Sonel PQM-711 User manual

USER MANUAL

POWER QUALITY ANALYZERS

PQM-702

PQM-702T

PQM-703

PQM-710

PQM-711

SONEL S.A.

Wokulskiego 11

58-100 Świdnica

Poland

Version 1.52.3 30.06.2023

Due to continuous product development, the manufacturer reserves the right to make changes to

functionality, features and technical parameters of the analyzers. This manual describes the firm-

ware version 1.52 and the Sonel Analysis v4.4.2 software.

3

CONTENTS

1 General Information ....................................................................................6

1.1 Safety .................................................................................................................. 6

1.2 General characteristics ....................................................................................... 8

1.3 Power supply of the analyzer ............................................................................ 11

1.4 Tightness and outdoor operation ....................................................................... 12

1.5 Mounting the fasteners ...................................................................................... 13

1.6 Mounting on DIN rail ......................................................................................... 14

1.7 Measured parameters ....................................................................................... 15

2 Operation of the analyzer ........................................................................ 17

2.1 Buttons .............................................................................................................. 17

2.2 Switching the analyzer ON/OFF ........................................................................ 17

2.3 Auto-off ............................................................................................................. 17

2.4 Screens ............................................................................................................. 18

2.5 Verifying the connection .................................................................................... 23

2.6 "Sonel Analysis" software.................................................................................. 24

2.7 PC connection and data transmission ............................................................... 24

2.7.1 USB communication ................................................................................................. 25

2.7.2 Radio communication via OR-1 ...................................... 26

2.7.3 Communication via GSM network ............................................................................. 26

2.7.4 Radio communication via Wi-Fi .................................................... 27

2.8 Taking measurements ....................................................................................... 28

2.8.1 Measurement Points ................................................................................................. 28

2.8.2 Start / stop of recording ............................................................................................. 29

2.8.3 Recording configuration ............................................................................................ 29

2.8.4 Approximate recording times .................................................................................... 30

2.9 Measuring circuits ............................................................................................. 32

2.10 Inrush current .................................................................................................... 38

2.11 Example of use ................................................................................................. 38

2.12 Time Synchronization ........................................................................................ 44

2.12.1 Requirements of IEC 61000-4-30 .............................................................................. 44

2.12.2 GPS receiver ............................................................................................................ 44

2.12.3 Data flagging concept ............................................................................................... 44

2.12.4 Time resynchronization ............................................................................................. 45

2.13 GSM communication mode ............................................................................... 46

2.13.1 General information about GSM connection .............................................................. 46

2.13.2 Modem Configuration................................................................................................ 46

2.13.3 Checking GSM connection........................................................................................ 48

2.13.4 Possible problems with GSM settings and troubleshooting ....................................... 49

2.14 Wi-Fi communication mode ..................................................... 51

2.14.1 General Information .................................................................................................. 51

2.14.2 Factory configuration ................................................................................................ 51

2.14.3 Access Point mode ................................................................................................... 51

2.14.4 Client mode .............................................................................................................. 54

2.14.5 Checking Wi-Fi connection ....................................................................................... 58

2.14.6 Possible problems with Wi-Fi and troubleshooting .................................................... 59

2.15 Notification of analyzer changed location .......................................................... 60

2.16 Key lock............................................................................................................. 61

4

2.17 LCD sleep mode ............................................................................................... 61

2.18 Temperature protection ..................................................................................... 61

2.19 Emergency time setting ..................................................................................... 62

3 Design and measurement methods ....................................................... 63

3.1 Voltage inputs ................................................................................................... 63

3.2 Current inputs .................................................................................................... 63

3.3 Digital integrator ................................................................................................ 63

3.4 Signal sampling ................................................................................................. 64

3.5 PLL synchronization .......................................................................................... 64

3.6 Frequency measurement .................................................................................. 65

3.7 The method for measuring harmonics ............................................................... 65

3.8 The method for measuring interharmonics ........................................................ 66

3.9 Measurement of ripple control signals ............................................................... 67

3.10 Measurement of transients ...................................................... 67

3.10.1 Threshold method ..................................................................................................... 69

