Apple Logic Express 7 User manual

Logic Express 7

Reference Manual



Apple Computer, Inc.

Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be

copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent

of Apple. Your rights to the software are governed by

the accompanying software licence agreement.

The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.,

registered in the U.S. and other countries. Use of the

“keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial

purposes without the prior written consent of Apple

may constitute trademark infringement and unfair

competition in violation of federal and state laws.

Every effort has been made to ensure that the

information in this manual is accurate. Apple Computer,

Inc. is not responsible for printing or clerical errors.

Apple Computer, Inc.

1 Infinite Loop

Cupertino, CA 95014-2084

408-996-1010

www.apple.com

Apple, the Apple logo, Aqua, Final Cut, Final Cut Pro,

FireWire, iBook, iMac, iPod, iTunes, Logic, Mac,

Macintosh, Mac OS, PowerBook, Power Mac, Power

Macintosh, and QuickTime are trademarks of Apple

Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other

countries.

Finder and GarageBand are trademarks of Apple

Computer, Inc.

AppleCare is a service mark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Helvetica is a registered trademark of Heidelberger

Druckmaschinen AG, available from Linotype Library

GmbH.

Other company and product names mentioned herein

are trademarks of their respective companies. Mention

of third-party products is for informational purposes

only and constitutes neither an endorsement nor a

recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with

regard to the performance or use of these products.

