Page is loading ...
Logic Express 7
Reference Manual
Apple Computer, Inc.
© 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be
copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent
of Apple. Your rights to the software are governed by
the accompanying software licence agreement.
The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.,
registered in the U.S. and other countries. Use of the
“keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial
purposes without the prior written consent of Apple
may constitute trademark infringement and unfair
competition in violation of federal and state laws.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the
information in this manual is accurate. Apple Computer,
Inc. is not responsible for printing or clerical errors.
Apple Computer, Inc.
1 Infinite Loop
Cupertino, CA 95014-2084
408-996-1010
www.apple.com
Apple, the Apple logo, Aqua, Final Cut, Final Cut Pro,
FireWire, iBook, iMac, iPod, iTunes, Logic, Mac,
Macintosh, Mac OS, PowerBook, Power Mac, Power
Macintosh, and QuickTime are trademarks of Apple
Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other
countries.
Finder and GarageBand are trademarks of Apple
Computer, Inc.
AppleCare is a service mark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Helvetica is a registered trademark of Heidelberger
Druckmaschinen AG, available from Linotype Library
GmbH.
Other company and product names mentioned herein
are trademarks of their respective companies. Mention
of third-party products is for informational purposes
only and constitutes neither an endorsement nor a
recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with
regard to the performance or use of these products.
3
1
Contents
Preface 9 Logic Reference
9 What Is Logic?
10 About This Manual
Chapter 1 13 Using Logic
13 Using the Mouse
14 Input Options
16 Tools and the Toolbox
21 Window Functions
32 Edit Operations
33 Selection Techniques
35 General Functions of the Editors
36 Key Commands
44 Step Input
49 Caps Lock Keyboard
51 Song Administration
60 Standard MIDI Files
62 Apple Loops
67 GarageBand File Import
68 ReCycle Import
70 OPEN TL Import
70 Bouncing and POW-r Dithering
Chapter 2 73 Transport
73 The Transport Window
82 The Bar Ruler
84 Cycle Mode
86 Recording
89 Chase Events
Chapter 3 91 Arrange Window
91 Overview
92 Tracks
100 Arrange Channel Strip
4
Contents
101 MIDI Instruments
107 MIDI Regions
116 MIDI Region Playback Parameters
120 Quantization
122 Folders
124 Aliases
127 Time and Key Signature Editor
128 Altering the Display
132 Reset Functions
Chapter 4 133 Audio in the Arrange Window
133 Regions
141 Audio Recording
145 Functions
148 Freeze
Chapter 5 153 The Environment
153 Environment—Introduction
154 Basic Operation
159 The MIDI Signal Path
162 Environment Objects
181 Faders
189 Environment Exchange
Chapter 6 191 Logic’s Mixing Facilities
192 Audio Mixer
194 Audio Objects in the Audio and Track Mixer
211 Audio Object Types
218 Track Mixer
221 MIDI Channel Strips
Chapter 7 225 Automation
225 Automation—Introduction
227 Track Based Automation
232 Region Based Automation
233 Hyper Draw
236 Conversion of Automation Data
Chapter 8 239 Global Tracks
240 Display Options for Global Tracks
240 How to Create, Move, Copy, and Delete Global Events
242 Tempo Track
244 Signature Track
245 Transposition Track
Contents
5
247 Video Track
Chapter 9 249 Audio Window
249 Audio Window—Introduction
251 Layout
253 Display
256 Operation
260 File Administration
268 Further Options
Chapter 10 271 Audio Drivers
271 The Audio Hardware and Drivers Dialog
274 Audio Engine
274 Realtime Sample Rate Conversion
Chapter 11 275 Sample Editor
275 Sample Editor—Introduction
277 Display
280 The Sample Edit Window in Use
288 Functions
291 Digital Factory
Chapter 12 297 Event List
297 Using the Event List
299 Display
300 Operation
302 Event List Structure
305 Event Type Structure
309 Tips for Numerical Input
310 Event Float Window
Chapter 13 311 Hyper Editor
311 Hyper Editor—Introduction
312 Hyper Sets
313 Event Definitions
319 Operation
Chapter 14 323 Matrix Editor
323 Matrix Editor—Introduction
324 Display
325 Editing Notes
327 Hyper Draw in the Matrix Window
6
Contents
Chapter 15 329 Score Editor
329 Score Editor—Introduction
331 Elements of the Score Edit Window
332 Notation Concept
336 General Appearance
339 Input Methods in the Score Window
339 Score Display Options—a Survey
341 Printout
342 Graphic Export
343 Realtime MIDI Recording
343 Step Input
344 Mouse Input
348 The Part Box
369 Move, Copy, and Paste
371 Editing or Deleting Notes and Symbols
374 The Display Parameter Box
380 Score Styles
398 Note Attributes
401 Instrument Sets and Score Display Levels
410 Song Settings for Score Display
423 Score Preferences
425 Text: Input and Display
432 Chord Symbols
Chapter 16 437 The Transform Window
437 Transform Window—Introduction
439 Transformation
444 Parameter Sets
Chapter 17 447 Tempo
447 Display and Functions
448 Tempo List Editor
Chapter 18 451 Synchronization
451 Functions
453 Synchronization Window
459 Bar Ruler—Time Ruler
460 Sync Problems and Solutions
Chapter 19 461 Video
461 Synchronizing QuickTime Movies
Chapter 20 465 Song Settings and Preferences
466 Song Settings
9
Preface
Logic Reference
Recent years have seen a revolution in the use of
personal computers for creating music.
