Autodesk 3ds Max 8 User guide

AUTODESK

®

3DS MAX

®

8

Reference Guide

Volume II

Date:

09.09.05

Autodesk Part No.:

12811-050000-5000A

Colors: Black

K

Description:

3dsMax8_TutGd_BW_Mcvr.ai

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toc

10 Precision and Drawing Aids........................ 1

Precision and Drawing Aids................ ........................ 1

Tools for Precision....................................................... 1

Helpers ........................................................................ 2

Using Units ...................................... ............................ 3

Using Grids.................................................................. 4

Using the Home Grid .................................................. 4

Using Grid Objects...................................................... 5

Viewing Grid Objects.................................................. 6

AutoGrid ............................ ......................................... 7

Alig ning Objects.......................................................... 8

Aligning Norm als...................................................... 10

Setting Standard Snaps.............................................. 10

Setting Snap Options................................................. 12

Measuring D istances ................................................. 13

Measure Distance Tool .............. .............................. .. 15

Standard Helper Objects........................................ 15

Standard Helper Objects ........... .............................. .. 15

Dummy Helper.......................................................... 15

Expose Transform Helper ......................................... 16

Grid Helper............... ................................................. 19

Point Helper............................................................... 22

Tape Helper ......................................... ...................... 23

Protrac tor Helper ...................................................... 25

Compass Helper ........................................................ 26

Manipulator Helper Objects .................................. 26

Manipulator Helper Objects ..................... ................ 26

Select And Manipulate ............................................. 26

Cone Angle Manipulator.... ....................................... 27

Plane Angle Manipulator .......................................... 29

Slider Manipulator .................................................... 30

Grid Commands ...................................................... 33

Grids Submenu.......................................................... 33

Show Home Grid...... ........................................... ...... 33

Activate Home Grid .................................................. 34

Activate Grid Object.................................................. 34

Alig n Grid to View .................................................... 34

Snap Commands..................................................... 34

Snap Comm ands ............. .......................................... 34

2D Snap, 2.5D Snap, 3D Snap ................................... 35

Angle Snap Toggle .................... ................................ 36

Percent Snap Toggle .................................................. 37

Spinner Snap Toggle ............................................ ..... 37

Grid and Snap Settings .......................................... 38

Grid and Snap Settings............................................ .. 38

Grid and Snap Settings Dialog .................................. 38

Snap Settings ............................................................. 38

Snap Override................................................ ............ 42

Snap Options....................................... ...................... 43

Home Grid Settings............................. ...................... 46

User Grids Settings.................................................... 48

Drawing A id Utilities .............................................. 48

Drawing Aid Utilities ................................................ 48

Measure Utility.................................................. ........ 48

Rescale World Units Utility ........... ............................ 49

Rescale World Units Dialog....................................... 50

11 Space Warps and Particle Systems........... 51

Space Warps and Particle Systems ............................ 51

Space Warps ............................................................ 51

Space War p Objects .................................................. 51

Bind to Space Warp ...................................... ............ 54

Forces ...................................................................... 55

Push Space Warp ..................................... .................. 55

Motor Space Wa rp..................................................... 57

Vortex Space Warp ................. ................................... 59

Drag Space Warp....................................................... 62

PBomb Space Warp................................................... 64

Contents

iv Contents

Path Follow Space Warp............................................ 67

Gravity Space Warp................................................... 69

Wind Space Warp...................................................... 71

Displace Space Warp ................................................. 72

Deflectors ................................................................ 74

POmniFlect Space Warp ........................................... 74

PDynaFlect Space Warp............................................ 77

SOmniFlect Space Warp ........................................... 80

SDynaFlect Space Warp ............................................ 81

UOmniFlect Space Warp .......................................... 81

UDynaFlect Space Warp ........................................... 82

SDeflector Space Warp.............................................. 83

UDeflector Space Warp................ ............................. 85

Deflector Space Warp............................. ................... 86

Geometric/Deformable .......................................... 87

FFD(Box) Space Warp .............................................. 87

FFD(Cyl) Space Warp ............................................... 91

Wave Space Warp ............................ .......................... 96

Ripple Space Warp ... ................................................. 98

Conform Space Warp.......................................... ...... 99

Bomb Space Warp ............................................ ....... 101

Modifier-Based ..................................................... 103

Modifier-Based Space Warps.................................. 103

Particle Systems.................................................... 104

Introduction to Particle Systems............................. 104

Particle Flow.......................................................... 105

Particle Flow ............................................................ 105

Using Particle Flow ............................................... 105

How Particle Flow Works........................................ 105

The Life of a Particle................................................ 106

Introductory Tutorial .......................................... .... 108

Particle Flow FAQ.................................................... 114

Particle Flow User Interface ................................. 121

Particle V iew ......................................................... 121

Particle View............................................................ 121

Particle View Menu Bar........................................... 122

Par ticle View Event Display..................................... 127

Event Display Right-Click Menu.. ................. .......... 129

Particle Flow Source................................................ 131

Particle Flow Keyboard Shortcuts........................... 136

Actions................................................................... 137

Actions..................................................................... 137

Action Time Frames...................................... .......... 137

Operators.............................................................. 138

Operators............................................. .................... 138

Birth and Death .................................................... 139

Birth Operator............................................... .......... 139

Birth Script Operator .............................................. 141

Delete Operator....................................................... 142

Transforms ............................................................ 143

Position Icon Operator........ ................ ................. ... 143

Position Object Operator ........................................ 144

Rotation Operator ............................... .................... 149

Spin Operator.......................................................... 150

Scale Operator ........... ........................................... ... 152

Speed ..................................................................... 155

Speed Operator.......... .............................................. 155

Speed By Icon Operator ................... ....................... 158

Speed By Surface Operator...................................... 163

Keep Apart Operator............................................... 168

Shape..................................................................... 172

Shape Operator.................................... .................... 172

Shape Facing Operator............................ ................ 172

Shape Instance Operator......................................... 174

Shape Mark O perator... ........................................... 179

Material and Mapping.......................................... 182

Overview of Materials in Particle View................... 182

Material Static Operator...... .............................. ...... 183

Material Frequency Operator.................................. 185

Material Dynamic Operator.................................... 187

Mapping Operator............................................. ...... 191

Other ..................................................................... 193

Cache Operator ....................................................... 193

Display Operator ..................................................... 198

Force Operator .............................. .......................... 200

Notes Operator.............................. .......................... 202

Render Operator ..................................................... 202

Script Operator........................................................ 204

Flows...................................................................... 204

Flows............................. ........................................... 204

Empty Flow ............................................................. 205

Standard Flow.......................................................... 205

Tests ....................................................................... 206

Te sts .................................................. ....................... 206

