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SUSE LINUX
ADMINISTRATION GUIDE
Edition 3 2005
Copyright ©
This publication is intellectual property of Novell Inc.
Its contents can be duplicated, either in part or in whole, provided that a copyright label is
visibly located on each copy.
All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail.
However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE LINUX GmbH, the
authors, nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences
thereof.
Many of the software and hardware descriptions cited in this book are registered trade-
marks. All trade names are subject to copyright restrictions and may be registered trade
marks. SUSE LINUX GmbH essentially adheres to the manufacturer’s spelling. Names of
products and trademarks appearing in this book (with or without specific notation) are
likewise subject to trademark and trade protection laws and may thus fall under copyright
restrictions.
Authors: Stefan Behlert, Frank Bodammer, Stefan Dirsch, Olaf Donjak, Roman
Drahtmüller, Torsten Duwe, Thorsten Dubiel, Thomas Fehr, Stefan Fent,
Werner Fink, Kurt Garloff, Carsten Groß, Joachim Gleißner, Andreas
Grünbacher, Franz Hassels, Andreas Jaeger, Klaus Kämpf, Andi Kleen,
Hubert Mantel, Lars Marowsky-Bree, Chris Mason, Johannes Meixner,
Lars Müller, Matthias Nagorni, Anas Nashif, Siegfried Olschner, Peter
Pöml, Thomas Renninger, Heiko Rommel, Marcus Schäfer, Nicolaus
Schüler, Klaus Singvogel, Hendrik Vogelsang, Klaus G. Wagner, Rebecca
Walter, Christian Zoz
Editors: Jörg Arndt, Antje Faber, Berthold Gunreben, Roland Haidl, Jana Jaeger,
Edith Parzefall, Ines Pozo, Thomas Rölz, Thomas Schraitle, Rebecca Wal-
ter
Layout: Manuela Piotrowski, Thomas Schraitle
Setting: DocBook-XML, L
A
T
E
X
This book has been printed on 100 % chlorine-free bleached paper.
Welcome
Congratulations for your new Linux operating system and thank you for se-
lecting SUSE LINUX 9.3. By purchasing this version, you can get installation
support by telephone and e-mail as described at http://www.novell.com/
products/linuxprofessional/support/conditions.html. To make
use of this service, activate your support authorization in the SUSE LINUX Portal
(http://portal.suse.com) with the help of the code printed on the CD case.
To make sure that your system is always in a secure and up-to-date state, we rec-
ommend regular updates with the comfortable YaST Online Update. SUSE addi-
tionally offers a free e-newsletter featuring security-related information and tips
and tricks for SUSE LINUX. Simply subscribe by entering your e-mail address at
http://www.novell.com/company/subscribe/.
The SUSE LINUX Administration Guide provides background information about
the way your SUSE LINUX system operates. This manual introduces you to
Linux system administration basics, such as file systems, kernels, boot processes,
and the configuration of the Apache Web server. The SUSE LINUX Administration
Guide has five major categories:
Installation System installation and configuration with YaST, special installation
types, LVM, RAID, updates, and system recovery.
System Special features of SUSE LINUX, details about the kernel, boot concept,
and init process, configuration of the boot loader and the X Window Sys-
tem, printing, and mobile computing in Linux.
Services Integration in heterogeneous networks, configuration of the Apache
Web server, file synchronization, and security.
Administration File system ACLs and important system monitoring tools.
Appendix Important sources of information about Linux.
The digital versions of the SUSE LINUX manuals are located in the directory
/usr/share/doc/manual/.
Changes in the Administration Guide
The documentation of the previous version (SUSE LINUX 9.2) has been modified
as follows:
The sections about LVM and partitioning have been revised. See Section 3.7
on page 97 and Section 2.7.5 on page 68.
Chapter 8 on page 169 has been revised and a description of the YaST mod-
ule has been added. It also contains a new section about the use of wild
cards (Section Using Wild Cards to Select the Boot Kernel on page 177).