Music projects that until recently would have required an array of professional studio
equipment can now be completed in a home or project studio, using a personal
computer and readily available resources. A personal computer with a fast processor
and enough RAM can now serve as a workstation for recording, arranging, mixing, and
producing complete music projects, which can be played back on the computer,
burned on a CD or DVD, or distributed over the Internet.
What Is Logic?
Logic is an integrated system for composing, producing, and scoring music, built
specifically for Mac OS X. Musicians can create professional sounding original music
compositions, royalty-free soundtracks for Final Cut Pro video projects, and more.
Logic allows you to build musical arrangements using MIDI and software instruments
alongside audio recordings of acoustic instruments, vocal performances and
prerecorded audio files.
You can freely combine and arrange loops plus MIDI and software instrument parts in
Logic’s Arrange window, add professional-quality effects, mix your music in stereo, and
export the final mix to a standard audio file or an audio CD that can be played on any
multimedia-equipped computer, home stereo or imported into Final Cut Pro or other
applications.
Logic includes the following features, amongst many others:
•
Record MIDI information via connected MIDI input devices, such as keyboards, and
play back this information via any connected MIDI device or Logic’s integrated
software instruments.
•
Create, arrange, and edit MIDI projects, and print out musical notation via a printer
connected to your computer.
•
Digitally record acoustic and electric instruments or vocal performances into your
projects, and process these audio recordings with Logic’s in-built real-time effects.
10 Preface
Logic Reference
•
Make use of the integrated software instruments, including: ES1 and EXS24 or third-
party Audio Unit instruments.
•
Load songs or channel strips from Apple’s
GarageBand
application, and edit them,
making use of the additional processing and editing possibilities afforded by Logic.
•
Mix your MIDI and audio tracks, including effects and software-based instrument
settings, via a sophisticated total recall mix automation system. Logic includes high-
quality effects plug-ins that you can use in your projects. You can also install third-
party effects in the Audio Units plug-in format.
•
Bounce all audio data, including effects and mix automation settings, to a stereo file
for mastering or further processing.
•
Work in real time: You can work on Logic projects in real time, adding, and editing
audio and MIDI parts while the project is playing, and hear the results of your
changes immediately.
•
Use existing loop libraries: Logic directly supports Apple Loop files, and is
compatible with a wide variety of existing audio file types, including those created in
ReCycle.
•
Locate and preview files easily: The Apple Loop Browser, part of the Logic interface,
provides powerful file browsing and search features, making it easy to locate loops
by instrument, genre, mood, or other search criteria.
•
Mix Apple Loops recorded at different tempos and keys: Logic automatically
matches loops to the project tempo and key, allowing you to freely combine loops
from different sources in a single project.
About This Manual
This book is the final arbiter on all things in Logic, and covers all areas of the program
in detail.
You will find descriptions of the most essential aspects of Logic’s interface, commands,
and menus in the
Using Logic
chapter. These descriptions are often paired with
instructions or examples for accomplishing specific tasks.
Chapter 2 discusses the use of Logic’s Transport functions and covers the navigation of
your Logic projects.
