Avaya Troubleshooting Routers Troubleshooting guide

Troubleshooting Routers

Router Software Version 10.0

Site Manager Software Version 4.0

Part No. 112937 Rev. A

January 1996

4401 Great America Parkway 8 Federal Street

Santa Clara, CA 95054 Billerica, MA 01821

The information in this document is subject to change without notice. The statements, conﬁgurations, technical data, and

recommendations in this document are believed to be accurate and reliable, but are presented without express or implied

warranty. Users must take full responsibility for their applications of any products speciﬁed in this document. The

information in this document is proprietary to Bay Networks, Inc.

The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement and may only be used in accordance with the

terms of that license. A summary of the Software License is included in this document.

Restricted Rights Legend

Use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph

(c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013.

Notice for All Other Executive Agencies

Notwithstanding any other license agreement that may pertain to, or accompany the delivery of, this computer software, the

rights of the United States Government regarding its use, reproduction, and disclosure are as set forth in the Commercial

Computer Software-Restricted Rights clause at FAR 52.227-19.

Trademarks of Bay Networks, Inc.

ACE, AFN, BCN, BLN, BN, CN, FRE, LN, Optivity, SynOptics, SynOptics Communications, Wellﬂeet and the Wellﬂeet

logo are registered trademarks and AN, ANH, ASN, BaySIS, BayStack, BCNX, BLNX, BNX, EZ Internetwork, EZ LAN,

FN, PathMan, PhonePlus, PPX, Quick2Conﬁg, RouterMan, SPEX, Bay Networks, Bay Networks Press, the Bay Networks

logo and the SynOptics logo are trademarks of Bay Networks, Inc.

Third-Party Trademarks

All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Statement of Conditions

In the interest of improving internal design, operational function, and/or reliability, Bay Networks, Inc. reserves the right to

make changes to the products described in this document without notice.

Bay Networks, Inc. does not assume any liability that may occur due to the use or application of the product(s) or circuit

layout(s) described herein.

reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms of such portions are permitted, provided that the above copyright

notice and this paragraph are duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation, advertising materials, and other

materials related to such distribution and use acknowledge that such portions of the software were developed by the

University of California, Berkeley. The name of the University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from

such portions of the software without speciﬁc prior written permission.

SUCH PORTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED

WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY

AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

In addition, the program and information contained herein are licensed only pursuant to a license agreement that contains

restrictions on use and disclosure (that may incorporate by reference certain limitations and notices imposed by third parties).

Bay Networks, Inc.

4401 Great America Parkway, Santa Clara, CA 95054

8 Federal Street, Billerica, MA 01821

Bay Networks Software License

This Software License shall govern the licensing of all software provided to licensee by Bay Networks (“Software”).

Bay Networks will provide licensee with Software in machine-readable form and related documentation

(“Documentation”). The Software provided under this license is proprietary to Bay Networks and to third parties from

whom Bay Networks has acquired license rights. Bay Networks will not grant any Software license whatsoever, either

explicitly or implicitly, except by acceptance of an order for either Software or for a Bay Networks product

(“Equipment”) that is packaged with Software. Each such license is subject to the following restrictions:

1. Upon delivery of the Software, Bay Networks grants to licensee a personal, nontransferable, nonexclusive license

to use the Software with the Equipment with which or for which it was originally acquired, including use at any

of licensee’s facilities to which the Equipment may be transferred, for the useful life of the Equipment unless

earlier terminated by default or cancellation. Use of the Software shall be limited to such Equipment and to such

facility. Software which is licensed for use on hardware not offered by Bay Networks is not subject to restricted

use on any Equipment, however, unless otherwise speciﬁed on the Documentation, each licensed copy of such

Software may only be installed on one hardware item at any time.

2. Licensee may use the Software with backup Equipment only if the Equipment with which or for which it was

acquired is inoperative.

3. Licensee may make a single copy of the Software (but not ﬁrmware) for safekeeping (archives) or backup

purposes.

4. Licensee may modify Software (but not ﬁrmware), or combine it with other software, subject to the provision

that those portions of the resulting software which incorporate Software are subject to the restrictions of this

license. Licensee shall not make the resulting software available for use by any third party.