Age Test.................................................................... 207

Collision Test ........................................................... 208

Collision Spaw n Test ............................................ ... 211

Find Target Test ....................................................... 214

Go To Rotation Test............................. .................... 220

Scale Test.................................................................. 223

Script Test ................................................................ 225

Send Out Test..................................................... ...... 226

Spawn Test ..................................... .......................... 226

Speed Test ................................................................ 229

Split Amount Test .............................................. ...... 230

Split Selected Test .................................................... 231

Split Source Test....................................................... 232

Non-Event-Driven Par ticle Systems .................... 233

Contents v

Non-Event-Driven Particle Systems ....................... 233

Using Particle Systems......................................... 234

Creating a Non-Event-Driven Particle System ....... 234

Creating a Particle Emitter...................................... 235

Using Materials w it h Particle Array........................ 235

Achieving Particle Motion Blur ....................... ....... 236

Using Mapped Materials with Particle Systems...... 236

Using Multi/Sub-Object Materials with Particle

Systems ............................................. .................... 238

Using Spawned Particles . ........................................ 238

Using Interparticle Collision................................... 239

Spray Particle System .............................................. 240

Snow Particle System................. .............................. 242

Super Spray Par ticle System .................................... 245

Blizzard Particle System .......................................... 247

PCloud Particle System ........................................... 249

PArray Particle System ......................................... 252

PArray Particle System ............................................ 252

Basic Parameters Rollout (PArray) ..... ................ .... 254

Particle Generation Rollout..................................... 256

Particle Type Rollout............................................... 258

Rotation and Collision Rollout ............................... 264

Object Motion Inheritance Rollout........... .............. 265

Bubble Motion Rollout............................................ 266

Particle Spawn Rollout ............................................ 267

Load/Save Presets Rollout ....................................... 270

12 Animation................................................. 271

Creating Animation ................................................ 271

Animation Concepts and Methods...................... 271

Animation Concepts and Methods......................... 271

Animation Concepts ............................................... 272

Using Auto Key Mode ........................................... 274

Using Set Key Mode ................................................ 275

Spinner Right-Click Menu ...................................... 278

Viewing and Copying Transform Keys................... 279

Controlling Time..................................................... 281

Setting Time Segments............................................ 282

Moving Through Time..................................... ....... 282

Choosing a Frame Rate and Playback Speed .......... 283

Work ing with Controllers..................................... 284

Working with Controllers ............................. .......... 284

Understanding Controllers ..................................... 285

Changing Controller Proper ties.............................. 286

Assigning Controllers.............................................. 287

Specifying Default Controllers................................ 289

General-Purpose C ontrollers.................................. 290

Special-Purpose Controllers ................................... 291

Explicit Axis Keys...................................... .............. 292

Float Controllers............................... ....................... 292

Controlling Transforms ........................................... 293

Controlling Position.......................................... ...... 293

Controlling Rotation ............................................... 294

Controlling Colors .................................................. 294

Morph Controllers .................................................. 295

Motion Panel Commands ..................................... 296

Trajectories .............................................................. 296

PRS Parameters Rollout .......................................... 298

Key Info (Basic) Rollout/Dialog.............................. 299

Tangent Types.......................................................... 300

Key Info (Advanced) Rollout/Dialog...................... 301

Animation Controllers.......................................... 302

Animation Controllers............................................ 302

Audio Controller ..................................................... 303

Barycentric Morph Controller................................ 304

Bezier Controllers.................................................... 305

Block Controller ...................................................... 307

Boolean Controller.................................................. 310

Color RGB Controller (Point3 XYZ Controller) .... 311

Euler XYZ Rotation Controller............................... 312

Expression Controller ........................................... 315

Expression Controller ............................................. 315

Expression Controller Techniques................ .......... 318

Limit Controller ............................ .......................... 319

Linear Controller..................................................... 325

List Controller ......................................................... 326

Local Euler XYZ Rotation Controller ..................... 328

Look At Controller .................................. ................ 329

Master Point C ontroller........................................... 330

Motion Capture Controller..................................... 331

Noise Controller ............................................ .......... 337

On/Off Controller ........ ........................................... 339

Position XYZ Controller ......................................... 340

PRS Controller..................... .................................... 341

Reaction Controllers............................................. 342

Reaction Controllers ........... .................................... 342

Reaction Manager Dialog........................................ 345

Using Manipulators with Reaction Controllers ...... 353

Scale XYZ Controller............................................... 355

Script Controller...................................................... 356

Smooth Rotation Controller ................................... 359

Spring Controller................. .................................... 359

TCB Controllers ...................................................... 361

Transform Script Controller.................................... 364

Waveform Controller .............................................. 366

Controller Subdialogs .......................................... 368

Audio Controller Dialog ......................... ................ 368

Att ach Controls Dialog (Block Controller) ............ 370

vi Contents

Barycentric Morph Controller Key Info Dialog ..... 371

Block Parameters Dialog (Block Controller).......... 372

Master Block Parameters Dialog (Block

Controller).................................... ........................ 372

Master Track Key Info Dialog (Master Point

Controller).................................... ........................ 373

Slave Parameters Dialog (Block Controller)........... 374

Track View Pick Dialog (Block Controller) ............ 374

Animation Constraints ......................................... 375

Animation Constraints ........................................... 375

At tachment Constraint............................................ 376

Surface Constraint..................... .............................. 379

Path Const raint ....................................................... 380

Position Constraint ................................................. 384

Link Constra int ....................................................... 386

LookAt Constraint .................................................. 388

Orientation Constraint................. ........................... 391

Parameter Wiring ................................................. 393

Wire Parameters.................................................. .... 393

Parameter Wiring Dialog .............................. .......... 395

Hierarchies and K inematics ................................. 398

Hierarchies and Kinematics.................................... 398

Hierarchies ............................................................ 398

Hierarchies ............................ .............................. .... 398

Linking Strategy ...................................................... 400

Linking and Unlinking Objects............................ 403

Linking a nd Unlinking Objects ............. ................. 403

Select and Link ....................................................... 404

Unli nk Selection ..................................................... 405

Adjusting Pivots .............................. ........................ 405

Viewing and Selecting Hierarchies ......................... 407

Animating with For ward K inematics .................. 408

Animating with Forward Kinematics ..................... 408

Using Dummy Objects............................................ 411

Animating Links...................................................... 411

Adjusting Object Transforms.................................. 413

Locking Object Transforms .................................... 414

Animating Attachment ........................................... 415

Changing Link Inheritance ..................................... 415

Link Inherit ance (Selected) Utility ......................... 416

Animating with Inverse Kinematics (IK) ............. 417

Inverse Kinematics (IK) .......................................... 417

IK Terminology ....................................................... 418

IK Methods............................................................ 420

Inverse Kinematics Methods................................... 420

IK Solvers............................................................... 421

IK Solvers....................................................... .......... 421

History-Independent (HI) IK ................................ 427

Animating with the HI IK Solver............................ 427

White Paper: Swivel Angle of the HI IK Solver ...... 430

HI IK Solver Rollouts (Motion Panel)................... 435

IK Solver Rollout (HI Solver).................. ................ 435

IK Solver Properties Rollout (HI Solver)................ 437

IK Display Options Rollout (HI Solver) ................. 439

Sliding and Rotational Joints (HI Solver) ............... 440

History-Dependent (HD) IK .................................. 442

Animating with the HD IK Solver .......................... 442

Binding Objects (HD Solver).................................. 443

Controlling IK Precision (HD Solver) .................... 444

HD Solver Motion Panel Rollouts........................... 445

Work ing with Joints ............................................. 448

Setting Joint Resistance and Spring Back (HD

Solver)................................................................... 448

Setting Joint Precedence (HD Solver)..... ................ 449

Using Default Joint Precedence (HD Solver).......... 450

Choosing Child-to-Parent Precedence (HD

Solver)................................................................... 450

Choosing Parent-to-Child Precedence (HD

Solver)................................................................... 451

Setting Precedence Manually (HD Solver) ............. 452

Terminating Chains (HD Solver)............................ 453

IK Limb Solver....................................................... 454

Animating with the IK Limb Solver.................. ...... 454

Spline IK ................................................................ 455

Animating with the Spline IK Solver ...................... 455

Spline IK Solver Dialog ........................................... 459

Spline IK Solver Rollouts......................... ................ 461

Interactive and Applied IK ................................... 462

Animating with Interactive IK ................................ 462

Animating with Applied IK..................................... 464

Joint Controls........................................................ 465

Setting Joint Parameters.......................................... 465

Activating Joint Axes....... ........................................ 467

Limiting Joint Action .............................. ................ 468

Hierarchy Panel Commands................................. 469

Hierarchy Panel Commands ............................. ...... 469

Pivot....................................................................... 470

Pivot .................................... .................................... 470