The following chapters will provide you with an overview and complete description of
all parameters and functions available in each of Logic’s editing and file handling
windows. You will learn how to make use of the arranging, recording, and editing
facilities available—for MIDI and audio data—in these chapters.
Later chapters discuss mixing, automation, and Logic’s preferences, Song settings and
synchronization options.
Preface
Logic Reference
11
The Onscreen Help system—accessible from Logic’s Help menu—is fundamentally the
Reference Manuals in electronic form. It has the advantage of being at your fingertips
when you need it, and is also searchable.
Even if you’re the type who just doesn’t like reading manuals, we ask that you read the
next section. It will provide you with essential information on the basic operation of
Logic’s interface.
Please note that all topics described herein were accurate at the date of printing. For
up to date information on changes or additions made after printing, please refer to the
Late Breaking News
on the Logic DVD, and/or to the
Update Info,
included with each
Logic update.
Conventions of This Manual…
Before commencing, we’d like to cover the following conventions used in this manual.
Menu Functions
For functions that can be reached via hierarchical menus, the different menu levels are
described as follows:
Menu > Menu entry > Function
.
Important Entries
Some text will be shown as follows:
Important:
Information on function or parameter.
These entries discuss a key concept or technical information that should, or must, be
followed or taken into account. Please pay special attention to these entries.
Notes
Some sections provide additional information or tips that will assist your use of Logic.
These are displayed as shown below:
Note:
Information on function or parameter.
Key Commands
Many Logic functions can be activated or accessed with key commands—computer
keyboard shortcuts. The key commands mentioned in this guide are based on the
standard Key Command Set, assigned by the Logic Setup Assistant. Where possible, we
have also included the standard Key Commands for PowerBook users. These are based
on the PowerBook Key Command Set, assigned in the Logic Setup Assistant.
1
13
1
Using Logic
The following chapter will guide you through Logic’s basic
interface elements, file handling options and common input
techniques.
You will also learn about a number of shortcuts and features that will accelerate your
workflow, and assist you while learning about Logic.
Using the Mouse
The mouse can be used in the following ways in Logic:
Clicking
Place the mouse pointer on the object (button, input field and so on) and press the
mouse button once.
Double-Clicking
The same as clicking on an object, but you press the mouse button twice, in quick
succession. You can set a suitable interval between clicks in the System Preferences
(Keyboard and Mouse pane).
Grabbing or Clicking and Holding
The same as clicking on an object, but you keep the mouse button held down.
Moving or Dragging
Grab the object, and move the mouse (keeping the mouse button held down) to the
desired position.
Mouse Wheel Events
You can use the mouse wheel to scroll vertically in Logic. There are also some modifiers
supported:
•
If you press Command, the mouse wheel can be used to scroll horizontally.
•
If you press Option, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out vertically.
•
If you press Option-Command, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out
horizontally.
14 Chapter 1
Using Logic
•
If you press Option-Control, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out in both
directions.
Note:
Logic also supports mice with two wheels. The second wheel works like the first
wheel, but with interchanged axes.
Input Options
This section discusses the various methods available for interaction with parameters,
and data entry tasks.
Mouse Input
Checkboxes
Checkboxes are square boxes that are “checked” when you click them, in order to
activate an option (or function). Click the checkbox a second time to remove the
“check”, and deactivate the option.
Pull-Down Menus
Pull-down menus open when you click-hold on certain input fields or buttons. You can
select a function from within such menus by highlighting the desired item with the
mouse, and releasing the mouse button. If you wish to select an item that is outside
the visible section of the menu,
•
move the mouse over the top or bottom edge of the menu; the further you move it,
the faster you will scroll through the menu.
•
hold down Shift as you do this. You can then release the mouse button, and use the
scroll bar to the right of the pull-down menu to browse. When the mouse reaches
the entry you wish to use, release Shift.
Mouse as Slider
You can set most numerical parameters (even note values or names) by grabbing the
parameter value, and moving the mouse up or down. If the parameter consists of
several separate numbers (song position, for example), you can adjust each number
individually using this method.
Chapter 1
Using Logic
15
Using the Mouse for In/Decrementing
Nearly all parameter values that can be set using the mouse as a slider (and even some
of the pull-down menu parameters) may also be increased or decreased in single units
by clicking on the top or bottom half of the value, while holding down Control.