3.10.2 Slew rate (dV/dt) method .......................................................................................... 69

3.11 Current limiting function .................................................................................... 69

3.12 Event detection ................................................................................................. 71

3.12.1 Waveshape variation events ..................................................................................... 73

3.12.2 Phase jump events ................................................................................................... 74

3.12.3 Rapid Voltage Changes (RVC) events ...................................................................... 74

3.13 Methods of parameter‘s averaging .................................................................... 75

4 Calculation formulas................................................................................ 76

4.1 One-phase network ........................................................................................... 76

4.2 Split-phase network ........................................................................................... 80

4.3 3-phase wye network with N conductor (3-phase, 4-wire) ................................. 82

4.4 3-phase wye without N conductor and delta networks ...................................... 84

5 Power quality - a guide ............................................................................ 86

5.1 Basic information ............................................................................................... 86

5.1.1 Current Transformer (CT) probes for measuring alternating currents (AC) ................ 86

5.1.2 Probes for measuring alternating and direct currents (AC/DC) .................................. 87

5.1.3 Flexible probes ......................................................................................................... 88

5.2 Flicker ............................................................................................................... 88

5.3 Power and energy measurement ...................................................................... 89

5.3.1 Active power ............................................................................................................. 89

5.3.2 Reactive power ......................................................................................................... 90

5.3.3 Reactive power and three-wire systems .................................................................... 93

5.3.4 Reactive power and reactive energy counters ........................................................... 94

5.3.5 4-quadrant reactive energy measurement ................................................................. 95

5.3.6 Apparent power ........................................................................................................ 96

5.3.7 Distortion power DB and effective apparent power SeN .............................................. 97

5.3.8 Power Factor ............................................................................................................ 98

5.4 Harmonics ......................................................................................................... 98

5.4.1 Harmonics active power ............................................................................................ 99

5.4.2 Harmonics reactive power ...................................................................................... 100

5.4.3 Harmonics in three-phase systems ......................................................................... 101

5.4.4 Total Harmonic Distortion ....................................................................................... 102

5.4.5 TDD - Total Demand Distortion ............................................................................... 103

5.4.6 K-Factor .................................................................................................................. 103

5.5 Interharmonics ................................................................................................ 104

5

5.5.1 Total Interharmonic Distortion ................................................................................. 105

5.6 Mains signalling ............................................................................................... 105

5.7 Unbalance ....................................................................................................... 107

5.8 Voltage dips, swells and interruptions ............................................................. 108

5.9 Rapid Voltage Changes (RVC) ....................................................................... 110

5.10 Transients and overvoltages ........................................................................... 111

5.11 CBEMA and ANSI curves................................................................................ 113

5.12 Averaging the measurement results ................................................................ 115

6 Technical data ........................................................................................ 118

6.1 Inputs .............................................................................................................. 118

6.2 Sampling and RTC .......................................................................................... 119

6.3 Transient module .................................................................. 119

6.4 Measured parameters - accuracy, resolution and ranges ............................... 120

6.4.1 Reference conditions .............................................................................................. 120

6.4.2 The measurement uncertainty due to ambient temperature .................................... 120

6.4.3 Voltage ................................................................................................................... 120

6.4.4 Current ................................................................................................................... 121

6.4.5 Frequency .............................................................................................................. 122

6.4.6 Harmonics .............................................................................................................. 122

6.4.7 Interharmonics ........................................................................................................ 122

6.4.8 Harmonic Powers ................................................................................................... 122

6.4.9 Power and energy ................................................................................................... 123

6.4.10 Estimating measurement uncertainty values for power and energy ......................... 123

6.4.11 Flicker ..................................................................................................................... 125

6.4.12 Unbalance .............................................................................................................. 125

6.4.13 Mains signalling ...................................................................................................... 125

6.4.14 Transients .................................................................................. 125

6.4.15 External temperature ............................................................................... 126

6.5 Event detection - dips, swells, interruptions, RVC, RMS current ..................... 126

6.6 Event detection - other parameters ................................................................. 127

6.6.1 Event detection hysteresis ...................................................................................... 128