5. Neither title nor ownership to Software passes to licensee.

6. Licensee shall not provide, or otherwise make available, any Software, in whole or in part, in any form, to any

third party. Third parties do not include consultants, subcontractors, or agents of licensee who have licensee’s

permission to use the Software at licensee’s facility, and who have agreed in writing to use the Software only in

accordance with the restrictions of this license.

7. Third-party owners from whom Bay Networks has acquired license rights to software that is incorporated into

Bay Networks products shall have the right to enforce the provisions of this license against licensee.

8. Licensee shall not remove or obscure any copyright, patent, trademark, trade secret, or similar intellectual

property or restricted rights notice within or afﬁxed to any Software and shall reproduce and afﬁx such notice on

any backup copy of Software or copies of software resulting from modiﬁcation or combination performed by

licensee as permitted by this license.

Note:

This is Bay Networks basic license document. In the absence of a

software license agreement specifying varying terms, this license — or the

license included with the particular product — shall govern licensee’s use of

Bay Networks software.

Bay Networks, Inc.

4401 Great America Parkway, Santa Clara, CA 95054

8 Federal Street, Billerica, MA 01821

Bay Networks Software License

(continued)

9. Licensee shall not reverse assemble, reverse compile, or in any way reverse engineer the Software. [Note:

For

licensees in the European Community, the Software Directive dated 14 May 1991 (as may be amended from time

to time) shall apply for interoperability purposes. Licensee must notify Bay Networks in writing of any such

intended examination of the Software and Bay Networks may provide review and assistance.]

10. Notwithstanding any foregoing terms to the contrary, if licensee licenses the Bay Networks product “Site

Manager,” licensee may duplicate and install the Site Manager product as speciﬁed in the Documentation. This

right is granted solely as necessary for use of Site Manager on hardware installed with licensee’s network.

11. This license will automatically terminate upon improper handling of Software, such as by disclosure, or Bay

Networks may terminate this license by written notice to licensee if licensee fails to comply with any of the

material provisions of this license and fails to cure such failure within thirty (30) days after the receipt of written

notice from Bay Networks. Upon termination of this license, licensee shall discontinue all use of the Software

and return the Software and Documentation, including all copies, to Bay Networks.

12. Licensee’s obligations under this license shall survive expiration or termination of this license.

v

Contents

Troubleshooting Routers

About This Guide

Audience .......................................................................................................................... xv

Before You Begin ............................................................................................................. xv

Bay Networks Customer Support ....................................................................................xvi

CompuServe .............................................................................................................xvi

InfoFACTS ................................................................................................................xvii

World Wide Web .......................................................................................................xvii

How to Get Help .............................................................................................................xvii

Conventions ...................................................................................................................xviii

Ordering Bay Networks Publications ...............................................................................xix

Acronyms .........................................................................................................................xix

Chapter 1

Introduction

Preventing Problems ......................................................................................................1-1

Reading the Release Notes and Relevant Documentation ......................................1-2

Minimizing Disruption When Installing New Software ..............................................1-2

Selecting the Proper Tool for Conﬁguring a Router ..................................................1-2

Saving Your Conﬁguration Changes .........................................................................1-2

Backing Up Your Files ..............................................................................................1-3

Maintaining Consistent Files in Multiple Memory Cards ..........................................1-3

Handling Memory Cards to Prevent Static Damage ................................................1-3

Responding to a Failed prom Command .................................................................1-4

Preparing to Troubleshoot ...............................................................................................1-4

Getting Acquainted with the Troubleshooting Tools ..................................................1-4

Using the System Log to Display Event Messages ...........................................1-4

Displaying and Changing Conﬁguration Settings and Statistics ........................1-9

Using Ping .......................................................................................................1-20

vi

Using Packet Capture ......................................................................................1-21

Using Inbound Telnet to Access the Technician Interface ................................1-21

Taking a Snapshot of Your Network ........................................................................1-22

Documenting Each Step ...............................................................................................1-23

Performing One Corrective Task at a Time ...................................................................1-24

Chapter 2

Determining the Scope of a Problem

Chapter 3

Troubleshooting an Operational Problem

Damaged Router ............................................................................................................3-2

Power Problem ...............................................................................................................3-2

Blown Fuse .....................................................................................................................3-2

LEDs Not Lit ...................................................................................................................3-3

Router Won’t Boot ..........................................................................................................3-3