Adjust Pivot Rollout ........................... .................... 470

Adjust Transform Rollout ................................. ...... 472

IK............................................................................ 473

IK ............................................................................ 473

HD IK Solver Rollouts ........................................... 473

Object Parameters Rollout (HD Solver) ................ 473

Position/Orientation/Bind to Follow Object

(HD Solver) .......................................................... 474

Precedence (HD Solver)................... ....................... 476

Contents vii

Copying , Pasting, and Mirroring Joint

Parameters (HD Solver) ....................................... 477

Sliding and Rotational Joints Rollouts (HD

Solver)................................................................... 478

Interactive and Applied IK Rollouts .................... 480

Inverse Kinematics Rollout ..................................... 480

Auto Termination Rollout (Interactive IK)............. 481

Link Info ................................................................ 481

Link Info....................................... ........................... 481

Locks Rollout......................... .................................. 482

Inherit Rollout ........................................................ 482

Track V iew............................................................. 483

Track View .............................................................. 483

Working with Track View........................................ 485

Track View Workspace ........................................... 486

Curve Editor................................. ........................... 489

Dope Sheet........................................... .................... 489

Time Ruler............................................................... 492

Track V iew Hierarchy............................................ 492

Track View Controller Window .............................. 492

Hierarchy Right-Click Menu............................ ....... 495

Properties (Track View Hierarchy)..... .................... 498

Modify Subtree ....................................................... 498

Sound Options Dial og ............................................ 499

Track V iew Menus ................................................. 500

Track View Menu B ar.............................................. 500

Modes Menu.......................... .............................. .... 501

Settings Menu....................................................... 501

Settings Menu.......................................................... 501

Interactive Update................................................... 501

Sync Cursor Time.................. .................................. 502

Manual Navigation.............................................. .... 502

Auto Expand............................................................ 502

Auto Select............................................................... 503

Auto Scroll ............................. .................................. 503

Modify Child Keys .................................................. 504

Display Menu........................................................ 504

Display Menu .......................................................... 504

Show All Tangents .............................. .................... 505

Keyable Icons .......................................................... 505

Hide/Show Non-Selected Curves ........................... 506

Controller Menu.................................................... 506

Controller Menu...................................................... 506

Collapse Controller ................................................. 507

Tracks Menu .......................... .................................. 509

Keys Menu ............................................................. 509

Keys Menu ..................................................... .......... 509

Use Soft Select ......................................................... 509

Soft Selection Settings ...................................... ....... 510

Curves Menu ...... .............................. ....................... 510

Time Menu .............................................................. 510

Util ities Menu .......................................................... 511

Track View Quad Menu .......................................... 512

Track V iew Toolbars ............................................. 513

Curve Editor Toolbars............................................. 513

Dope Sheet Toolbars ........................... .................... 516

Controller Toolbar................................................... 518

Ranges: Dope Sheet Toolbar ................................ ... 519

Extras: Dope Sheet Toolbar .................................... 519

Filters ...................................................................... 519