3

1

Contents

Preface 9 Logic Reference

9 What Is Logic?

10 About This Manual

Chapter 1 13 Using Logic

13 Using the Mouse

14 Input Options

16 Tools and the Toolbox

21 Window Functions

32 Edit Operations

33 Selection Techniques

35 General Functions of the Editors

36 Key Commands

44 Step Input

49 Caps Lock Keyboard

51 Song Administration

60 Standard MIDI Files

62 Apple Loops

67 GarageBand File Import

68 ReCycle Import

70 OPEN TL Import

70 Bouncing and POW-r Dithering

Chapter 2 73 Transport

73 The Transport Window

82 The Bar Ruler

84 Cycle Mode

86 Recording

89 Chase Events

Chapter 3 91 Arrange Window

91 Overview

92 Tracks

100 Arrange Channel Strip

4

Contents

101 MIDI Instruments

107 MIDI Regions

116 MIDI Region Playback Parameters

120 Quantization

122 Folders

124 Aliases

127 Time and Key Signature Editor

128 Altering the Display

132 Reset Functions

Chapter 4 133 Audio in the Arrange Window

133 Regions

141 Audio Recording

145 Functions

148 Freeze

Chapter 5 153 The Environment

153 Environment—Introduction

154 Basic Operation

159 The MIDI Signal Path

162 Environment Objects

181 Faders

189 Environment Exchange

Chapter 6 191 Logic’s Mixing Facilities

192 Audio Mixer

194 Audio Objects in the Audio and Track Mixer

211 Audio Object Types

218 Track Mixer

221 MIDI Channel Strips

Chapter 7 225 Automation

225 Automation—Introduction

227 Track Based Automation

232 Region Based Automation

233 Hyper Draw

236 Conversion of Automation Data

Chapter 8 239 Global Tracks

240 Display Options for Global Tracks

240 How to Create, Move, Copy, and Delete Global Events

242 Tempo Track

244 Signature Track

245 Transposition Track

Contents

5

247 Video Track

Chapter 9 249 Audio Window

249 Audio Window—Introduction

251 Layout

253 Display

256 Operation

260 File Administration

268 Further Options

Chapter 10 271 Audio Drivers

271 The Audio Hardware and Drivers Dialog

274 Audio Engine

274 Realtime Sample Rate Conversion

Chapter 11 275 Sample Editor

275 Sample Editor—Introduction

277 Display

280 The Sample Edit Window in Use

288 Functions

291 Digital Factory

Chapter 12 297 Event List

297 Using the Event List

299 Display

300 Operation

302 Event List Structure

305 Event Type Structure

309 Tips for Numerical Input

310 Event Float Window

Chapter 13 311 Hyper Editor

311 Hyper Editor—Introduction

312 Hyper Sets

313 Event Definitions

319 Operation

Chapter 14 323 Matrix Editor

323 Matrix Editor—Introduction

324 Display

325 Editing Notes

327 Hyper Draw in the Matrix Window

6

Contents

Chapter 15 329 Score Editor

329 Score Editor—Introduction

331 Elements of the Score Edit Window

332 Notation Concept

336 General Appearance

339 Input Methods in the Score Window

339 Score Display Options—a Survey

341 Printout

342 Graphic Export

343 Realtime MIDI Recording

343 Step Input

344 Mouse Input

348 The Part Box

369 Move, Copy, and Paste

371 Editing or Deleting Notes and Symbols

374 The Display Parameter Box

380 Score Styles

398 Note Attributes

401 Instrument Sets and Score Display Levels

410 Song Settings for Score Display

423 Score Preferences

425 Text: Input and Display

432 Chord Symbols

Chapter 16 437 The Transform Window

437 Transform Window—Introduction

439 Transformation

444 Parameter Sets

Chapter 17 447 Tempo

447 Display and Functions

448 Tempo List Editor

Chapter 18 451 Synchronization

451 Functions

453 Synchronization Window

459 Bar Ruler—Time Ruler

460 Sync Problems and Solutions

Chapter 19 461 Video

461 Synchronizing QuickTime Movies

Chapter 20 465 Song Settings and Preferences

466 Song Settings

Contents

7

476 Preferences

Chapter 21 487 Control Surface Support

488 Installation

490 Setup Window Parameters

495 Control Surface Preferences

498 Customizing Control Surfaces

500 The Controller Assignments Window

Glossary 501

Index 511

9

Preface

Logic Reference

Recent years have seen a revolution in the use of

personal computers for creating music.

Music projects that until recently would have required an array of professional studio

equipment can now be completed in a home or project studio, using a personal

computer and readily available resources. A personal computer with a fast processor

and enough RAM can now serve as a workstation for recording, arranging, mixing, and

producing complete music projects, which can be played back on the computer,

burned on a CD or DVD, or distributed over the Internet.

What Is Logic?

Logic is an integrated system for composing, producing, and scoring music, built

specifically for Mac OS X. Musicians can create professional sounding original music

compositions, royalty-free soundtracks for Final Cut Pro video projects, and more.

Logic allows you to build musical arrangements using MIDI and software instruments

alongside audio recordings of acoustic instruments, vocal performances and

prerecorded audio files.

You can freely combine and arrange loops plus MIDI and software instrument parts in

Logic’s Arrange window, add professional-quality effects, mix your music in stereo, and

export the final mix to a standard audio file or an audio CD that can be played on any

multimedia-equipped computer, home stereo or imported into Final Cut Pro or other

applications.

Logic includes the following features, amongst many others:

•

Record MIDI information via connected MIDI input devices, such as keyboards, and

play back this information via any connected MIDI device or Logic’s integrated

software instruments.

•

Create, arrange, and edit MIDI projects, and print out musical notation via a printer

connected to your computer.

•

Digitally record acoustic and electric instruments or vocal performances into your

projects, and process these audio recordings with Logic’s in-built real-time effects.

10 Preface

Logic Reference

•

Make use of the integrated software instruments, including: ES1 and EXS24 or third-

party Audio Unit instruments.

•

Load songs or channel strips from Apple’s

GarageBand

application, and edit them,

making use of the additional processing and editing possibilities afforded by Logic.

•

Mix your MIDI and audio tracks, including effects and software-based instrument

settings, via a sophisticated total recall mix automation system. Logic includes high-

quality effects plug-ins that you can use in your projects. You can also install third-

party effects in the Audio Units plug-in format.

•

Bounce all audio data, including effects and mix automation settings, to a stereo file

for mastering or further processing.

•

Work in real time: You can work on Logic projects in real time, adding, and editing

audio and MIDI parts while the project is playing, and hear the results of your

changes immediately.

•

Use existing loop libraries: Logic directly supports Apple Loop files, and is

compatible with a wide variety of existing audio file types, including those created in

ReCycle.

•

Locate and preview files easily: The Apple Loop Browser, part of the Logic interface,

provides powerful file browsing and search features, making it easy to locate loops

by instrument, genre, mood, or other search criteria.

•

Mix Apple Loops recorded at different tempos and keys: Logic automatically

matches loops to the project tempo and key, allowing you to freely combine loops

from different sources in a single project.

About This Manual

This book is the final arbiter on all things in Logic, and covers all areas of the program

in detail.

You will find descriptions of the most essential aspects of Logic’s interface, commands,

and menus in the

Using Logic

chapter. These descriptions are often paired with

instructions or examples for accomplishing specific tasks.

