications:
Atriums
Conference / Exhibition Centres
Shopping Malls
Historic Buildings
Churches / Mosques
Museums
Hangers
Manufacturing Plants
Warehouses
Airports
Stables
Sport / Leisure Centres
3.2 Special Applications
Like point type detectors, Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are inappropriate for outdoor applications.
Outdoor conditions make smoke behaviour impossible to predict. Environmental conditions such as
temperature extremes, rain, snow, sleet, fog and dew can interfere with the proper operation of the
Optical Beam Smoke Detector.
Hazard areas require a flame / explosion proof Optical Beam Smoke Detector, ATEX approved
Zone 1 Environments
Refineries
Mills
Munitions Factories and Stores
Flammable Liquid Stores
Flammable Gas Sores
Flammable Powder Stores
Industrial Plants and Warehouses
Power Stations
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
Page 7
4 Specify an Optical Beam Smoke Detector
4.1 Standards
The following guidelines are provided to give a general summary of common situations in which
Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are used.
There are many recognised National and International standards and Codes of Practise.
Please refer to your local authority for your applicable standards and codes
4.2 Coverage / Ceiling Height
Optical Beam Smoke Detectors generally have an operating range of up to 100 metres.
However, the optical concept means that the infrared light beam doesn’t suddenly drop at 100
metres but carries on, fading away progressively. With regards to the Reflected Optical Beam
Smoke Detector, the infrared light beam actually travels up to 100 Metres and back the same
distance.
Note: Projected Optical Beam Smoke Detector can be offered with an extended range.
The recommended width of detection either side of the infrared light beam axis is 7.5 metres for
satisfactory detection under flat ceilings (see section 4.3 Location, Spacing and Positioning for
distances to be considered in some general applications)
Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are ideally suited for high ceiling applications, where their infrared
light beam path is less likely to be obstructed.
High Ceiling applications such as atriums, lobbies, gymnasiums, sports arenas, museums, factories
and warehouses are areas where Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are not only acceptable, but are
the detector of choice.
4.3 Location, Spacing and Positioning
It is important that the Optical Beam Smoke Detector is positioned correctly to minimise the detection
time
Experiments have shown that smoke from a fire does not rise directly upwards, but fans out as a
plume due to dilution with cool air and heat layering effects.
The time to signal a fire condition depends on the location of the Optical Beam Smoke Detector
within the premises, the volume and density of smoke produced, construction of the roof ventilation
arrangements and airflow within detection area.
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
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Smoke layering, where smoke does not reach the ceiling level due to layers of static hot air, is
overcome by mounting the Optical Beam Smoke Detector / Reflector at the recommended height
below the ceiling of between 0.3 metres and 0.6 metres. This brings the infrared light beam below
the heat layer and into the smoke layer.
However, if there are objects below the ceiling that could obscure the beam path, the detector heads
/ Reflector positioning may need to be adjusted. (This can be determined by smoke tests)
The effects of stratification should also be considered when locating Optical Beam Smoke Detectors
(see 4.4.3 Stratification)
Note: There are several models for positioning Optical Beam Smoke Detectors. The most
common ones are described in the following pages.
4.3.1 Flat Ceiling
4.3.2 Apex Ceiling – Shed Type
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
Page 9
4.3.3 Apex Ceiling – Peaked Type
A ceiling or roof with a slope in excess of 4.5 degrees should be regarded as an APEX ceiling / roof.
When Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are mounted in an APEX, the lateral coverage either side of
the beam axis can be increased in relation to the angle (Ø) of the pitch, using the following formula:
X = 7.5 + (7.5 x Ø/100) metres
For example
If the pitch angle (Ø) is 20° the lateral coverage can be increased from 7.5m either side of the
infrared light beam axis to:
X = 7.5 + (7.5 x 20/100) metres
X = 7.5 + (1.5) metres
X = 9 metres
The lateral coverage can be increased to 9 metres either side of the infrared light beam axis
This only applies for:
Optical Beam Smoke Detectors positioned in the APEX. For all Optical Beam Smoke Detectors, the
calculations remain the same:
Pitch angles up to and including 25°. Hence the maximum increase in lateral coverage can be:
X = 7.5 + (7.5 x 25/100) metres
X = 9.375 metres
Pitch angles over 25° must use the maximum lateral figure of 9.375 metres either side of the infrared
light beam axis
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4.3.4 Atrium
If the Optical Beam Smoke Detector is to be placed in an Atrium, or near glass / polished surfaces,
the Receiver / Reflector should be offset from the central line of sight, and angled back to the
Transmitter
This can be either on the vertical or on the horizontal axis, or a combination of both.
In the instance of a Reflected Optical Beam Smoke Detector, the reflected infrared light beam from
the Reflector will be returned to the Receiver in the normal way.
The purpose of this approach is to detect the rising plume rather than the smoke layer. For this
approach, supplementary detection using Optical Beam Smoke Detectors close enough to each
other to assure intersection of the plume is installed at a level below the lowest expected
stratification layer.
The spacing (X4) between Optical Beam Smoke Detectors is based on the narrowest potential width
of the plume at level detection (X5); typically X4 is 25% of X5
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4.4 Capability to Critical Enviroments
4.4.1 High Air Velocity
High air movement does not have as great as an effect on Optical Beam Smoke Detectors as other
detector types. An Optical Beam Smoke Detector’s sensing range can be long as a football field
(maximum beam range is typically 100 metres). It is therefore less likely to blown out of the Optical
Beam Smoke Detector’s sensing range. Although reduced spacing is not required in high airflow
areas, attention should be given to the anticipated behaviour of smoke in these applications.
4.4.2 Hostile Enviroment
Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are not as limited as point type detectors to hostile environments:
temperature extremes, dirt and corrosive gases and such.
In addition, flame / explosion proof Optical Beam Smoke Detector have been designed for protection
of large hazardous (with potentially explosive atmospheres) areas, such as:
Refineries
Mills
Munitions Factories and Stores
Flammable Liquid Stores
Flammable Gas Sores
Flammable Powder Stores
Industrial Plants and Warehouses
Power Stations
This version provides an early warning of smouldering or strongly smoke generative fires, which may
not be picked up by flame detectors installed in these hazardous areas.
Flame / explosion proof Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are ATEX approved.
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
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4.4.3 Stratification
Stratification occurs when smoke is heated by smouldering of burning materials and becomes less
dense than surrounding cooler air.
The smoke rises until there is no longer a difference between the smoke and the surrounding air.
Therefore, stratification may occur in areas where the air temperature may be elevated at the ceiling
level, but especially where there is a lack of ventilation.
On smooth ceilings, Optical Beam Smoke Detectors should generally be mounted 0.3 metres to 0.6
metres from the ceiling.
In many cases, however, the location and sensitivity of the detectors shall be the result of an
engineering evaluation that includes the following
Structural features
Size and shape of the room and bays
Occupancy and uses of the area
Ceiling height and shape
Surface and obstructions
Ventilation
Ambient environment
Burning characteristics of the combustible materials present
Configuration of the contents in the area protected
The results of an engineering evaluation may require an installation at a reduced height to defeat the
effects of stratification or other obstructions.
(A) This plume is narrow at the ground level and expands at higher levels; it can be detected readily
at these levels. (B) This fire is slow to develop; the temperature of the plume cools around 10 metres
to 15 Metres causing it to stratify at this level. (C) This plume develops at lower levels and doesn’t
cool until it reaches higher elevations. Due to the high temperature, its size is equal from floor to
ceiling.
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Page 13
There is no sure way of identifying what condition will be present at the start of a fire. Any of the
following detection schemes can provide for prompt detection regardless of the condition present at
the time of fire initiation.