Numerical Input
Double-clicking on a numerical parameter value opens an input field. The existing
value is highlighted, and ready to be overwritten by a new entry. You can also use the
mouse to make a partial selection in an input field, so that only the highlighted part is
overwritten. As long as the input field is open, the computer keyboard may only be
used for data entry, and may not be used for key commands (with the exception of the
main menu functions).
Arithmetical Operations
You can enter numbers at any time by typing in an arithmetical operation: “
+
2” or “
−
5”,
for example, which changes the current value by/to that amount.
ASCII Code
You can also input numbers as ASCII code: just place a ` or " in front of the selected
key, and the ASCII code will be input as a number. As an example:
•
"! results in a value of 33
•
"a results in a value of 97
This function is particularly useful for entering text in SysEx strings.
Cancel Numerical Input
Direct numerical input can be canceled by entering no text at all and pressing Enter or
Return.
16 Chapter 1
Using Logic
Text Input
You can input text names in the same way as numbers, but you only need to click a
name field once to allow input. You can directly click on an object with the Text tool to
rename it.
Numbered Names
Any number of selected Objects or Regions can be assigned same name. If the name
ends with a number, this number will automatically be incremented by 1 for each
subsequent Object or Region. This allows you to quickly, and uniquely, name all of the
Regions on a track or all of the Fader Objects in the Environment, as examples.
Note:
To turn off automatic numbering, place a space after the number at the end of
the Object or Region name. All selected Objects and Region will then end in the same
number.
Tools and the Toolbox
Logic allows recorded data to be handled graphically. This means that you don’t need
to input instructions in command lines in order to perform operations, but rather, do so
by manipulating graphical “objects”. This is done with the help of Tools (see “The Tools”
on page 18). Each edit window provides different Toolboxes that are suitable for the
tasks performed in the editor.
The Arrange window Toolbox looks like this:
When editing objects graphically, you always have two tools available at the mouse
pointer position: one is already active, the other is activated by holding down
Command.
Chapter 1
Using Logic
17
You can change the currently active tool by clicking on another tool in the Toolbox. The
mouse pointer then adopts the shape of the tool you clicked on, allowing you to
instantly identify the active tool by looking at the cursor graphic: the Eraser is used for
deleting, the Scissors for cutting and the Glue Tool for merging Regions, as examples.
To assign a tool to Command, click on the desired tool in the Toolbox, with Command
depressed.
If you have a suitable mouse, you can also assign the right mouse button to a third
tool, allowing the use of three assignable tools:
•
left-click
•
Command- (left) click
•
right-click
Note:
You can also assign the Toolbox to the right mouse button with the
Global >
Editing > Right Mouse Button Opens Toolbox
preference. This allows you to open the
Toolbox at the mouse cursor position by right-clicking anywhere in the working area of
the open window.
Tools are only effective in the working area of the window in which they were selected.
You can define individual tools for each opened window.
A tool (the Scissors, for example) basically affects the Objects or Regions that you click
on. If multiple Objects or Regions are selected, they will all be affected by the tool (the
Scissors would cut all selected Regions at the same song position, for example).
Note:
The Toolbox can be hidden in the Arrange and Score Editor windows to save
onscreen space, which can be very helpful if you only have a small monitor. The
function is accessible via the
View > Toolbox
menu option.
Selecting Tools
You select the tool you wish to use by clicking on it (with the left or right mouse
button) in the Toolbox (or clicking while holding down Command for the alternate
tool).
Note:
You can use the
Set next Tool
and
Set previous Tool
key commands to switch to
the neighboring tool in the top window.
Opening the Toolbox at the Mouse Position
Use the
Show Tools
key command (default: Esc) to open a Toolbox at the mouse
position. When a Toolbox is opened at the mouse position, you can also use one of the
number keys to select a tool. The tools are always numbered from left to right and top
to bottom. Press the
Show Tools
key command a second time to switch to the pointer,
and close the Toolbox.
18 Chapter 1
Using Logic
Using Key Commands
Each tool can be selected via a specific key command. Key commands that switch to a
specific tool toggle between this tool and the previously selected tool.
The Tools
Here are two example Toolboxes, which contain most of the tools available in Logic:
Arrange Toolbox
Score Toolbox
All tools, including a number of tools not displayed in the images, are described below.