Chapter 2 discusses the use of Logic’s Transport functions and covers the navigation of

your Logic projects.

The following chapters will provide you with an overview and complete description of

all parameters and functions available in each of Logic’s editing and file handling

windows. You will learn how to make use of the arranging, recording, and editing

facilities available—for MIDI and audio data—in these chapters.

Later chapters discuss mixing, automation, and Logic’s preferences, Song settings and

synchronization options.

Preface

Logic Reference

11

The Onscreen Help system—accessible from Logic’s Help menu—is fundamentally the

Reference Manuals in electronic form. It has the advantage of being at your fingertips

when you need it, and is also searchable.

Even if you’re the type who just doesn’t like reading manuals, we ask that you read the

next section. It will provide you with essential information on the basic operation of

Logic’s interface.

Please note that all topics described herein were accurate at the date of printing. For

up to date information on changes or additions made after printing, please refer to the

Late Breaking News

on the Logic DVD, and/or to the

Update Info,

included with each

Logic update.

Conventions of This Manual…

Before commencing, we’d like to cover the following conventions used in this manual.

Menu Functions

For functions that can be reached via hierarchical menus, the different menu levels are

described as follows:

Menu > Menu entry > Function

.

Important Entries

Some text will be shown as follows:

Important:

Information on function or parameter.

These entries discuss a key concept or technical information that should, or must, be

followed or taken into account. Please pay special attention to these entries.

Notes

Some sections provide additional information or tips that will assist your use of Logic.

These are displayed as shown below:

Note:

Information on function or parameter.

Key Commands

Many Logic functions can be activated or accessed with key commands—computer

keyboard shortcuts. The key commands mentioned in this guide are based on the

standard Key Command Set, assigned by the Logic Setup Assistant. Where possible, we

have also included the standard Key Commands for PowerBook users. These are based

on the PowerBook Key Command Set, assigned in the Logic Setup Assistant.

1

13

1

Using Logic

The following chapter will guide you through Logic’s basic

interface elements, file handling options and common input

techniques.

You will also learn about a number of shortcuts and features that will accelerate your

workflow, and assist you while learning about Logic.

Using the Mouse

The mouse can be used in the following ways in Logic:

Clicking

Place the mouse pointer on the object (button, input field and so on) and press the

mouse button once.

Double-Clicking

The same as clicking on an object, but you press the mouse button twice, in quick

succession. You can set a suitable interval between clicks in the System Preferences

(Keyboard and Mouse pane).

Grabbing or Clicking and Holding

The same as clicking on an object, but you keep the mouse button held down.

Moving or Dragging

Grab the object, and move the mouse (keeping the mouse button held down) to the

desired position.

Mouse Wheel Events

You can use the mouse wheel to scroll vertically in Logic. There are also some modifiers

supported:

•

If you press Command, the mouse wheel can be used to scroll horizontally.

•

If you press Option, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out vertically.

•

If you press Option-Command, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out

horizontally.

14 Chapter 1

Using Logic

•

If you press Option-Control, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out in both

directions.

Note:

Logic also supports mice with two wheels. The second wheel works like the first

wheel, but with interchanged axes.

Input Options

This section discusses the various methods available for interaction with parameters,

and data entry tasks.

Mouse Input

Checkboxes

Checkboxes are square boxes that are “checked” when you click them, in order to

activate an option (or function). Click the checkbox a second time to remove the

“check”, and deactivate the option.

Pull-Down Menus

Pull-down menus open when you click-hold on certain input fields or buttons. You can

select a function from within such menus by highlighting the desired item with the

mouse, and releasing the mouse button. If you wish to select an item that is outside

the visible section of the menu,

•

move the mouse over the top or bottom edge of the menu; the further you move it,

the faster you will scroll through the menu.

•

hold down Shift as you do this. You can then release the mouse button, and use the

scroll bar to the right of the pull-down menu to browse. When the mouse reaches

the entry you wish to use, release Shift.

Mouse as Slider

You can set most numerical parameters (even note values or names) by grabbing the

parameter value, and moving the mouse up or down. If the parameter consists of

several separate numbers (song position, for example), you can adjust each number

individually using this method.

Chapter 1

Using Logic

15

Using the Mouse for In/Decrementing

Nearly all parameter values that can be set using the mouse as a slider (and even some

of the pull-down menu parameters) may also be increased or decreased in single units

by clicking on the top or bottom half of the value, while holding down Control.