Filters Dialog (Track View) ........... .......................... 520

Copy Controller ...................................................... 522

Paste Controller ........................ .............................. 523

Assign Controller ............................ ....................... 523

Delete Controller .................................................... 526

Ignore Animation Range......................................... 526

Respect Animation Range....................................... 527

Make Controller Unique ........................ ................ 528

Parameter Curve Out-of-Range Types ..... ............. 528

Add Note Track ............................................. .......... 530

Remove Note Track ................................................ 531

Edit K eys ................................................................ 531

Edit Keys ................................................................. 531

Snap Frames ........................................................... 532

Lock Selection ........................................................ 533

Alig n to Cursor.......................... .............................. 533

Add Visibility Track ................................................ 533

Move Keys (Dope Sheet) ........................................ 535

Slide Keys ................................................................ 535

Scale Keys - Time .................................................... 536

Add Keys (Dope Sheet) .. ........................................ 537

Properties (Track View Key Window).................... 537

Track V iew Utilities. .............................................. 538

Track View Utilit ies ................ ................................. 538

Randomize Keys Utility ............................. ............. 539

Create Out of Range Keys Utility .. .......................... 540

Select Keys By Time Utility ..................................... 541

Current Va lue Editor ............................................... 541

Edit Time ............................................................... 542

Edit Time ................................................................ 542

Select Time ................ .............................................. 543

Delete Time .......................................................... ... 543

Cut Time ................................................................. 544

Copy Time ........................................................... ... 544

Paste Time .............................. ................................. 545

Reverse Time .......................................................... 546

Insert Time ................................... .......................... 546

Scale Time ............................................................... 546

viii Contents

Exclude Left End Point ........................................... 547

Exclude Right End Point ......................................... 548

Reduce Keys ............................................................ 548

Edit R anges ........................................................... 550

Edit Ranges ............................................................. 550

Position Ranges ........................... ........................... 550

Recouple Ranges ..................................................... 551

Editing Track s: Copying, Pasting, and

Handling Instances and References ................. 551

Copying and Pasting Items ..................................... 551

Copying and Pasting Objects.................... .............. 553

Making Instance and Reference Controllers and

Objects Unique .................................................... 554

Curve Editor .......................................................... 554

Curve Editor Overview ........................................... 554

Move Keys (Curve Editor) ...................................... 556

Scale Keys ............................................................... 556

Scale Values ............................................................. 557

Add Keys (Curve Editor) ........................................ 557

Draw Curves ........................................................... 558

Show Tangents ........................................................ 559

Lock Tangents ..................................... .................... 560

Apply Ease Curve / Apply Multiplier Curve .......... 560

Remove Ease/Multiplier Curve .............................. 561

On/Off (Curves)...................................................... 561

Ease Curve Out-of-Range Types............................. 562

Multiplier Curve Out-of-Range Types ................... 563

Freeze Non -Selected Curves ................................... 564

Status Bar / V iew Controls ................................... 564

Status Bar / View Controls ...................................... 564

Zoom Selected Object ................. ................. .......... 565

Select By Name (Track View).................................. 565

Track Set List ........................................................... 567

Track Sets Editor Dialog.......................................... 568

Key Time Display ............... ..................................... 570

Value Display ........................................................... 571

Show Selected Key Statistics ..................... .............. 571

Pan (Track View) .................................................... 571

Zoom Horizontal Extents ....................................... 572

Zoom Value Extents ............................................... 572

Zoom Track View Key Window ............................. 573

Zoom Region (Track View) .................................... 574

Managing Track V iew Windows .......................... 574

New Track View...................................... ................. 574

Delete Track View................................ .................... 574

Delete Track View Dialog........................................ 575

Saved Track Views ..................................... .............. 575

Track View Customization...................................... 575

Track View Toolbar Right-Click Menu..... .............. 579

Motion Mixer ........................................................ 580

Understanding the Motion Mixer........................... 580

Using the Motion Mixer ....................................... 581

Working with the Motion Mixer............................. 581

Adding Tracks to the Mixer..................................... 583

Importing Clips to the Mixer .................................. 585

Working with Clips in t he M ixer............................. 588

Filtering Mixer Tracks ............................................. 589

Adjusting Clip Timing............................................. 591

Working with Transitions........................................ 592

Adjusting Track Weight....................... .................... 596

Adding Time Warps ................................................ 597

Adjusting Biped Balance in the Mixer .................... 599

Exporting Animation to the Biped ............... .......... 601

Using the Reservoir ................................................. 603

Motion Mixer User Inter face ................................ 605

Motion Mixer Window ........................................... 605

Motion Mixer Menus .............................................. 606

Motion Mixer Dialogs........................................... 611

Mixer Clip Source Options Dialog.......................... 611

Copy Biped Animation to Clip Dialog ................. ... 612

Reservoir File Groups Dialog.................. ................ 612

Mixer Transition Editor Dialog (Biped Object) ..... 613

MixerTransitionEditorDialog(Non-Biped

Object) ................ .................................................. 615

Pick Nodes Dialog ( Motion Mixer) ........................ 618

Transition Optimization Dialog.............................. 618

Motion Mixer Toolbar............................................. 619

Trackgroup Filter Dialog (Biped Object)................ 622

Trackgroup Filter Dialog (Non-Biped Object ) . ...... 622

Motion Mixer Editor. .............................. ................ 623

Reservoir.................................................. ................ 626

Mixer Preferences Dialog ........................................ 628

Mixer Rollout .......................................................... 629

Animation Utilities ............................................... 630

Animation Utilities.................................................. 630

Follow/Bank Utility................................................. 630

Motion Capture Utility ........................................... 632

MACUtilities Utilit y ................................... ............. 642

Camera Tracker Utility ......................................... 644

Camera Tracke r Utility............................................ 644

Requirements for Camera Tracking..................... ... 646

Camera Tracke r: Movie Rollout........................... ... 647

Camera Tracker: Movie Window............................ 648

Camera Tracker: Motion Tra ckers Rollout ............. 650

Camera Tracker: Movie Stepper Rollout ................ 653

Camera Tracker: Error Thresholds Rollout......... ... 655

Camera Tracker: Batch Track Rollout..................... 655

Camera Tracker: Position Data Rollout.................. 657

Contents ix

Camera Tracker: Match Move Rollout.................... 658

Camera Tracker: Move Smoothing Rollout............ 659

Camera Tracker: Object Pinning Rollout ............... 661

Camera Tracker: Troubleshooting .......................... 662

Dynamics............................................................... 663

Dynamics Utility ................... .................................. 663

Edit Object Dialog........................... ........................ 673

Edit Object List Dialog ................. ................. .......... 677

Skin Utilities ................ ............................................ 678

13 Character Assemblies..............................681

Character Assembly ................................................ 681

Character Assembly Commands ......................... 683

Create Character...................................................... 683

Destroy Character ..................... .............................. 685

Lock / Unlock Character......................................... 685

Insert Character....................................................... 686

Save Character ......................................................... 686

Skin Pose Commands ............................................. 686

14 Character Studio......................................689

Introduction to character studio.. ........................... 689

What is character studio? ........................................ 689

What You Should Know to Use character studio.... 690

Understanding Biped .............................................. 691

Understanding Physique......................................... 692

Understanding Track Editing.................................. 694

Understanding the Workbench............................... 695

Understanding Motion Flow................................... 695

Understanding Crowds ........................................... 696

Understanding character st udio Workflow ............ 697

Biped ..................................................................... 701

Creating a B iped Sk eleton ................................... 701

Working with Biped .............. .............................. .... 701

Creating a Biped ...................................................... 703

Understanding Biped Anatomy ......... .................... 704

Changing Initial Biped Anatomy .............. .............. 705

Naming the Biped...................................... .............. 705

Posing the Biped...................................................... 706

Scaling Links ........................................................... 709

Rubber-Banding Arms and Legs ........................ .... 710

Biped Display Options ............................................ 711

Deleting a Biped ............................................... ....... 712

Linking Character Body Parts to the Biped ............ 712

Saving and Loading FIG Files ....................... .......... 713

Creating Footstep Animation .............................. 714

Working with Footstep A nimation........ ................. 714

Creating Footsteps ............................................... 718

Planning for Footsteps ............................................ 718

Choosing a Gait....................................................... 719

Creating Footsteps Automatically........................... 720

Creating Footsteps Manually .................................. 720

Activating Footsteps................................................ 723

Deactivating Footsteps............................................ 723

Understanding Footstep and Body Keys ................ 725

Editing Footstep Motion...................................... 726

Editing Footstep P lacement .............................. ...... 726

Editing Footstep Timing ............................ ............. 727

Editing Active Footsteps ..... .................................... 729

Splicing Footsteps.................................................... 730

Animating Legs and Feet......................................... 731

Animating the Upper Body..................................... 732

Adjusting Body Keys in Track View........................ 733

Shifting the Biped’s Balance.................................... 734

Adjusting Vertical Motion....................................... 736

Saving Footstep Animation........... .......................... 740

Footsteps and Freeform Animation.................... 740

Footstep and Freeform Animation ......................... 740

Freeform Animation Between Footsteps ................ 741

Converting Between Footstep and Freeform

Animations ............................. .............................. 742

Creating Freeform Animation ............................. 743

Working with Freeform Animation ........................ 743

Creating Freeform Animation ............................. 746

Selecting Biped Tracks ............................................ 746

Animating by Moving Links ................................... 748

Animating by Rotating Links.................................. 749

Rotating Multiple Links .......................................... 753

Using Controllers .................................................... 754

Using Props ........ ..................................................... 756

Freeform and IK .................................................... 758

Using IK Keyframe Parameters........ ....................... 758

Understanding Walk Cycle Constraints.................. 760

Setting Keys for Feet and Hands ............................. 762

Animating Pivots.......... ........................................... 763

Animating a Quadruped................................... ...... 765

Animating IK Attachments ..................................... 766

Editing Freeform Animation ................................ 767

Editing Biped Keys ........................................ .......... 767

Copying and Pasting Postures and Poses ......... ...... 768

Mirroring Motion ................................................... 771

Using Layers ............................................................ 771

Editing Trajectory Keys................. ................ .......... 772

Loading, Saving, and Displaying B iped

Motion ................................................................ 774

Working with Biped Motion Files........................... 774

Loading and Saving BIP Animation ....................... 774

Importing and Exporting Animation Data ............ 775

x Contents

Motion Mapping: Retargeting Biped Motion ......... 776

Merging and Cloning a Character .......................... 777

Combining BIP Motions......................................... 779

Loading and Saving STP Files................... .............. 779

Using Motion-Capture Data ............... .................... 780

Correcting Posture ................................. ................. 780

Copying and Pasting Tracks...... .............................. 781

Repositioning the Biped.......................................... 782

Previewing Biped Motion ....................................... 784

In Place Mode ............................................... .......... 785

Trajectory Display ..................................... .............. 786