6.7 Recording ........................................................................................................ 128

6.8 Power supply, battery, heater.......................................................................... 130

6.9 Supported mains types ................................................................................... 131

6.10 Supported current probes ............................................................................... 131

6.11 Communication ............................................................................................... 132

6.12 Environmental conditions and other technical data ......................................... 132

6.13 Safety and electromagnetic compatibility ........................................................ 133

6.14 Standards ........................................................................................................ 134

6.14.1 Compliance with standards ..................................................................................... 134

6.14.2 Product specification according to IEC 62586 ......................................................... 136

7 Optional accessories ............................................................................. 137

8 Other Information ................................................................................... 139

8.1 Cleaning and maintenance.............................................................................. 139

8.2 Storage ........................................................................................................... 139

8.3 Dismantling and utilization............................................................................... 139

8.4 Manufacturer ................................................................................................... 139

PQM-702(T), PQM-703, PQM-710, PQM-711 User Manual

6

1 General Information

The following international symbols are used on the analyzer and in this manual:

Warning;

See explanation in

manual

Functional earth terminal

Alternating voltage/

current

Direct voltage/

current

Double Insulation

(Protection Class)

Conforms to relevant

European Union direc-

tives (Conformité

Européenne)

Do no dispose of

this product as un-

sorted

municipal waste

Recycling information

Conforms to relevant

Australian standards

1.1 Safety

Warning

To avoid electric shock or fire, you must observe the following guidelines:

 Before you proceed to operate the analyzer, acquaint yourself thoroughly with the pre-

sent manual and observe the safety regulations and specifications provided by the pro-

ducer.

 Any application that differs from those specified in the present manual may result in

damage to the device and constitute a source of danger for the user.

 Analyzers must be operated only by appropriately qualified personnel with relevant cer-

tificates authorizing the personnel to perform works on electric systems. Operating the

analyzer by unauthorized personnel may result in damage to the device and constitute a

source of danger for the user.

 The device must not be used for networks and devices in areas with special conditions,

e.g. fire-risk and explosive-risk areas.

 Before starting the work, check the analyzer, wires, current probes and other accesso-

ries for any sign of mechanical damage. Pay special attention to the connectors.

 It is unacceptable to operate the device when:

 it is damaged and completely or partially out of order,

 its cords and cables have damaged insulation,

 of the device and accessories mechanically damaged.

 Do not power the analyzer from sources other than those listed in this manual.

 Do not connect inputs of the analyzer to voltages higher than the rated values.

The icon with the analyzer name is placed next to sections of the

text that refer to specific features of the analyzer, particularly to availabil-

ity/unavailability of a given function.

All other parts of the text relate to all types of the analyzer.

1 General Information

7

 Use accessories and probes with a suitable rating and measuring category for the tested

circuit.

 Do not exceed the rated parameters of the lowest measurement category (CAT) of the

used measurement set consisting of the analyzer, probes and accessories. The meas-

urement category of the entire set is the same as of the component with the lowest meas-

urement category.

 If possible, connect the analyzer to the de-energized circuits.

 Use the PE (earth) terminal only for connecting the local ground, do not connect it to any

voltage.

 Opening the device socket plugs results in the loss of its tightness, leading to a possible

damage in adverse weather conditions. It may also expose the user to the risk of electric

shock.

 Do not handle or move the device while holding it only by its cables.

 Do not unscrew the nuts from the cable glands, as they are permanently fixed. Unscrew-

ing the nuts will void the guarantee.

 It is not allowed to mount ST-2 temperature probe on objects with voltage

higher than 50 V to earth. It is advisable to ground the examined object before mounting

the probe.

 Repairs may be performed only by an authorized service point.

The analyzer is equipped with an internal Li-Ion battery, which has been tested by an inde-

pendent laboratory and is quality-certified for compliance with the standard UN Manual of Tests and

Criteria Part III Subsection 38.3 (ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.5). Therefore, the analyzer is approved for

air, maritime and road transport.