As mentioned earlier, some tools are specific to certain editing windows.
Pointer
The Pointer is the default tool. The mouse also takes on this shape outside the working
area when making a menu selection or inputting a data value. Within the working area,
the pointer is used for selecting (by clicking on Objects or Regions), moving (by
grabbing and dragging), copying (by holding down Option and dragging), and editing
lengths (by grabbing the bottom right corner and dragging). Grabbing and dragging
anywhere on the window background activates a “rubber band”, that allows the
selection of multiple Regions or Objects.
Note:
When changing the lengths of multiple Regions, you can make all lengths equal
by holding Shift-Option.
Pointer
Mute tool
Solo tool
Pencil
Eraser
Scissors
Text tool
Magnifying Glass (Zoom tool)
Crossfade tool
Glue tool
Pointer
Mute tool
Solo tool
Pencil
Eraser
Voice Splitter
Magnifying Glass
Sizer tool
Quantize tool
Glue tool
Scissors
Layout tool
Camera tool
Text tool
Velocity tool
Chapter 1
Using Logic
19
Pencil
The Pencil is used to add new Regions. You can also select, drag, and alter the length of
Regions while the Pencil tool is active.
Scissors
The Scissors tool is used to split Regions, allowing individual sections to be copied,
moved or deleted.
Text Tool
The Text tool is used to name Regions, or add text to a musical score.
Layout Tool
The Layout tool is used to graphically move events in the Score Editor, in order to
optimize the display (bars to lines: “Local Formatting”, for example), without altering
the timing of the actual MIDI events.
Size Tool
The Size tool is used to adjust the size of graphic elements in the score. It looks similar
to the bottom right corner of a Mac window, which is also used for resizing tasks.
Magnifying Glass
The Magnifying Glass allows you to zoom in on a “rubber-banded” section, up to the
full window size. You can revert to the normal zoom level by clicking on the
background with the tool. You can also access this function when other tools are
selected by holding down Control.
Solo Tool
Click-holding on a Region with the Solo tool allows you to listen to the selected
Regions in isolation during playback. Moving the mouse vertically also outputs any
events the cursor touches, even when the sequencer is stopped.
Mute Tool
Clicking on a Region with the Mute tool prevents it from playing. A dot is placed in
front of the Region name (and the Region is shaded if the
Preferences > Display >
Arrange > Muted Regions are textured
preference is active), to indicate that it is muted.
You can unmute the Region by clicking on it again with the Mute tool. If multiple
Regions are selected, the setting of the clicked Region applies to all selected Regions.
Finger Tool
The Finger is used to alter note lengths in the Matrix Editor.
Eraser Tool
The Eraser deletes selected Regions and Objects. When you click on an Object or
Region with the Eraser, all of the currently selected Objects and Regions are deleted (as
if you had used Backspace).
20 Chapter 1 Using Logic
Glue Tool
The Glue tool performs the reverse operation of the Scissors tool. All selected Regions
are merged into a single Region, which is assigned the name and track position of the
first Region on the time axis.
Crosshair Tool
The Crosshair is used to input a linear series of MIDI events in the Hyper Editor.
MIDI Thru Tool
Clicking on an instrument in the Environment with the MIDI Thru tool assigns the
instrument to the selected track in the Arrange window, thereby making it the active
MIDI Thru instrument.
Voice Splitter Tool
You can separate polyphonic voices onto different staves in the Score Editor by
drawing a dividing line with the Voice Splitter tool (provided you are using a
polyphonic score style).
Camera Tool
The Camera tool is used to select, and export, sections of the Score Editor display as
graphics files.
Quantize Tool
The Quantize tool is used to correct the timing of MIDI note events in the Matrix and
Score Editors.
Velocity Tool
You can use the Velocity tool to change the velocity of notes in the Matrix and Score
Editors.
Help Tags
A help tag appears just below the mouse cursor position—for as long as the mouse
button is held down—when using many of the tools. The help tag provides useful
feedback about the type of operation you are performing.
Important: You must enable the Preferences > Display > Show Help Tags option in order
to view help tags during editing operations.
During operations involving Regions, the help tag will look something like this:
From left to right (and from top to bottom), the values indicate: (name of) operation,
mouse (or Region) position, Region name, track number, and length of the Region.
/