Upward Optical Beam Smoke Detectors to Detect the Smoke Layer:
The purpose of this approach is to quickly detect the development of a smoke layer at whatever
temperature condition exists. One or more Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are aimed at an upward
angle to intersect the smoke layer regardless of the level of smoke stratification. For redundancy
when using this approach, more than one Optical Beam Smoke Detector is recommended.
Horizontal Optical Beam Smoke Detectors to Detect the Smoke Layer at Various Levels:
The purpose of this approach is to quickly detect the development of a smoke layer at whatever
temperature condition exists. One or more Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are located at the ceiling.
Additional Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are located at other levels lower in the volume. The exact
positioning of the Optical Beam Smoke Detectors is a function of the specific design but should
include Optical Beam Smoke Detectors at the bottom of any identified unconditioned (Dead air)
spaces and at / or near the design smoke level with several Optical Beam Smoke Detectors
positions at other levels
Horizontal Optical Beam Smoke Detectors to Detect Smoke Plume:
The purpose of this approach is to detect the rising plume rather than the smoke layer. For this
approach, an arrangement of Optical Beam Smoke Detectors close enough to each other to assure
intersection of the plume is installed at a level below the lowest expected stratification level. The
spacing between Optical Beam Smoke Detectors is based on the narrowest potential width of the
plume at the level of detection.
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
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4.5 Comparison with Point Type Detectors
4.5.1 High Air Velocity
Point Type Detector
High Air Velocity may blow smoke out of the sensing chamber
Optical Beam Smoke Detector
High air movement does not have as great as effect on Optical Beam Smoke Detector’. An Optical
Beam Smoke Detector’s sensing range can be typically as long as 100 metres. It is therefore less
likely smoke will be blown out of the Optical Beam Smoke Detector’s sensing range.
4.5.2 Coverage / Spacing
Point Type Detector
Radius = 7.5 metres
Distance between detectors = 10 metres
Qty required to cover 1500m² = 15 units minimum
Optical Beam Smoke Detector
Lateral coverage = 7.5 metres either side
Distance between detectors = 15 metres
Qty required to cover 1500m² = 1 unit
4.5.3 Installation / Maintenance in Wide Area’s
Point Type Detector
To all detectors situated across the ceiling, which require individual connection / testing
Optical Beam Smoke Detector
Along the end walls only
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
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4.6 Interface to a Fire Alarm Control Panel
4.6.1 Conventional Optical Beam Smoke Detector
Conventional Optical Beam Smoke Detectors are very versatile; they are compatible with any
conventional control panel and by using them in conjunction with a suitable interface control module,
they can be added to any intelligent system irrespective of the communication protocol between the
Control Panel and Detectors
4.6.2 Conventional Optical Beam Smoke Detector on an Addressable FACP
Using a Loop Driven Zone Interface Device allows the Conventional Optical Beam Smoke Detector
to be placed on Addressable FACP
Addressable
Fire Panel
Conventional Beam
Smoke Detector
Power
Supply Unit
Loop Zone
Interface Device
Loop
Wiring
Fire
Relay
Fault
Relay
Zone
Wiring
Alarm
Resistor
End Of Line
component
FIRERAY PRODUCT GUIDE
Page 16
5 Install an Optical Beam Smoke Detector
5.1 Structure
Optical Beam Smoke Detectors must be mounted on stable stationary surfaces for proper operation:
to prevent movement and subsequent misalignment. A surface that moves, shifts, vibrates, or warps
over time will cause false alarm or trouble conditions. Initial selection of a proper mounting surface
will eliminate false alarm or nuisance signals
In cases where only one stable mounting surface as defined above can be used, and Reflected
Optical Beam Smoke Detector has been chosen, the Transceiver should be mounted to the stable
surface and the Reflector should be mounted to the less stable surface. The Reflector has a much
greater tolerance for the unstable mounting locations defined above.
DO NOT MOUNT the Optical Beam Smoke Detector on corrugated metal walls, sheet metal walls,
external building sheathing, external siding, suspended ceilings, steel web trusses, rafters, non-
structural beam, joists or other such surfaces.
/