PQM-702(T), PQM-703, PQM-710, PQM-711 User Manual

8

1.2 General characteristics

Power Quality Analyzers PQM-702(T), PQM-703, PQM-710 and PQM-711 (Fig. 1) are high-

tech devices providing their users with a comprehensive features for measuring, analyzing and re-

cording parameters of 50/60 Hz power networks and power quality in accordance with the European

Standard EN 50160. Analyzers are fully compliant with the requirements of IEC 61000-4-30:2015,

Class A.

The device is equipped with five voltage measurement inputs installed as cables terminated

with banana plugs marked as L1/A, L2/B, L3/C, N and PE (ground). The range of voltages measured

by four measurement channels is up to 760 VRMS or 1000 VRMS referred to ground (depending on

rating). This range may be increased by using additional external voltage transformers.

Measurements are carried out using four current inputs installed on short cables terminated

with probe terminals. The terminals may be connected to the following probe types: flexible probes

(marked as F-1(A), F-2(A)(HD), F-3(A)(HD)) with nominal rating of 3000 A (differing from others

only by coil diameter); F-1A6, F-2A6, F-3A6 probes with nominal range of 6000 A, F-1A1, F-2A1,

F-3A1 probes with nominal range of 1500 A and CT probes marked as C-4(A) (range up to 1000 A

AC), C-5A (up to 1000 A AC/DC), C-6(A) (up to 10 A AC) and C-7(A) (up to 100 A AC). The values

of nominal measured currents may be changed by using additional transducers – for example, using

a transducer of 1000:5 ratio, the user may select C-6(A) probes to measure currents up to 1000 A.

The device has a built-in 8 GB memory card. To guarantee fast data read-out, the analyzer is

equipped with a built-in mass-storage reader, which ensures the data readout with a few MB/s. Data

read-out may be also be carried out by one of the available communication links: USB, OR-1 radio

receiver (PQM-702(T) and PQM-703 only), Wi-Fi (PQM-710 and PQM-711 only) and GSM modem.

The device is provided with a built-in GSM modem (UMTS standard) and an antenna. This

solution provides it with almost unrestricted access to the analyzer from any chosen global location

with available GSM network. On the left side of its housing the analyzer has a SIM card, which is

required for data transmission via GSM networks.

Another advantage of the device is a built-in GPS receiver with antenna, making the analyzer

fully compliant with the requirements of IEC 61000-4-30 Class A, without the need of installing ad-

ditional accessories. The GPS receiver ensures the synchronization with UTC (Universal Time

Clock), and provides measurement accuracy of tens of nanoseconds. GPS receivers may receive

satellite signals in the open air; therefore synchronization with a built-in antenna is possible only

outside of buildings. When the analyzer is used indoors, in order to ensure the availability of the

GPS signal, the device should be connected to an external GPS antenna (cable length: 10 m) lo-

cated outside the building. External antenna is an additional accessory.

Tab. 1. Main differences between analyzers

PQM-702

PQM-702T

PQM-703

PQM-710

PQM-711

Transient module



433 MHz radio interface

(with OR-1 receiver)



Wi-Fi radio interface



External temperature measure-

ment (with ST-2 probe)



1 General Information

9

Fig. 1. Power Quality Analyzer. General view.

Recorded parameters are divided into groups that may be independently turned on/off for re-

cording purposes and this solution facilitates the rational management of the space on the memory

card. Parameters that are not recorded, leave more memory space for further measurements.

PQM-702T power supply quality analyzer is a variant of PQM-702 analyzer and it addi-

tionally enables measurements of the temperature of external objects with ST-2 probe (standard

accessory). Other capabilities and functions of PQM-702T analyzer are the same as in PQM-702.

The terminal for connecting the probe is in the pass together with current probe terminals and

it is marked with the letter "T".

Unless stated otherwise, in the following part of the manual, all sections referring to PQM-702

analyzer also apply to PQM-702T.

The analyzer has an internal power supply adapter operating in a wide input voltage range

100…690 V AC (140…690 V DC), which is provided with independent cables terminated with ba-

nana plugs.