Display Preferences ................................................. 786

Biped User Interface ............................................. 787

Biped User Interface................................................ 787

Motion Panel (Biped).............................................. 788

Center of Mass......................................................... 788

Motion Panel R ollouts (Biped)............................. 789

Assign Controller Rollout (character studio) ......... 789

Biped Apps Rollout ................................................. 790

Biped R ollout ........................................................ 791

Biped Rollout........................................................... 791

Save As Dialog (Biped)............................................ 796

Open Dialog (Biped)............................................... 797

Display Preferences Dialog...................................... 799

Track Selection Rollout ................... ........................ 800

Quaternion/Euler Rollout ....................................... 803

Twist Poses Rollout.................................................. 805

Bend Links Rollout.............................................. .... 807

Key Info Rollout ...................................................... 809

Keyframing Tools Rollout ............................. .......... 816

Set Multiple Keys Dialog ......................................... 817

Copy/Paste Rollout.................................................. 818

Layers Rollout.......................................................... 827

Dynamics & Adaptation Rollout ............................ 833

Structure Rollout (Figure Mode) ......................... 835

Figure Mode ........................................................... 835

Structure Rollout.................................... ................. 837

Footstep Mode Rollouts ....................................... 840

Footstep Mode... ...................................................... 840

Footstep Creation Rollout...................... ................. 841

Footstep Operations Rollout..... .............................. 842

Create Multiple Footsteps Dialog: Walk ................. 844

Create Multiple Footsteps Dialog: Run................... 847

Create Multiple Footsteps Dialog: Jump................. 849

Convert to Freeform or Footsteps Dialogs ............. 852

Footstep Mode Dialog............................ ................. 853

Track View (Biped) ............................................. .... 855

Using the Wor kbench ........................................... 857

Working with the Workbench................................. 857

Navigating the Workbench...................... ................ 858

Selecting Workbench Tracks............................. ...... 860

Analyzing Curves ............................. ....................... 860

Fixing Curves.......................... ................................. 861

Working with Euler Curves on Biped Animation... 861

Work bench User Inter face ................................... 864

Animation Workbench ................................. .......... 864

Select Panel.............................................................. 867

Analyze Panel .......................................................... 869

Fix Panel .................................................................. 871

Filters Panel ............................................................. 874

Using Motion Flow................................................ 878

Working with Motion F low. .................................... 878

Placing Motions on the Motion Flow Graph .......... 878

Creating Transitions................................ ................ 880

Creating a Motion Flow Script................................ 882

Saving, Loading, and Appending Motion Flow

Graphs................................................................... 883

Customizing Transitions ......................................... 885

Creating Random Motion....................................... 887

Unifying Motion ..................................................... 889

Sharing Motion Flow............................................... 890

Setting Up Paths for Motion Flow Files................... 893

Motion Flow User Inter face ................................. 894

Motion Flow Mode.................................................. 894

Motion Flow Rollout ........................... .................... 896

Motion Flow Graph Dialog .................................. ... 897

Motion Flow Scripts Group..................................... 900

Transition Editor ..................................................... 902

Create Random Motion Dialog..... .......................... 906

Shared Motion Flow Dialog .................................... 907

Transition Optimization Dialog.............................. 909

Clip Propert ies Dialog......................... .................... 910

Using Motion Capture .......................................... 910

Working with Motion-Capture Data ...................... 910

Importing Motion-Capture Data............................ 912

Filtering Motion-Capture and Marker Data........... 912

Sliding Footsteps ................. .................................... 915

Prop Bone................................................................ 916

Motion Capture User Inter face ............................ 916

Motion Capture Rollout.......................................... 916

Motion Capture Conversion Parameters Dialog .... 922

Motion Capture Batch File Conversion Dialog ...... 926

Marker Display Dialog . .............................. ............. 927

Physique ................................................................ 927

Using Physique ..................................................... 927

Working with Physique .............................. ............. 927

Creating a Skin ..................................................... ... 928

Using Physique with a Biped................................... 930

Contents xi

Using Physique with 3ds Max Bones ...................... 931

Using Physique with 3ds Max Objects .................... 933

Applying and Initializing Physique......................... 934

Previewing Motion............. ..................................... 935

Envelopes and Vertex Assignments .................... 936

Envelopes................................... .............................. 936

Adjusting Default Envelope Shape......... ................. 938

Fine-Tuning Envelopes............................................ 940

Customizing Vertex Assignments........................... 941

Envelope Display Options....................................... 941

Working with Deformable Envelopes..................... 942

Working with Rigid Envelopes............................ .... 942

Wor k i ng w it h B ot h De for mab le an d R i g i d

Envelopes .......................................................... .... 943

Adjusting Link Parameters...................................... 943

Par tial Blending and Weight Assignments.............. 944

Bulges .................................................................... 945

Bulges........... ........................................... ................. 945

Creating Bulges...................... .................................. 946

Setting Bulge Angles................................................ 947

Fine-Tuning Bulges ................................................. 947

Tendons ................................................................. 948

Tendons ....................... ............................................ 948

Creating Tendons ................................... ................. 948

Saving and Loading Physique Data......................... 949

Reinitializing Physique Settings.............................. 949

Working with an Initial Pose............... .................... 950

Improving Interactive Performance........................ 950

Scaling a Character.................................................. 951

Facial Animation................... .................................. 952

Physique and Modifiers ....................................... 955

Combining Physique with Other Modifiers ........... 955

Physique and Free Form Deformations (FFDs) ..... 956

Physique User Interface ....................................... 957

Physique User Interface........................................... 957

Physique Rollout...................................................... 958

Physique Level of Detail Rollout ............................. 960

Floating Bones Rollout............................................ 962

Physique Dialogs.................................................. 963

Physique Initi alization Dialog...... ........................... 963

Reinitialize Physique ................ .............................. 964

Bulge Editor ............................................................ 965

Physique Load Specification Dialog........................ 974

Physique Initialization Rollouts .......................... 974

Vertex-Link Assignment Rollout ........ .................... 974

Cross Sections Rollout .................................. .......... 976

Sub-Object Options Dialogs ................................ 976

Blending Envelope Display Options Dialog ........... 976

Exclude Envelopes Dialog ....................................... 977

Bulge Angle Display Properties Dialog................... 978

Tendon Display Options Dialog.............................. 979

Type-In Weights Dialog .......................................... 979

Physique Modifier Sub-Object Levels ................. 980

Physique Sub-Objects ............................. ................ 980

Envelope Sub-Object............................................... 981

Link Sub-Object .................................................... 986

Link Sub-Object .... .................................................. 986

Link Settings Rollout. .............................................. 987

Joint Intersections Rollout....................................... 991

Bulge Sub-Object....... .............................................. 992

Tendons Sub-Object............... ................................. 998

Vertex Sub-Object (Physique)................................1001

Cro wd Animation................................................ 1006

Using Crowd Animation ..................................... 1006

Working with Crowd Animation ......................... ..1006

Creating a Crowd System .......................................1007

Creating Crowd Helpers.........................................1008

Adjusting Delegate Parameters ..... .........................1011

Assigning Behaviors...............................................1011

Directing Delegates ................................................1014

Obstacle Avoidance ................... .............................1016

Changing Delegate Orientation and Speed............1019

Solving the Simulation ...........................................1019

Linking Objects to Delegates ............................ .....1020

Cognitive Controllers.................... .........................1021

Using Motion Synthesis ..................................... 1023

Using Motion Synthesis..........................................1023

Biped Crowds .........................................................1023

Non-Biped Crowds................................................. 1030

Cro wd Animation User Inter face ....................... 1034

Crowd Animation User Interface...........................1034

Delegate Helper Object ..................................... 1034

Geometry Parameters Rollout ...............................1035

Motion Parameters Rollout....................................1035

Cro wd Helper Object .......................................... 1038

Crowd Helper Object .......................... ...................1038

Setup Rollout...................................................... 1039

Setup Rollout.............................................. ............1039

Scatter Objects Dialog ............................................1040

Random Placement Difficulty Dialog....................1047

Object/Delegate Associations Dialog.. ...................1047

Edit Multiple Delegates Dialog...............................1048

Associate Bipeds With Delegates Dialog................1051

Behavior Assignments and Teams Dialog..............1052

Select Behavior Type Dialog ............... ................. ..1056

Select Delegates Dialog...........................................1057

Cognitive Controllers ......................................... 1057

Cognitive Controller Editor...................................1057

xii Contents

State Dialog.............................................................1059

State Transition Dia log..................................... ......1060

Behavior Rollout ................................................. 1062

Behavior Rollout.....................................................1062

Behaviors ............................................................ 1063

Avoid Behavior ............ ...........................................1063

Orientation Behavior .............................................1066

Path Follow Behavior..............................................1068

Repel Behavior ............................. ..........................1070

Scripted Behavior ................................................ ...1072

Seek Behavior ........... ........................................... ...1072

Space Warp Behavior .............................................1073

Speed Vary Behav ior ........................... ...................1074

Surface Arrive Behavior ............ ............................. 1075

Surface Follow Behavior.........................................1078

Wall Repel B ehavior ...................................... .........1079

Wall Seek Behavior.................................................1081

Wander Behav ior....................................................1083

Solve Rollout...........................................................1084

Priority Rollout ............................................. .........1087

Set Start Frames Dialog..........................................1089

Smoothing Rollout ...... .............................. .............1090

Collisions Rollout...................................................1092

Geometry Rollout...................................................1092

Global Clip Controllers Rollout ...... ................. ......1093

Vector Field Space War p .................................... 1093

Create Method Rollout...........................................1094

Lattice Parameters Rollout .....................................1094

Obstacle Parameters Rollout..................................1094

Motion Synthesis ................................................ 1097

Motion Synthesis....................................................1097

Synthesis Dialog................................................. 1098

Synthesis Dialog .....................................................1098

Motion Clips Panel.................................................1098

State Panel...............................................................1100

Synthesis Panel ................ .............................. .........1102

MotionClip Parameters Dialog..............................1104

Track View Pick Dialog ..........................................1104

ClipState Dialog .................................................. 1105

ClipState Dialog............... .............................. .........1105

Speed Panel.............................................................1106

Acceleration Panel..................................................1108

Pitch Panel..............................................................1109

Pitch Velocity Panel................................... .............1111

Heading Velocity Panel ..........................................1113

Script Panel.............................................................1114

Shortcuts, File Forma ts, and I ndex of

Procedures ....................................................... 1115

Character Studio Keyboard Shortcuts...................1115

character studio File Formats............................ .....1117

Procedures.................................................. ............1118

15 Lights and Cameras ............................... 1125

Lights and Cameras................................................1125

Lights ................................................................... 1126

Lights ...................................................... ...............1126