Numerical Input

Double-clicking on a numerical parameter value opens an input field. The existing

value is highlighted, and ready to be overwritten by a new entry. You can also use the

mouse to make a partial selection in an input field, so that only the highlighted part is

overwritten. As long as the input field is open, the computer keyboard may only be

used for data entry, and may not be used for key commands (with the exception of the

main menu functions).

Arithmetical Operations

You can enter numbers at any time by typing in an arithmetical operation: “

+

2” or “

−

5”,

for example, which changes the current value by/to that amount.

ASCII Code

You can also input numbers as ASCII code: just place a ` or " in front of the selected

key, and the ASCII code will be input as a number. As an example:

•

"! results in a value of 33

•

"a results in a value of 97

This function is particularly useful for entering text in SysEx strings.

Cancel Numerical Input

Direct numerical input can be canceled by entering no text at all and pressing Enter or

Return.

16 Chapter 1

Using Logic

Text Input

You can input text names in the same way as numbers, but you only need to click a

name field once to allow input. You can directly click on an object with the Text tool to

rename it.

Numbered Names

Any number of selected Objects or Regions can be assigned same name. If the name

ends with a number, this number will automatically be incremented by 1 for each

subsequent Object or Region. This allows you to quickly, and uniquely, name all of the

Regions on a track or all of the Fader Objects in the Environment, as examples.

Note:

To turn off automatic numbering, place a space after the number at the end of

the Object or Region name. All selected Objects and Region will then end in the same

number.

Tools and the Toolbox

Logic allows recorded data to be handled graphically. This means that you don’t need

to input instructions in command lines in order to perform operations, but rather, do so

by manipulating graphical “objects”. This is done with the help of Tools (see “The Tools”

on page 18). Each edit window provides different Toolboxes that are suitable for the

tasks performed in the editor.

The Arrange window Toolbox looks like this:

When editing objects graphically, you always have two tools available at the mouse

pointer position: one is already active, the other is activated by holding down

Command.

Chapter 1

Using Logic

17

You can change the currently active tool by clicking on another tool in the Toolbox. The

mouse pointer then adopts the shape of the tool you clicked on, allowing you to

instantly identify the active tool by looking at the cursor graphic: the Eraser is used for

deleting, the Scissors for cutting and the Glue Tool for merging Regions, as examples.

To assign a tool to Command, click on the desired tool in the Toolbox, with Command

depressed.

If you have a suitable mouse, you can also assign the right mouse button to a third

tool, allowing the use of three assignable tools:

•

left-click

•

Command- (left) click

•

right-click

Note:

You can also assign the Toolbox to the right mouse button with the

Global >

Editing > Right Mouse Button Opens Toolbox

preference. This allows you to open the

Toolbox at the mouse cursor position by right-clicking anywhere in the working area of

the open window.

Tools are only effective in the working area of the window in which they were selected.

You can define individual tools for each opened window.

A tool (the Scissors, for example) basically affects the Objects or Regions that you click

on. If multiple Objects or Regions are selected, they will all be affected by the tool (the

Scissors would cut all selected Regions at the same song position, for example).

Note:

The Toolbox can be hidden in the Arrange and Score Editor windows to save

onscreen space, which can be very helpful if you only have a small monitor. The

function is accessible via the

View > Toolbox

menu option.

Selecting Tools

You select the tool you wish to use by clicking on it (with the left or right mouse

button) in the Toolbox (or clicking while holding down Command for the alternate

tool).

Note:

You can use the

Set next Tool

and

Set previous Tool

key commands to switch to

the neighboring tool in the top window.

Opening the Toolbox at the Mouse Position

Use the

Show Tools

key command (default: Esc) to open a Toolbox at the mouse

position. When a Toolbox is opened at the mouse position, you can also use one of the

number keys to select a tool. The tools are always numbered from left to right and top

to bottom. Press the

Show Tools

key command a second time to switch to the pointer,

and close the Toolbox.

18 Chapter 1

Using Logic

Using Key Commands

Each tool can be selected via a specific key command. Key commands that switch to a

specific tool toggle between this tool and the previously selected tool.

The Tools

Here are two example Toolboxes, which contain most of the tools available in Logic:

Arrange Toolbox

Score Toolbox

All tools, including a number of tools not displayed in the images, are described below.