An important feature of the device is its ability to operate in harsh weather conditions - the

analyzer may be installed directly on electric poles. The ingress protection class of the analyzer is

IP 65, and operating temperature ranges from -20°C to +55°C.

Uninterrupted operation of the device (in case of power failure) is ensured by an internal re-

chargeable lithium-ion battery.

PQM-702(T), PQM-703, PQM-710, PQM-711 User Manual

10

The user interface includes a color 3.5" LCD display with a resolution of 320x240 pixels and a

keypad with four buttons.

The full potential of the device may be released by using dedicated PC software "Sonel Analy-

sis".

The analyzer may communicate with a PC in the following ways:

 via USB connection with a transmission speed up to 921.6 kbit/s; available data reading from

a memory card with a speed of a few MB/s,

 via radio interface – using OR-1 receiver with a transmission rate of 57.6

kbit/s (range limited to approx. 5 m),

 via Wi-Fi radio interface with effective transmission rate up to 300 kB/s

(max. sustained speed in a 10 m distance),

 via GSM connection using the Internet.

In order to use the first mode of wireless communication, OR-1 receiver must be

connected to a PC using its USB port. Communication in this mode is slower, therefore we recom-

mend it to view current (live) parameters of the measured network and to configure and control the

analyzer. It is not recommended to read a large amount of data stored on the memory card via a

radio link, due to the slower data transmission.

Fig. 2. The rear wall of the analyzer.

1 General Information

11

GSM network transmission requires an active user's SIM card to be inserted into the slot of the

analyzer. The card should have the service of data transmission activated and a static IP number.

A PC connected to the analyzer, must have the Internet access.

Compared to PQM-702 and PQM-710 models, PQM-703 and PQM-711 analyz-

ers additionally enables the user to measure transient voltages in the range of ±8 kV with sampling

rate from 100 kHz to 10 MHz. Measuring circuits for transients are independent from the rest of

voltage circuits and connected to voltage inputs L1/A, L2/B, L3/C, N, PE. The analyzers have four

measurement channels: L1/A-PE, L2/B-PE, L3/C-PE and N-PE. Recording time waveforms is done

with user-defined pretrigger time and detection threshold, while the number of recorded samples is

up to 20000 per channel (2 ms for 10 MHz sampling).

1.3 Power supply of the analyzer

The analyzer has a built-in power adapter with nominal voltage range of 100…690 V AC or

140…690 V DC (90…760 V AC or 127…760 V DC including fluctuations). The power adapter has

independent lines (red) marked with letter P (power). To prevent the power adapter from being

damaged by undervoltage, it automatically switches off when powered with input voltages below

approx. 80 V AC (110 V DC).

To maintain power supply to the device during power outages, the internal rechargeable battery

is used. It is charged when the voltage is present at terminals of the AC adapter. The battery is able

to maintain power supply up to 2 h hours (PQM-702, PQM-710) at temperatures of -20...+55°C.

After the battery is discharged the meter stops its current operations (e.g. recording) and switches

off in the emergency mode. When the power supply from mains returns, the analyzer resumes

interrupted recording.

Note

The battery may be replaced only by the manufacturer's service de-

partment.

PQM-702(T), PQM-703, PQM-710, PQM-711 User Manual

12

1.4 Tightness and outdoor operation

The analyzer is designed to work in difficult weather conditions - it can be installed directly on

electric poles. Two bands with buckles and two plastic fasteners are used for mounting the analyzer.

The fasteners are screwed to the back wall of the housing, and bands should be passed through

the resulting gaps.

The ingress protection class of the analyzer is IP 65, and operating temperature ranges from

-20°C to +55°C.

At ambient temperatures below 0C or when the internal temperature drops below this point,

the internal heater of the device is switched on - its task is to keep the internal temperature above

zero, when ambient temperatures range from -20C to 0C.

The heater is powered from the AC/DC power adapter, and its power is limited to approx. 5 W.