Checking the Boot PROMs .............................................................................................3-6

Making Sure the Router Software Image Is Correct for the Router ................................3-6

Making Sure All Slots Use the Same Router Software Image and Conﬁguration File ...3-6

Verifying That the Router Software Images in Each Processor Match .....................3-7

Verifying That the Conﬁguration Files in Each Processor Match .............................3-9

Lost Password ..............................................................................................................3-10

No Space Left on Memory Card ...................................................................................3-11

Memory or Buffer Problem ...........................................................................................3-12

Bad Forward Checksum Errors ....................................................................................3-17

Finding the Slot That Sent a Bad Backplane-BOFL-Packet ...................................3-18

Finding the Slot That Sent a Bad Packet That Was Not a BOFL Packet ................3-19

Fault Message ..............................................................................................................3-20

Chapter 4

Troubleshooting a Physical Media Problem

Making Sure the Link Module Is Working .......................................................................4-1

Determining the Media-Speciﬁc State ............................................................................4-2

Troubleshooting the Cable Connection ...........................................................................4-4

Chapter 5

Troubleshooting a Data Link Connection Problem

Troubleshooting an ATM Connection ..............................................................................5-2

vii

Dropped Frames ......................................................................................................5-4

ATM VC . . . Failed Message .....................................................................................5-4

Upper-Layer Protocols Failing to Pass Packets ........................................................5-5

Troubleshooting an Ethernet Connection .......................................................................5-6

Troubleshooting an FDDI Connection ...........................................................................5-11

Troubleshooting a Frame Relay Connection .................................................................5-14

Log messages from Frame Relay Indicate Circuit Is Down ...................................5-14

Frame Relay Switch Keeps Marking the Circuit as Down ......................................5-15

Frame Relay Circuit Up, but Protocol Data Is Not Transmitting ..............................5-15

PVC Transmitting, but Not Receiving .....................................................................5-16

Frame Relay Conﬁgured with LMI Invokes an Xoff State .......................................5-16

Troubleshooting an MCT1 Connection .........................................................................5-17

Troubleshooting a Synchronous Connection ................................................................5-19

Checking the Address Format (Bay Networks Standard Only) ..............................5-21

Troubleshooting a Synchronous to X.21 Connection .............................................5-21

Reception Errors Incrementing or Reception Count Not Incrementing ..................5-21

Troubleshooting the Internal Clock Settings (Lab Environments Only) ..................5-23

Troubleshooting a Token Ring Connection ...................................................................5-24

Troubleshooting Other Data Link Protocols ..................................................................5-26

Chapter 6

Troubleshooting a Network Connection Problem

Troubleshooting AppleTalk ..............................................................................................6-2

Local Net Range Conﬂict Event Message ................................................................6-3

Zone . . . Conﬂict Event Message .............................................................................6-3

Static Conﬁguration Conﬂict Event Message ...........................................................6-4

Troubleshooting DLSw ....................................................................................................6-4

Troubleshooting IP ..........................................................................................................6-6

Troubleshooting Telnet, FTP, and TFTP ...................................................................6-8

Ping Does Not Work .................................................................................................6-9

Router Cannot Ping Another Local Device ......................................................6-10

Router Cannot Ping Endstation, but Can Ping Other Endstations on the Same

Segment ..........................................................................................................6-11

Endstation Cannot Ping the Remote Interface on the Router ..........................6-11

Endstation Can Ping Devices on the Same Segment, but Cannot Ping the Router 6-12

viii

Endstation Can Ping Local and Remote Interfaces on the Router, but Cannot Ping a

Remote Station ................................................................................................6-14

Troubleshooting Routing Information Protocol (RIP) ..............................................6-14

Troubleshooting Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) ................................................6-15

Troubleshooting IPX .....................................................................................................6-16

Troubleshooting OSI .....................................................................................................6-21

Troubleshooting Switched Services ..............................................................................6-23

Master Cannot Connect to Slave ...........................................................................6-25

Troubleshooting RS232 Raise DTR Dial (Unbalanced) .........................................6-25

Troubleshooting V.35 Raise DTR Dial (Balanced) ..................................................6-26

Troubleshooting ISDN BRI and PRI .......................................................................6-27

Troubleshooting Other Networking Protocols ...............................................................6-30