The file system chapter now includes information about the Reiser4 file sys-
tem. See Section 20.2.5 on page 358.
The network part has been completely revised and restructured. See Chap-
ter 22 on page 377 and following chapters.
SuSEfirewall2 has been updated and a description of the new YaST modul
has been added. See Section Configuring with YaST on page 577.
Several new programs are mentioned in Chapter 36 on page 615.
The glossary has been revised and updated, see also Glossary V on
page 665.
Typographical Conventions
The following typographical conventions are used in this manual:
/etc/passwd: file or directory names
hplaceholderi: replace hplaceholderi with the actual value
iv
PATH: the environment variable PATH
ls: commands
--help: options and parameters
user: users
Alt : a key to press
‘File’: menu items, buttons
Process killed: system messages
man man(1): reference to man pages
I x86, AMD64
This section is only relevant for the specified architectures. The arrows mark
the beginning and the end of the text block. J
Acknowledgment
With a lot of voluntary commitment, the developers of Linux cooperate on a
global scale to promote the development of Linux. We thank them for their
efforts—this distribution would not exist without them. Furthermore, we thank
Frank Zappa and Pawar. Special thanks, of course, go to Linus Torvalds.
Have a lot of fun!
Your SUSE Team
v
SUSE LINUX
Contents
I Installation 1
1 Installation with YaST 3
1.1 System Start-Up for Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.1 Boot Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.2 Possible Problems when Booting the System . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 The Boot Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Language Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Installation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Installation Suggestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.1 Installation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5.2 Keyboard Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5.3 Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5.4 Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.5 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5.6 Boot Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5.7 Time Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5.8 Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5.9 Launching the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.6 Finishing the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.6.1 root Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.6.2 Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6.3 Firewall Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6.4 Testing the Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6.5 Loading Software Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6.6 User Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6.7 Configuring the Host as a NIS Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.6.8 Creating Local User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.6.9 Release Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.7 Hardware Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.8 Graphical Login . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2 System Configuration with YaST 35
2.1 The YaST Control Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.1 Installing and Removing Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.2 Change Installation Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.3 YaST Online Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.4 Patch CD Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2.5 System Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2.6 Media Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.1 CD-ROM and DVD Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.2 Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.3 Hard Disk Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.4 Hardware Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.5 IDE DMA Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.6 Scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.7 Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.8 TV and Radio Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.4 Network Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.5 Network Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
viii Contents
2.5.1 Mail Transfer Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.5.2 Other Available Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.6 Security and Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.6.1 User Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.6.2 Group Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.6.3 Security Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.6.4 Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.7 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.7.1 Backup Copy of the System Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.7.2 Restoring the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.7.3 Creating Boot and Rescue Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.7.4 LVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.7.5 Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.7.6 Profile Manager (SCPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.7.7 System Services (Runlevel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.7.8 Sysconfig Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.7.9 Time Zone Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.7.10 Language Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.8 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.8.1 Submitting a Support Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.8.2 Boot Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.8.3 System Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.8.4 Loading a Vendor’s Driver CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.9 YaST in Text Mode (ncurses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.9.1 Navigation in Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.9.2 Restriction of Key Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.9.3 Starting the Individual Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.9.4 The YOU Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.10 Online Update from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
ixSUSE LINUX
3 Special Installation Procedures 83
3.1 Setting Up a Central Installation Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.1.1 Configuration with YaST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.1.2 Client Installation Using the Installation Server . . . . . . . 87
3.2 linuxrc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.3 Installation with VNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.3.1 Preparing for the VNC Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.3.2 Clients for the VNC Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.4 Text-Based Installation with YaST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.5 Tips and Tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.5.1 Creating a Boot Disk with rawwritewin . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.5.2 Creating a Boot Disk with rawrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.5.3 Creating a Boot Disk in a UNIX-Type System . . . . . . . . . 93
3.5.4 Booting from a Floppy Disk (SYSLINUX) . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.5.5 External Boot Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.5.6 Installation from a Network Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.6 Permanent Device Names for SCSI Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.7 LVM Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.7.1 The Logical Volume Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.7.2 LVM Configuration with YaST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.8 Soft RAID Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.8.1 Soft RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.8.2 Soft RAID Configuration with YaST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.8.3 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.8.4 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