Due to the characteristics of the built-in lithium-ion rechargeable battery, the process of

charging is blocked when the battery temperature is outside the range of -10C…60C (in such

case, Sonel Analysis software indicates charging status as "charging suspended").

Fig. 3. Fasteners for bands (for mounting the analyzer on a pole)

Note

In order to ensure the declared ingress protection class IP 65, the

following rules must be observed:



Tightly insert the stoppers in the slots of USB and SIM card,



Unused probe terminals must be sealed with silicone stoppers,



Tighten the plug of the socket used for external GPS antenna (or tightly

screw the external GPS antenna into the socket).

1 General Information

13

1.5 Mounting the fasteners

1. Place the plastic spacer tubes 3 mm on the underside of the lower housing, in places marked

on the photo.

2. Place the fasteners on the pole clamps on the underside of the lower housing, in places marked

on the photo.

PQM-702(T), PQM-703, PQM-710, PQM-711 User Manual

14

3. Tighten the fasteners to the housing using ten (10 pcs) M3x10 screws. Use only the screws

with dimensions specified in this manual.

1.6 Mounting on DIN rail

The device is supplied with a bracket for mounting the analyzer on a standard DIN rail. The

bracket must be fixed to the back of the analyzer with the provided screws. The set includes also

positioning catches (in addition to fasteners for mounting the analyzer on a pole), which should be

installed to increase the stability of the mounting assembly. These catches have special hooks that

are supported on the DIN rail.

Fig. 4. The rear wall of the analyzer with fixtures for mounting on DIN rail.

1 General Information

15

1.7 Measured parameters

The analyzer is designed to measure and record the following parameters:

 RMS phase and phase-to-phase voltages - up to 760 V or 1000 V referred to ground depending on

version (peak voltages up to ±1500 V),

 transient voltages (overvoltages) in the range up to ±8 kV,

 RMS currents:

o up to 3000 A (peak currents up to ±10 kA) using flexible probes F-1(A), F-2(A)(HD), F-3(A)(HD),

o up to 6000 A (peak currents up to ±20 kA) using flexible probes F-1A6, F-2A6, F-3A6; up to

1500 A (peak currents up to ±5 kA) using flexible probes F-1A1, F-2A1, F-3A1,

o up to 1000 A (peak values up to ±3600 A) using probes (C-4(A) or C-5A),

o up to 10 A (peak values - up to ±36 A) using C-6(A) probes,

o up to 100 A (peak values up to ±360 A) using C-7(A) probes,

 Crest Factors for current and voltage,

 mains frequency within the range of 40..70 Hz,

 active, reactive and apparent power and energy, distortion power,

 harmonics of voltages and currents (up to 50th),

 Total Harmonic Distortion THDF and THDR for current and voltage,

 Total Demand Distortion for currents (TDD),

 K-Factor (loss factor in transformers caused by higher harmonics),

 active and reactive powers of harmonics,

 the angles between voltage and current harmonics,

 Power Factor, cosφ (DPF), 4-quadrant tangentφ,

 unbalance factors and symmetrical components for three-phase mains,

 flicker severity PST and PLT ,

 interharmonics of voltages and currents (up to 50th),

 Total Interharmonic Distortion TIDF and TIDR for current and voltage,

 mains signaling voltage in the frequency band of 5...3000 Hz,

 Rapid Voltage Changes (RVC).

Some of the parameters are aggregated (averaged) according to the time selected by the user and

may be stored on a memory card. In addition to average value, it is also possible to record minimum and

maximum values during the averaging period, and to record the instantaneous value occurring at the end

of aggregation period.