Name and Color Rollout (Lights) ..........................1127

Using Lights ........................................................ 1128

Using Lights................................... .........................1128

Working with Lights................................ ...............1128

Properties of Light..................................................1130

Lighting in 3ds Max................................................1133

Guidelines for Lighting ..........................................1134

Positioning Light Objects........................... ............1136

Animating Lig hts................................. ...................1136

Light Include/Exclude Tool ....................................1137

Light Lister..............................................................1139

Standard Lights .................................................. 1142

Standard Lights ......................................................1142

Target Spotlight ............................................. .........1143

Free Spotlight..........................................................1144

Target Direct Light..................................................1145

Free Direct Light................................................... ..1147

Omni Light .............................................................1148

Skylight.................. .................................................1149

mr Area Om ni Light............ ................ ...................1152

mr Area Spotlight...................................................1153

Photometric Lights ............................................. 1155

Photometric Lights.................................................1155

Photometric Li ghts: Preset Lights.............. ............1156

Target Point Light (Photometric)...........................1157

Free Point Light (Photometric)..............................1158

Target Linear Li ght (Photometric).......... ...............1159

Free Linear Light (Photometric)............................1160

Target Area Light (Photometric)................ ............1161

Free Area Light (Photometric)............ ...................1162

IES Sun Light (Photometric)...................... ............1163

IES Sky Light (Photometric)...................... ............1165

Isotropic Light Distribution (Photometric

Lights)..................................................................1167

Diffuse Distribution (Photometric Li ghts)............1168

Spotlight Distribution (Photometric Li ghts)....... ..1168

Web Distr ibution (Photometric Lights) ................1169

Photometric Webs..................................................1171

IES Standard File Format .......................................1172

Example of Photometric Data File.........................1173

Common L amp Values for Photometric Lights.....1174

Common Lighting Rollouts................................ 1175

Contents xiii

General Lighting Parameters .......... ................. ......1175

Exclude/Include Dialog..........................................1179

Shadow Parameters ................................................1181

Spotlight Parameters ..............................................1183

Advanced Effects Rollout .......................................1185

mental ray Indirect Illumination Rollout (for

Lights)..................................................................1187

mental ray Light Shader Rollout ............................1189

Additional Rollouts for Standard Lights ........... 1190

Intensity/Color/Attenuation Parameters...............1190

Directional Parameters ..........................................1193

Atmospheres and Effects for Lig hts .......................1194

Add Atmosphere or Effect Dialog..........................1195

Hair Light Attr(ibutes) Rollout ..............................1196

Additional Rollouts for Photometric Lights ..... 1197

Intensity/Color/Distribution Rollout ....................1197

Linear Light Parameters Rollout ............... .............1198

Area Light Parameters Rollout............................... 1198

Area Light S ampling Rollout.................................. 1199

Web Parameters Rollout............ .............................1199

Rollouts for Specific Shadow Types .................. 1200

Advanced Ray-Traced Parameters Rollout ............1200

Area Shadows Rollout ............................................1202

mental ray Shadow Map Rollout............................1205

Optimizations Rollout......................................... ...1206

Ray-Traced Shadow Parameters Rollout................1207

Shadow Map Parameters Rollout...........................1208

Cameras............................................................... 1210

Cameras .................................................................1210

Free Camera ...........................................................1215

Target Camera ........................................................1216

Using Cameras .................................................... 1217

Characteristics of Cameras ....................................1217

Common Camera Parameters ...............................1218

Using Transforms to Aim a Camera.......................1223

Using Clipping Planes to Exclude Geometry.........1224

Using the Horizon to Match Perspective ............... 1225

Animating Cameras ...............................................1225

Multi-Pass Rendering Effects ............................. 1227

Multi-Pass Rendering Effects .................................1227

Depth of Field Parameter (mental ray Renderer) ..1227

Multi-Pass Depth of Field Parameters for

Cameras ...................................................... .........1228

Multi-Pass Motion Blur Parameters for C ameras ..1230

Camera Match U tility ......................................... 1232

Camera Match Utility.......................... ...................1232

Camera Match Helper Objects ........................... 1235

Camera Match Helper ............................................1235

CamPoint Helper...... .............................................. 1236

Two-Point Perspective ....................................... 1237

Camera Correction Modifier .................................1237

16 Material Editor, Materials, and Ma ps ...1239

Material Editor, Materials, and Mapping...............1239

Designing Materials ........................................... 1239

Designing Materials ...............................................1239

Sample Slots and Material Name ...........................1240

Material Type..........................................................1241

Shading Type ............. .............................................1242

Material Components.............................................1243

Lights and Shading.................................................1243

Choosing Colors for Realism .................................1244

Using Maps to Enhance a Material ........................1247

Applying a Material to an Object ......................... ..1249

Mapping Coordinates ............................................1249

Saving a Material ........................................... .........1250

Material XML Export Utility..................................1251

UVW Remove Utility... ..........................................1252

Material Editor.................................................... 1253

Material Editor ...................... ................................1253

Material/Map Browser ...........................................1256

Copying and Pasting: Right-Click Menu for

Materials, Maps, Bitmaps, and Colors ................1262

Sample Slots ....................................................... 1264

Sample Slots............................................................1264

Sample Slot Right-Click Menu...............................1266

Dragging and Dropping Maps and Materials........1267

Drag and Drop Sub-Object Material

Assignment..........................................................1268

Creating a Custom Sample Object ...... ...................1269

Material Editor Tools .......................................... 1271

Material Editor Tools..............................................1271

Material Editor Menu Bar ................................. .....1272

Reflectance and Transmittance Display.................1274

Sample Type ..........................................................1275

Propagate Materials to Instances......... ...................1276

Backlight ....................................... .........................1276

Sample Slot Background .......................................1277

Sample UV Tiling ............................................. .....1277

Video Color Check ................ .............................. ..1278

Make Preview, Play Preview, Save Preview ...........1278

Material Editor Options ........................................1279

Material Editor Options D ialog ............................1280

Select By Material ..................................................1283

Get Material ...........................................................1283

Put Material to Scene .............................................1285

Assign Material to Selection ..................................1285

Reset Map/Mtl to Default Settings ........................1286

xiv Contents

Make Material Copy ..............................................1286

Make Unique (Material Editor) ................ .............1286

Put to Library .........................................................1287

Material Effects Channel .......................................1287

Material Effects Channel Flyout................ .............1288

Show Map in Viewport ..........................................1289

Show End Result ....................................................1290

Go to Parent ............. ..............................................1290

Go Forward to Sibling ...........................................1291

Material/Map Navigator ........................................1291

Pick Material From Object (Eyedropper) .............1292

Name Field (Materials and Maps)..........................1292

Type Button (Materials and Maps).................. ......1293

Animating Materials........................................... 1293

Animating Materials......................................... ......1293

Creating and Playing Animated Material

Previews.................... ...........................................1294

Synchronizing an Animated Bitmap with the

Scene ....................................................................1294

Mater ial Editor Subdialogs................................ 1295

Copy (Instance) Map Dialog..................................1295

Copy or Swap Colors Dialog ..................................1295

Create Material Preview Dialog .............................1296

Duplicate Name Dialog (Material Library) ...........1296

Merge Dialog (Material Library) ...........................1297

Merge Material Library Dialog ..............................1298

Put to Library Dialog ...... .......................................1298

Render Map Dialog ................................................1299

Replace Map Dialog ...............................................1300

Replace Material Dialog .........................................1300

Update Scene Materials Dialog .............................1300

Materials ............................................................. 1301

Types of Materials ............................................ ......1301

SuperSampling Rollout ..........................................1302

mental ray Connection Rollout.... ..........................1305

DirectX Manager Rollout.......................... .............1308

Standard Material...............................................1309

Standard Material.................. .................................1309

Shader B asic Parameters Rollout ...........................1310

Basic Parameters Rollout (Standard Mater ial) ......1311

Extended P arameters R ollout (Standard

Material) .............................................. ................1312

Maps Rollout (Standard Material) .........................1315

Dynamics Properties Rollout.............. ...................1320

Basic Material Shaders ....................................... 1321

Anisotropic Shader.................................................1321

Blinn Shader ...........................................................1321

Metal Shader...........................................................1322

Multi-Layer Shader.......................... .......................1323

Oren-Nayar-Blinn Shader......................................1323

Phong Shader .........................................................1323

Strauss Shader ........................................................1324

Translucent Shader ....... .......................................... 1326

Basic Parameters for Standard Materials ......... 1327

Color C ontrols................................................... .....1327

Self-Illumination Setting........................................1328

Opacit y ............................................. ......................1330