As mentioned earlier, some tools are specific to certain editing windows.

Pointer

The Pointer is the default tool. The mouse also takes on this shape outside the working

area when making a menu selection or inputting a data value. Within the working area,

the pointer is used for selecting (by clicking on Objects or Regions), moving (by

grabbing and dragging), copying (by holding down Option and dragging), and editing

lengths (by grabbing the bottom right corner and dragging). Grabbing and dragging

anywhere on the window background activates a “rubber band”, that allows the

selection of multiple Regions or Objects.

Note:

When changing the lengths of multiple Regions, you can make all lengths equal

by holding Shift-Option.

Pointer

Mute tool

Solo tool

Pencil

Eraser

Scissors

Text tool

Magnifying Glass (Zoom tool)

Crossfade tool

Glue tool

Pointer

Mute tool

Solo tool

Pencil

Eraser

Voice Splitter

Magnifying Glass

Sizer tool

Quantize tool

Glue tool

Scissors

Layout tool

Camera tool

Text tool

Velocity tool

Chapter 1

Using Logic

19

Pencil

The Pencil is used to add new Regions. You can also select, drag, and alter the length of

Regions while the Pencil tool is active.

Scissors

The Scissors tool is used to split Regions, allowing individual sections to be copied,

moved or deleted.

Text Tool

The Text tool is used to name Regions, or add text to a musical score.

Layout Tool

The Layout tool is used to graphically move events in the Score Editor, in order to

optimize the display (bars to lines: “Local Formatting”, for example), without altering

the timing of the actual MIDI events.

Size Tool

The Size tool is used to adjust the size of graphic elements in the score. It looks similar

to the bottom right corner of a Mac window, which is also used for resizing tasks.

Magnifying Glass

The Magnifying Glass allows you to zoom in on a “rubber-banded” section, up to the

full window size. You can revert to the normal zoom level by clicking on the

background with the tool. You can also access this function when other tools are

selected by holding down Control.

Solo Tool

Click-holding on a Region with the Solo tool allows you to listen to the selected

Regions in isolation during playback. Moving the mouse vertically also outputs any

events the cursor touches, even when the sequencer is stopped.

Mute Tool

Clicking on a Region with the Mute tool prevents it from playing. A dot is placed in

front of the Region name (and the Region is shaded if the

Preferences > Display >

Arrange > Muted Regions are textured

preference is active), to indicate that it is muted.

You can unmute the Region by clicking on it again with the Mute tool. If multiple

Regions are selected, the setting of the clicked Region applies to all selected Regions.

Finger Tool

The Finger is used to alter note lengths in the Matrix Editor.

Eraser Tool

The Eraser deletes selected Regions and Objects. When you click on an Object or

Region with the Eraser, all of the currently selected Objects and Regions are deleted (as

if you had used Backspace).

20 Chapter 1 Using Logic

Glue Tool

The Glue tool performs the reverse operation of the Scissors tool. All selected Regions

are merged into a single Region, which is assigned the name and track position of the

first Region on the time axis.

Crosshair Tool

The Crosshair is used to input a linear series of MIDI events in the Hyper Editor.

MIDI Thru Tool

Clicking on an instrument in the Environment with the MIDI Thru tool assigns the

instrument to the selected track in the Arrange window, thereby making it the active

MIDI Thru instrument.

Voice Splitter Tool

You can separate polyphonic voices onto different staves in the Score Editor by

drawing a dividing line with the Voice Splitter tool (provided you are using a

polyphonic score style).

Camera Tool

The Camera tool is used to select, and export, sections of the Score Editor display as

graphics files.

Quantize Tool

The Quantize tool is used to correct the timing of MIDI note events in the Matrix and

Score Editors.

Velocity Tool

You can use the Velocity tool to change the velocity of notes in the Matrix and Score

Editors.

Help Tags

A help tag appears just below the mouse cursor position—for as long as the mouse

button is held down—when using many of the tools. The help tag provides useful

feedback about the type of operation you are performing.

Important: You must enable the Preferences > Display > Show Help Tags option in order

to view help tags during editing operations.

During operations involving Regions, the help tag will look something like this:

From left to right (and from top to bottom), the values indicate: (name of) operation,

mouse (or Region) position, Region name, track number, and length of the Region.

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Apple Logic Express 7 User manual

Apple Logic Express 7 User manual

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