The module for event detection is also powerful. According to EN 50160, typical events include voltage

dip (reduction of RMS voltage to less than 90% of nominal voltage), swell (exceeding 110% of the nominal

value) and interruption (reduction of the supplied voltage below 5 % of the nominal voltage) The user does

not have to enter the settings defined in EN 50160, as the software provides an automatic configuration

of the device to obtain power quality measurement mode compliant with EN 50160 The user may also

perform manual configuration - the software is fully flexible in this area. Voltage is only one of many pa-

rameters for which the limits of event detection may be defined. For example, the analyzer may be config-

ured to detect power factor drop below a defined value, THD exceeding another threshold, and the 9th

voltage harmonic exceeding a user-defined percentage value. Each event is recorded along with the time

of occurrence. For events that relate to exceeding the pre-defined limits for voltage dip, swell, interruption,

and exceeding minimum and maximum current values, the recorded information may also include a wave-

form for voltage and current. It is possible to record from 5 mains cycles of up to 1 second, with adjustable

pre-triggering time. Together with the waveform, half-cycle RMS values (RMS1/2) may be also recorded

with time adjustable from 1 s to 30 s.

Additionally, the analyzer has the ability to detect events caused by the change of the shape of

the voltage envelope and the voltage phase angle, by comparing consecutive successive periods of the

network with each other.

A very wide range of configurations, including a multitude of measured parameters make the analyzer

an extremely useful and powerful tool for measuring and analyzing all kinds of power supply systems and

interferences occurring in them. Some of the unique features of this device make it distinguishable from

other similar analyzers available in the market.

Tab. 2 presents a summary of parameters measured by analyzer, depending on the mains type.

PQM-702(T), PQM-703, PQM-710, PQM-711 User Manual

16

Tab. 2. Measured parameters for different network configurations.

Network type,

channel

Parameter

1-phase

split-phase

3-phase 4-wire

3-phase 3-wire

L1/A

N

L1/A

L2/B

N

Ʃ

L1/A

L2/B

L3/C

N

Ʃ

L12/AB

L23/BC

L31/CA

Ʃ

U

RMS voltage



UDC

DC voltage



I

RMS current



IDC

DC current



F

Frequency



CF U

Voltage crest factor



CF I

Current crest factor



P

Active power



Q1, QB

Reactive power



(1)

D, SN

Distortion power



S

Apparent power



PF

Power Factor



cosφ/DPF

Displacement power factor



tanφC-, tanφL+

tanφL-, tanφC+

tangent φ factor (4-quadrant)



(1)

THD U

Voltage total harmonic distor-

tion



THD I

Current total harmonic distor-

tion



TDD I

Total Demand Distortion



K

K-Factor



EP+, EP-

Active energy (consumed and

supplied)



EQC-, EQL+

EQL-, EQC+

Reactive energy (4-quadrant)



(1)

ES

Apparent energy



Uh1..Uh50

Voltage harmonic amplitudes



Ih1..Ih50

Current harmonic amplitudes



φUI1.. φUI50

Angles between voltage and

current harmonics



Ph1..Ph50

harmonics active power



Qh1..Qh50

harmonics reactive power



Unbalance U,

I

Symmetrical components and

unbalance factors



Pst, Plt

Flicker



TID U

Voltage total interharmonic dis-

tortion



TID I

Current total interharmonic dis-

tortion



Uih0..Uih50

Voltage interharmonics ampli-

tudes



Iih0..Iih50

Current interharmonics ampli-

tudes



UR1, UR2

Mains signalling in voltage



Ut

Voltage transients(2)



Explanations: L1/A, L2/B, L3/C (L12/AB, L23/BC, L31/CA) indicate subsequent phases

N is a measurement for voltage channel N-PE or current channel IN, depending on the parameter type,

Ʃ is the total value for the system.

(1) In 3-wire networks, the total reactive power is calculated as inactive power  (see discussion

on reactive power in section 5.3)

(2) Voltage transients are measured in channels: L1/A-PE, L2/B-PE, L3/C-PE and N-PE.

2 Operation of the analyzer

17

2 Operation of the analyzer

2.1 Buttons

The keyboard of the analyzer consists of four buttons: ON/OFF , LEFT , RIGHT

, START/STOP . To switch-on the analyzer, press ON/OFF button. Directional buttons

LEFT and RIGHT are used primarily to change the information screens. The screens change circu-

larly, i.e. after pressing RIGHT button, when the last screen is displayed, the device goes to screen

1. After pressing LEFT button, screens are displayed in reverse order. START/STOP button is used

to start and stop the recording as defined in the configuration of current set point.