Chapter 7

Troubleshooting a Site Manager Problem

Site Manager Won’t Start ...............................................................................................7-1

Site Manager Won’t Start on a PC ...........................................................................7-1

Cannot Find File Message .................................................................................7-2

Working Directory or Path Is Invalid Message ...................................................7-3

Unable to Find UDP Port Numbers for SNMP Message ...................................7-3

Site Manager Won’t Start on a UNIX Workstation ....................................................7-3

Unable to Load SNMP MIB or File Was Inaccessible Message ........................7-4

Unable to Run . . . Module Message ..................................................................7-4

Cannot Establish a Site Manager Session with the Router ............................................7-5

Using an Alternative Site Manager Workstation to Enable Access ..........................7-5

Using the Technician Interface to Enable Access ....................................................7-6

Cannot Connect after Upgrading a Series 5 Router ................................................7-6

Cannot Connect Site Manager Running on a PC ....................................................7-6

Cannot Connect Site Manager Running on a UNIX Workstation .............................7-7

Target Does Not Respond (or Similar Message) ............................................................7-8

Cannot Allocate Colormap Message ..............................................................................7-9

UNIX Workstation Generating Core Dumps ...................................................................7-9

Chapter 8

Getting Help

Reporting a Problem to the Bay Networks Technical Response Center .........................8-1

Sending and Retrieving Files to and from Bay Networks ...............................................8-2

ix

Appendix A

Reading the Event Log

System Startup .............................................................................................................. A-2

Dial-on-Demand Raise DTR Log ................................................................................. A-18

Dial-on-Demand V.25bis .............................................................................................. A-22

MCT1 Log Information in a Lab Testing Environment .................................................. A-28

Appendix B

Using the Technician Interface to Conﬁgure and Run Packet Capture

Overview ........................................................................................................................ B-1

Implementation Notes .................................................................................................... B-4

Getting Started .............................................................................................................. B-4

Preparing Packet Capture to Run ........................................................................... B-4

Assigning the Processors to Run Packet Capture ............................................ B-5

Creating an Instance of Packet Capture ........................................................... B-6

Allocating Memory for the Packet Capture File ............................................... B-10

Specifying the Number of Bytes in Each Packet to Copy ...................................... B-11

Enabling Packet Capture ................................................................................ B-11

Starting Packet Capture ........................................................................................ B-12

Terminating Packet Capture ..................................................................................B-12

Using the Technician Interface to Display a Packet Capture File .......................... B-13

Deleting a Packet Capture Instance ...................................................................... B-16

Using Optional Features .............................................................................................. B-16

Conﬁguring the Direction of the Packets to be Copied .......................................... B-16

Conﬁguring a Termination Trigger ......................................................................... B-17

Assigning Filters .................................................................................................... B-19

Setting the Filter Response to a Match .......................................................... B-20

Specifying the String to Compare with the Packet Data ................................. B-21

Specifying the Data to Compare with the String ............................................. B-21

Selecting the Number of Filters that Must Match ............................................ B-24

Conﬁguration Examples .............................................................................................. B-25

Displaying the Current Packet Capture Conﬁguration Settings ................................... B-28

Displaying Event Messages Issued by Packet Capture ............................................... B-29

Using a Sun Workstation or DOS PC to Display Packets ............................................ B-29

Getting the Name of the Packet Capture File ........................................................ B-30

Using FTP to Transfer the File ............................................................................... B-30

x

Using TFTP to Transfer the File ............................................................................. B-31

Using XMODEM to Transfer the File ..................................................................... B-32

Displaying the File ................................................................................................. B-33

Converting a Packet Capture File to Network General Sniffer Format ........................ B-33

Reference Guide to Packet Capture ............................................................................ B-35

Displaying the Packet Capture Attribute Names and Numbers ............................. B-35

Packet Capture Parameter Descriptions ............................................................... B-37

Basic Parameters ........................................................................................... B-37

Trigger Parameters ......................................................................................... B-42

Filter Parameters ............................................................................................ B-44

Media-Speciﬁc Instructions and Examples ........................................................... B-48

CSMA/CD ....................................................................................................... B-48

Protocols Supported By Synchronous, T1, E1, and MCT1 ............................. B-49

Token Ring ...................................................................................................... B-53

FDDI ............................................................................................................... B-54