Diffuse Level....... ....................................................1330

Roughness ................................. ............................. 1331

Translucency Setting ........... .............................. .....1332

Specular Highlight Controls .............................. 1333

Anisotropic Highlights............................ ...............1333

Blinn, Oren-Nayar-Blinn, and Phong

Highlights ............................ .............................. ..1334

Metal Highlights.....................................................1335

Multi-Layer Highlights...........................................1336

Translucent Highlights .................. .........................1337

Mapping Standard Mater ial Components ........ 1339

Ambient Color Mapping................................... .....1339

Diffuse Color Mapping ..........................................1339

Diffuse Level Mapping .... .......................................1340

Diffuse Roughness Mapping...................... ............1341

Specular Color Mapping ........................................1341

Specular Level Mapping .........................................1342

Glossiness Mapping................................................1342

Self-Illumination Mapping............................ .........1343

Opacit y Mapping.............................. ......................1344

Filter Color Mapping..............................................1344

Anisotropy Mapping..............................................1345

Orientation Mapping .............................................1346

Metalness Mapping ................................................1347

Bump Mapping.......................................................1347

Reflection Mapping ................................. ...............1349

Refraction Mapping ...............................................1350

Displacement Mapping ..........................................1352

Raytrace Material ............................................... 1353

Raytrace Material ................ ...................................1353

Raytrace Basic Parameters Rollout ........................1355

Raytrace Extended Parameters Rollout .................1360

Raytracer Controls Rollout ....................................1362

Rayt race Maps Rollout........... ................................1364

Rayt race Dynamics Properties Rollout..................1368

Raytracer Global Parameters Rollout ....................1369

Raytracing Acceleration Parameters Dialog ..........1372

Rayt race Exclude/Include Dialog..... ......................1372

Raytrace Antialiaser Dialog: Fast Adaptive

Antialiaser......................................... ...................1374

Contents xv

Rayt race Antialiaser Dialog: Mult iresolution

Adaptive Antialiaser . .............................. .............1375

Architectural Material........................................ 1376

Architectural Material................................... .........1376

Templates Rollout...................................................1377

Physical Qualities Rollout ......... ................ .............1377

Special Effects Rollout..... ................ ................. ......1380

Advanced Lighting Override Rollout.....................1381

Cutout Mapping .....................................................1383

mental ray Materials .......................................... 1384

Materials for Use with the mental ray Renderer ....1384

mental ray Material............................................ 1385

mental ray Material ......... .......................................1385

Material Shaders Rollout (mental ray Material) ....1385

Advanced Shaders Rollout (mental ray

Material) .............................................. ................1388

DG S Material (mental ray). ................. ...................1389

Glass Material (mental ray).......... ..........................1391

Subsurface Scattering (SSS) Materials ...................1392

Matte/Shadow Material ..................................... 1393

Matte/Shadow Material .......................... ................1393

Compound Materials.......................................... 1396

Kinds of Compound Materials.................. .............1396

Blend Material ............................................... .........1397

Composite Material................................................1399

Double-Sided Material.... .......................................1400

Morpher Material................................ ...................1401

Mu lti/Sub-Object Material.....................................1403

Shellac Material ........... ...........................................1407

Top/Bottom Material..............................................1408

Shell Material for B aked Textures ..................... 1409

Shell Material............... ...........................................1409

Advanced Lighting Override Material .............. 1410

Advanced Lighting Override Material ...................1410

Lightscape Material............................................ 1413

Lightscape Material ................................................ 1413

Ink ’ n Paint Material ........................................... 1414

Ink ’n Paint Material...............................................1414

DirectX 9 Shader Mater ial .................................. 1422

DirectX 9 Shader Material......... .............................1422

DirectX V iewpor t Shaders ................................. 1423

LightMap Shader Rollout.......................................1423

Metal Bump Shader Rollout...................................1424

XRef Material ...................................................... 1425

XRef Material..........................................................1425

Maps .................................................................... 1426

Types of Maps............................ ............................. 1426

Real-World Mapping... ...........................................1429

Output Rollout .......................................................1430

Missing Map Coordinates Dialog ..................... .....1433

2D......................................................................... 1434

2D Maps .................................................................1434

Coordinates Rollout (2D) ......................................1434

Noise Rollout (2D) .................................................1439

Bitmap 2D Map ......................................................1441

Select Bitmap Image File Dialog ............................1445

Checker Map .......................................................... 1447

Combustion Map ...................................................1448

Gradient Map ............................ .............................1460

Gradient Ramp Map............................................. ..1462

Flag Properties Dialog................................ ............1465

Swirl Map................................................................1466

Tiles Map ................................................................1468

3D......................................................................... 1472

3D Maps .................................................................1472

Coordinates Rollout (3D) ......................................1472

Cellular Map...........................................................1473

Dent Map................................................................1477

Falloff Map .............................................................1480

Marble Map ............................ .............................. ..1483

Noise Map...............................................................1484

Particle Age Map ....................................................1485

Particle MBlur Map................................................1486

Perlin Marble Map..................................................1487

Planet Map........................................... ...................1488

Smoke Map............................. ................................1489

Speckle Map ...........................................................1490

Splat Map................................................................ 1491

Stucco Map............................. ................................1492

Waves Map..............................................................1493

Wood Map..............................................................1494

Compositor ......................................................... 1497

Compositor Maps...................................................1497

Composite Map......................................................1498

Mask Map...............................................................1499

Mix Map ........................................... ......................1499

RGB Multiply Map .................................................1501

Color Modifier ..................................................... 1502

Color Modifier Maps..............................................1502

Output Map..................... .............................. .........1502

RGB Tint Map ........................................................1503

Vertex Color Map............................. ......................1503

Reflection and Refraction.................................. 1505

Reflection and Refraction Maps ............................1505

Flat Mirror Map......... .............................................1505

Raytrace Map .........................................................1508

Reflect/Refract Map ...............................................1509

Thin Wa ll Refraction Map.................................... ..1513

xvi Contents

Raytrace Map Rollouts ....................................... 1514

Rayt racer Parameters Rollout ................................1514

Rayt race: Attenuation Rollout ............................... 1516

Raytrace: Basic Material Extensions Rollout.........1517

Raytrace: Refract ive Material Extensions

Rollout .................................................................1518

mental ray Shaders............................................. 1520

mental ray Shaders .................................................1520

Custom Shaders for 3ds Max .................................1521

mental images Shader Libraries .............................1522

Shaders in the LumeTools Collection ....... .............1523

Connect Parameter to Shader Dialog (mental

ray)......................... .............................. ................1523

3ds Max Custom Shaders ................................... 1524

3D Displacement Shader (mental ray)................ ...1524

Bump Shader (mental ray).....................................1526

DG S Material Shader (mental ray) ........................1527

Dielectric Material Shader (mental ray) ................1529

Environment Shader (mental ray) .........................1531

Height Map Displacement Shader ( mental ray) ....1532

Material to Shader (mental ray)................ .............1533

Shader List (mental ray).........................................1533

UV Generator ...................................................... 1534

UV Generator Shader (mental ray)........................1534

UV Generator Parameters Rollout.........................1535

Shaders Rollout (UV Generator) ...........................1537

UV Coordinate Shader (mental ray)...................... 1538

XYZ Generator .................................................... 1539

XYZ Generator Shader (mental ray)... ...................1539

XYZ Generator Parameters Rollout.......................1539

Shaders Rollout (XYZ Generator) ................... ......1540

XYZ Coordinate Shader (mental ray)....................1541

Nor mal B ump Map ............................................. 1541

Normal Bump Map ................................................1541

Camera Per-Pixel Projection.............................. 1542

Camera Map Per Pixel............................................1542

Material, Mapping, and Ver tex Color Utilities.. 1544

Assign Vertex Colors Utility...................................1544

Channel Info Utility ...............................................1549

Clean MultiMaterial Utility.......... ................. .........1552

Instance Duplicate Maps Utility ............................1555

Index ..... .......................... ........................1559

Precision and Drawing Aids

3dsMaxprovidestoolsthatgiveyoucontrolover

the positioning and alignment of objects in 3D

space. With these tools, you can do t he following:

• Choose display units from the most common

real-world measuring systems or define your

own.

• Usethehomegridasaconstructionplane,

or use grid objects to position custom

construction planes.

• Select different options to align objects with

grids, points, and normals.

• Use 3D object snaps on a modeless dialog as

you build and move geometry in your scene.

Grid points and lines are among the many snap

options.

• Use "helper objects" in your work. Grid objects

are in this category, along with objects used for

positioning and measurement.