2.2 Switching the analyzer ON/OFF

 The analyzer may be switched-on by briefly pressing button . Then a welcome screen is

displayed, showing the name of the meter, the internal software version (firmware), hardware

version and serial number. Then, the analyzer performs a self-test and in case of detecting

errors, the display shows an error message, accompanied by a long beep. When an error

occurs during memory card launching, the following message is displayed MEMORY CARD

ERROR. If the file system on the card is damaged (e.g. when the user manually formatted the

card as mass storage memory accessible only for the user) the analyzer will suggest

formatting the memory (message FORMAT MEMORY CARD?) and button will trigger the

process of formatting (3 short beeps). If the user does not press any button for 15 sec. the

analyzer will restart. After the formatting is completed, the analyzer will repeat initialization of

the card.

 When during the card initialization, the analyzer detects FIRMWARE.PQF file in the root

directory, which includes a newer version of the firmware (internal software), the upgrade

process will be suggested by the analyzer by displaying message UPDATE FIRMWARE?. Button

triggers this process (3 short beeps) and its progress may be observed on the display.

The update may be skipped by briefly pressing the button . The update is also skipped if

the user does not press any button for 10 sec. When the update is successfully completed,

message UPDATE SUCCESSFUL!, will be displayed or in other case UPDATE FAILED!. Then the

analyzer will automatically restart.

 After switching on, the analyzer is activated at the last measurement point and displays screen

1 with a phasor diagram.

 To switch the analyzer OFF, keep button pressed for 2 seconds, when no button or

recording lock are active.

 Pressing the active button results in a short beep of a higher pitch; for inactive button the beep

is longer and at a lower pitch.

 Pressing button or for at least 1.5 s forces the display to refresh.

2.3 Auto-off

When the analyzer operates for at least 30 minutes powered by the battery (no power supply

from mains) and it is not in the recording mode and PC connection is inactive, the device automat-

ically turns-off to prevent onward discharging of the battery.

The analyzer turns off automatically also when the battery is fully discharged. Such emergency

shut-down is performed regardless of the mode of the device. In case of active recording, it will be

interrupted. When the power supply returns, the recording process is resumed. Emergency shut-

down is signalled by message BATTERY DISCHARGED!

PQM-702(T), PQM-703, PQM-710, PQM-711 User Manual

18

2.4 Screens

Fig. 5 presents the first screen displayed by the analyzer. The bar in the upper part is a perma-

nent element, shown independent of the selected screen.

Fig. 5. Screen 1 with a phasor diagram and indicators of connection correctness.

The bar includes (from the left):

o number of active measurement point (configuration): P1, P2, P3 or P4. In some modes

measurement point number is displayed alternately with additional graphic symbol:

o The symbol of sinusoid is displayed when the memory of the measurement point is

completely filled with recorded data, or when the measurement point is not assigned to

any place (zero allocation). In such conditions, recording cannot be started; only viewing

the current values is possible.

o The symbol of slope with an arrow indicates waiting for triggering the recording pro-

cess by the first detected event (threshold triggering).

o The hourglass symbol indicates waiting for recording to start in the scheduled record-

ing mode (also between recording intervals).

 available space on the memory card for an active measurement point - in MB or GB.

 current date and time in the format day.month.year, hour:minute:second. Date and time are

displayed in green, when time of the analyzer is synchronized to GPS time and meets the

requirements for the accuracy specified in IEC 61000-4-30 and valid for analyzers of class A.

If time does not meet these requirements, it is displayed in orange.

 indicator of mains power supply or battery status,

 indicator of GSM network signal strength (if a SIM card is inserted and connection GSM network

is active).

Screen number is displayed in the lower right corner of the display.

Screen 1 is displayed by default after turning the analyzer on and after changing a measurement

point. It presents a phasor diagram of the measured mains and indicators of correct connection to

the mains. This feature is described in section 2.5.

Note

Screens count is device dependent. PQM-702 and PQM-703 have 9

screens, whereas PQM-710 and PQM-711 have 10 screens.

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