HSSI ............................................................................................................... B-54

ISDN ............................................................................................................... B-54

Interpreting a Packet Capture Instance Number ................................................... B-55

Index

xi

Figures

Figure 1-1. Filtering Parameters Window ...................................................................1-6

Figure 3-1. Verifying the Slot ID on an ASN ...............................................................3-5

Figure 3-2. Finding the Slot Number When the Message References

a Backplane BOFL .................................................................................3-17

Figure 3-3. Finding the Slot Number When the Message Does Not Reference

a Backplane BOFL .................................................................................3-19

Figure 6-1. Comparing the Endstation and Router Conﬁgurations ..........................6-13

Figure 7-1. Cannot Find File Error Message ..............................................................7-2

xiii

Tables

Table 1-1. Technician Interface Event Message Filters .............................................1-7

Table 1-2. Example of an Imaginary Object Named House ....................................1-12

Table 3-1. ASN Front-Panel LEDs ............................................................................3-4

Table 3-2. ASN SPX Rear-Panel LEDs ....................................................................3-4

Table 3-3. Memory Conﬁguration System Software Limitations .............................3-13

Table 4-1. Values of Media State Attributes ..............................................................4-2

Table 5-1. Error Codes in the “ATM VC mod failed” Log Message ...........................5-5

Table B-1. Determining the Slot Mask ...................................................................... B-5

Table B-2. Structure of a Line Number ................................................................... B-55

xv

About This Guide

If you are responsible for isolating and solving problems associated with Bay

Networks routers, read this guide.

Audience

This guide assumes

• You have experience conﬁguring and managing Bay Networks routers.

• You have a working knowledge of Site Manager and the Technician Interface.

• You have a working knowledge of the protocols running on your routers.

Before You Begin

Before using this guide to solve a problem, refer to the following documents:

• Release Notes for Router Software Version 10.0

• Release Notes for Site Manager Software Version 4.0

• Known Anomalies: Router Software 10.0 and Site Manager 4.0

This manual assumes that you also have access to the following Bay Networks

manuals, which are on the CD-ROM:

• Using Technician Interface Software

• Using Technician Interface Scripts

• Managing Routers and BNX Platforms

• Event Messages for Routers and BNX Platforms

• The manuals associated with the software you are using

Troubleshooting Routers

xvi

Bay Networks Customer Support

Bay Networks provides live telephone technical support to our distributors,

resellers, and service-contracted customers from two U.S. and three international

support centers. If you have purchased your Bay Networks product from a

distributor or authorized reseller, contact the technical support staff of that

distributor or reseller for assistance with installation, conﬁguration,

troubleshooting, or integration issues.

Customers also have the option of purchasing direct support from Bay Networks

through a variety of service programs. The programs include priority access

telephone support, on-site engineering assistance, software subscription, hardware

replacement, and other programs designed to protect your investment.

To purchase any of these support programs, including PhonePlus™ for 24-hour

telephone technical support, call 1-800-2LANWAN. Outside the U.S. and

Canada, call (408) 764-1000. You can also receive information on support

programs from your local Bay Networks ﬁeld sales ofﬁce, or purchase Bay

Networks support directly from your reseller. Bay Networks provides several

methods of receiving support and information on a nonpriority basis through the

following automated systems.

CompuServe

Bay Networks maintains an active forum on CompuServe. All you need to join us

online is a computer, a modem, and a CompuServe account. We also recommend

using the CompuServe Information Manager software, available from

CompuServe.

The Bay Networks forum contains libraries of technical and product documents

designed to help you manage and troubleshoot your Bay Networks products.

Software agents and patches are available, and the message boards are monitored

by technical staff and can be a source for problem solving and shared experiences.

Customers and resellers holding Bay Networks service contracts can visit the

special libraries to acquire advanced levels of support documentation and

software.

To open an account and receive a local dial-up number, call CompuServe at

1-800-524-3388 and ask for Representative No. 591.

• In the United Kingdom, call Freephone 0800-289378.

About This Guide

xvii

• In Germany, call 0130-37-32.

• In Europe (except for the United Kingdom and Germany), call

(44) 272-760681.

• Outside the U.S., Canada, and Europe, call (614) 529-1349 and ask for

Representative No. 591, or consult your listings for an ofﬁce near you.