This sec tion presents these brief topics designed to

help you quickly start lear n ing how to use the to ols

that ma ke precision possible:

Tools for Precision (page 2–1)

Using Units (page 2–3)

Using Grids (page 2–4)

Using the Home Grid (page 2–4)

Using Grid Objects (page 2–5)

Aligning Objects (page 2–8)

Aligning Normals (p age 2–10)

Setting Standard Snaps (page 2– 10)

Setting Snap Options (page 2–12)

Measure Distance Tool (page 2–15)

Tools f or Pr ecision

A set of interrelated tools in the program gives

you precise cont rol of the scale, placement,

and m ovement of objects in your scene. These

are especially important tools for those who

build precise models in real-world units of

measurement.

Basic Tools

Thetoolsforprecisionaregroupedasfollows:

Units—Define different measurement systems.

Besides the generic unit, you have your choice of

feet and inches in both decimals and fractions.

Metric units range from millimeters to kilometers.

You can also define other units.

Precision and Drawing Aids

2 Chapter 10: Precision and Drawing Aids

Grids—

Include the home grid and special grid

objects. Both types of gr id can act as construc tion

planes. The software constructs objects using

the orientation and position of the ac tive grid.

While the home grid is fixed in world space, you

canrotategridobjectsandplacethemanywhere

in a scene, and align them to other objects and

surfaces. You can also give each grid object its

own spacing, and display any grid as a dedicated

viewport.

Object alignment—Matches an object w ith the

position,orientation,ornormalofanotherobject,

or to a point in space.

Object snaps —Ensure precise placement when

creating and rearranging objects. Keyboard

shortcuts let you change object snaps as you

work.Youcanalsosetsnapstofindgridlinesand

intersections. An angle snap sets the increment

for rotation, and a percent snap sets the increment

for scaling.

Helper s—Provide usef ul assistance, as the name

implies. These are specialized tools in the same

category as grid objects. A Tape object measures

distances in current units, and a Protractor

object measure angles. A Gr id object defines a

construct ion plane, and a Point object marks a

particular spot in 3D space.

How the Tools Work Together

The tools themselves establish a general order

of use and interaction, although you can always

change settings as needed w ithout following this

sequence.

• Choose a measur ing unit. The default is generic

units, sufficient for many purposes.

• Set grid spacing (the size of the smallest

square), based on the measuring unit. The

home gr id and grid objects can have their own

spacing, separate from the grid spacing.

• Moveandaligngridobjectstoauseful

orientation.

• Set or vary snap settings as needed in your

work.

•UseotherhelperobjectslikePointandTapeas

part of the precision process.

As you work, you can change your settings

(including t he measuring unit) without losi ng any

precision.

Helper s

Create panel > Helpers

Create menu > Helpers

Helper objects play a supporting role, like stage

hands or construc tion assistants.

Several categories of helpers are available f rom the

drop-down list on the Create panel:

Standard helpers (page 2–15)

Atmospher ic Apparatus (page 3–300)

Camera Match Helper (page 2–1235)

Assembly Head Help er Object (page 1–108)

•

Character Assembly (page 2–681)

•

Luminaire Helper Object (page 1–108)

ManipulatorHelperObjects(page2–26)

Particle Flow (

Speed By Icon Operator (page

2–158)

and

Find Target Test (p age 2–214)

)

VRML97 Helper Objects (page 3–646)

reactor

Other helper objects might be available, depending

on your configuration.

Using Units 3

Usi ng Units

Units are the key to connecting the

three-dimensional world of 3ds Max with

the physical world. You define the units you want

to use from the

Units Setup dialog (page 3–891)

.

Changing Di splay Units

When you change display un its, 3ds Max

displays measurements in the new unit for your

convenience. All dimensions are displayed in

the new unit. Essential ly, you’re using a n ew

"measuring stick." No object is changed in this

process. As in the phys ical world, objects in the

scene maintain their absolute size, regardless of

how you measure them.

Type-In Entry

When you enter any dimension, 3ds Max always

assumes the number you enter is expressed in

the current units. You can also enter a series of

numbers: 3ds Max then converts their sum into

the current unit. Here are some examples that

assume the current units are in centimeters:

• Whenyouenteradimensionof1’(oneUS

foot), it converts to 30.48cm.

• If you enter a series of numbers such as 14 286

175 (separated by spaces), the ser ies is totaled

to 475.0cm.

• If you enter 1’ 1 (one US foot and 1 centimeter),

this is converted and summed into 31.48cm.

When you use US Standard as the display unit

scale, you can select either feet or inches as the

default for type-in entry. If you select feet and

enter 12, the result is 12’ 0". However, if you enter

1’ 2, the s oftware identifies t he second dig it as

inches, producing 1’ 2" as the result.

In any unit system, you can enter fractional

amounts. For example, assume you’re working in

US Standard with feet as the default:

• If you enter 18/3, the result is 6’0".

• If you enter 18/3", the result is 0’6".

• Youcanspecifyunitsinadifferentsystem,and

they are converted on the fly. F or example, if

you enter 18/3cm, the result is 0’2.362".

Understa nding the Sy stem U nit

3dsMaxkeepstrackofallmeasurementsinits

own internal system unit. No matter what kind

of display units you use, measurements are stored

in this absolute unit for storage and computation.

The default system unit is defined as 1.000 inch.

Aslongasthesystemunitisleftatoneinch,you

can freely share models and change units on the fly

with no effect on the underlying geometry. Except

in rare circumstances, you never need to change

this default scale. This means you c an merge a

model created with any standard unit into your

scene at t rue scale.

You c an change the system unit s etting on the

System Unit Setup dialog, available from the

Units Setup dialog (page 3–891)

. Changing the

system unit is recommended only if your scene

hasverysmall(lessthanoneinch)orverylarge

dimensions. See

System Unit Setup Dialog (page

3–893)

for more information.

If you do need to change the system unit, change

it

before

you create or import geometry. Do not

changethesystemunitinanexistingscene.

4 Chapter 10: Precision and Drawing Aids

Usi ng Gr i ds

One grid establishes the pitch of the boat, another the pitch

of the ship

Gridsaretwo-dimensionalarraysoflinessimilar

tographpaper,exceptthatyoucanadjustthe

spacing and other features of the gr id to the needs

of y our work.

Grids have these primary uses:

• As an aid in visualizing space, scale, and

distance.

•As

construction planes

where you create and

align objects in your scene.

• As a reference system for using the Snap feature

to align objects.

HomeGridandGridObjects

3ds Max provides two kinds of grids: the home

grid and grid objects. In addition, it includes the

AutoGrid feature, an automated way of creating

grid objects.

Home gr id—Thehomegridisdefinedbythree

planes along the world X, Y, and Z axes. Each of

these axes passes through the world coordinate

system’s origin point (0,0,0). The home g rid is

fixed; it cannot be moved or rotated.

• The home grid is visible by default when you

start 3ds Max, but its display can b e turned off.

• You c a n use any view of t he home gr id as a

constructionplanebydrawingintheviewport

in which the grid’s view appears.

See

Viewing and Navigating 3D Space (p age 1–21)

for a complete introduction to the home grid.

Gri d objects—Agridobjectisahelperobjectyou

can create whenever you need a local reference

grid or construction plane somewhere other than

thehomegrid.

• You can have any number of grid objects in

yourscene,butonlyonecanbeactiveatatime.

• When act ive, a g rid object replaces the home

grid in all viewports.

• Each grid object has its own set of XY, YZ, and

ZX planes. You can freely move and rotate grid

objects, placing them at any angle in space, or

attach them to objects and surfaces.

•Youcanchangeaviewporttodisplayaplan

(top) view of any active grid object.

• Grid objects can be named and saved like other

objects, or used once and deleted.

AutoGr id—This feature lets you create new objects

and grid objects off the surfaces of other objects

on the fly. See

AutoGrid (page 2–7)

.

Using the Home Grid

Thehomegridprovidesready-to-useconstruction

planes, much like a leveled building site m arked

w ith stakes and strings. When you create an object

in a viewport, the new object is placed on the

home grid plane of that viewport.

To us e the home grid effectively for construction,

you often need to change the defaults to the job at

hand, analogous to moving the stakes and strings

to match your own site plan.

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Autodesk 3ds Max 8 User guide

Autodesk 3ds Max 8 User guide

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