Once you are online, you can reach our forum by typing the command GO

BAYNETWORKS at any ! prompt.

InfoFACTS

InfoFACTS is the Bay Networks free 24-hour fax-on-demand service. This

automated system contains libraries of technical and product documents designed

to help you manage and troubleshoot your Bay Networks products. The system

can return a fax copy to the caller or to a third party within minutes of being

accessed.

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a global information system for ﬁle distribution

and online document viewing via the Internet. You need a direct connection to the

Internet and a Web Browser (such as Mosaic or Netscape).

Bay Networks maintains a WWW Home Page that you can access at

http://www.baynetworks.com. One of the menu items on the Home Page is the

Customer Support Web Server, which offers technical documents, software

agents, and an E-mail capability for communicating with our technical support

engineers.

How to Get Help

For additional information or advice, contact the Bay Networks Technical

Response Center in your area:

United States 1-800-2LAN-WAN

Valbonne, France (33) 92-966-968

Sydney, Australia (61) 2-903-5800

Tokyo, Japan (81) 3-328-005

Troubleshooting Routers

xviii

Conventions

This section describes the conventions used in this guide.

angle brackets (< >) Indicate that you choose the text to enter based on the

description inside the brackets. Do not type the

brackets when entering the command. Example: if

command syntax is

ping

<ip_address>

, you enter

ping

192.32.10.12

arrow character (

➔

) Separates menu and option names in instructions.

Example: Protocols

➔

AppleTalk identiﬁes the

AppleTalk option in the Protocols menu.

bold text

Indicates text that you need to enter and command

names in text. Example: Use the

dinfo

command.

brackets ([ ]) Indicate optional elements. You can choose none, one,

or all of the options.

ellipsis points (. . .) Indicate omitted information.

italic text

Indicates variable values in command syntax

descriptions, new terms, ﬁle and directory names, and

book titles.

quotation marks (“ ”) Indicate the title of a chapter or section within a book.

screen text

Indicates data that appears on the screen. Example:

Set

Bay Networks Trap Monitor Filters

vertical line (|) Indicates that you enter only one of the parts of the

command. The vertical line separates choices. Do not

type the vertical line when entering the command.

Example: If the command syntax is

show at routes

|

nets

,

you enter either

show at routes

or

show at

nets

, but not both.

About This Guide

xix

Ordering Bay Networks Publications

To purchase additional copies of this document or other Bay Networks

publications, order by part number from Bay Networks Press™ at the following

numbers. You may also request a free catalog of Bay Networks Press product

publications.

Phone: 1-800-845-9523

FAX - U.S./Canada: 1-800-582-8000

FAX - International: 1-916-939-1010

Acronyms

AAL ATM adaptation layer

ACE Advanced Communications Engine

AFN Access Feeder Node

ALC adaption layer control

ALN Access Link Node

AMI alternate mark inversion

AN Access Node

ARP Address Resolution Protocol

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASN Access Stack Node

AT AppleTalk

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

B8ZS binary eight zeros substitution

BCN Backbone Concentrator Node

BECN Backward Explicit Congestion Notiﬁcation

BERT bit error rate test

BLN Backbone Link Node

BN Backbone Node

BOFL breath of life

BRI basic rate interface

CD Carrier Detect

CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

Troubleshooting Routers

xx

CID channel identiﬁer

CN Concentrator Node

CRC cyclic redundancy check

CRN call request number

CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Carrier Detect (Ethernet)

CSU channel service unit

CTS clear to send

DCE data communication equipment

DLCI data link control identiﬁer

DLSw Data Link Switch

DOS Disk Operating System

DP Data Path

DPRAM Dual Port RAM

DS directory service

DS1E1 multichannel T1/E1 driver service

DSAP destination service access point

DSL digital subscriber loop

DSR data set ready

DSU digital service unit

DTE data terminal equipment

DTR data terminal ready

EIA Electronic Industry Association

ESF extended super frame

FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FDL Facility Data Link

FECN Forward Explicit Congestion Notiﬁcation (FECN)

FN Feeder Node

FRE Fast Routing Engine

FRE-2 Fast Routing Engine - 2

FSI FDDI System Interface

FSM ﬁnite state machine

FTP File Transfer Protocol

GAME Gate Access Management Entity

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