x
Contents
4 Updating the System and Package Management 109
4.1 Updating SUSE LINUX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.1.1 Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.1.2 Possible Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.1.3 Updating with YaST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.1.4 Updating Individual Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.2 Software Changes from Version to Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.2.1 From 8.1 to 8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.2.2 From 8.2 to 9.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.3 From 9.0 to 9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.2.4 From 9.1 to 9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.2.5 From 9.2 to 9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.3 RPM—the Package Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.3.1 Verifying Package Authenticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.3.2 Managing Packages: Install, Update, and Uninstall . . . . . 128
4.3.3 RPM and Patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.3.4 Delta RPM Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.3.5 RPM Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.3.6 Installing and Compiling Source Packages . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.3.7 Compiling RPM Packages with build . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.3.8 Tools for RPM Archives and the RPM Database . . . . . . . 138
5 System Repair 139
5.1 Automatic Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.2 User-Defined Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.3 Expert Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.4 The SUSE Rescue System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.4.1 Starting the Rescue System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.4.2 Working with the Rescue System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
xiSUSE LINUX
II System 147
6 32-Bit and 64-Bit Applications in a 64-Bit System Environment 149
6.1 Runtime Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.2 Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.3 Software Compilation on Biarch Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.4 Kernel Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7 Booting and Configuring a Linux System 153
7.1 The Linux Boot Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7.1.1 initrd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.1.2 linuxrc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.1.3 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.2 The init Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.3 Runlevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.4 Changing Runlevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.5 Init Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
7.5.1 Adding init Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
7.6 System Services (Runlevel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.7 SuSEconfig and /etc/sysconfig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7.8 The YaST sysconfig Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
8 The Boot Loader 169
8.1 Boot Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
8.2 Selecting a Boot Loader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.3 Booting with GRUB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.3.1 The GRUB Boot Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
8.3.2 The File device.map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
8.3.3 The File /etc/grub.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8.3.4 The GRUB Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
8.3.5 Setting a Boot Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
xii Contents
8.4 Configuring the Boot Loader with YaST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
8.4.1 The Main Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
8.4.2 Boot Loader Configuration Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.5 Uninstalling the Linux Boot Loader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
8.6 Creating Boot CDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
8.7 The Graphical SUSE Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
8.8 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.9 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
9 The Linux Kernel 189
9.1 Kernel Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
9.2 Kernel Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
9.3 Kernel Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
9.3.1 Configuration on the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
9.3.2 Configuration in Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
9.3.3 Configuration in the X Window System . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
9.4 Kernel Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
9.4.1 Hardware Detection with the Help of hwinfo . . . . . . . . . 193
9.4.2 Handling Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
9.4.3 /etc/modprobe.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
9.4.4 Kmod—the Kernel Module Loader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
9.5 Compiling the Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
9.6 Installing the Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
9.7 Cleaning Your Hard Disk after Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
10 Special Features of SUSE LINUX 197
10.1 Information about Special Software Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
10.1.1 The Package bash and /etc/profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
10.1.2 The cron Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
10.1.3 Log Files: Package logrotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
10.1.4 Man Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
xiiiSUSE LINUX
10.1.5 The Command locate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
10.1.6 The Command ulimit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
10.1.7 The free Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
10.1.8 The File /etc/resolv.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
10.1.9 Settings for GNU Emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
10.1.10 Brief Introduction to vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
10.2 Virtual Consoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
10.3 Keyboard Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
10.4 Language and Country-Specific Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
10.4.1 Some Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
10.4.2 Settings for Language Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
10.4.3 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
11 The X Window System 211
11.1 X11 Setup with SaX2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
11.1.1 Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
11.1.2 Graphics Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
11.1.3 Colors and Resolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
11.1.4 Virtual Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
11.1.5 3D Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
11.1.6 Image Position and Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
11.1.7 Multihead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
11.1.8 Input Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
11.1.9 AccessX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
11.1.10 Joystick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
11.2 Optimizing the X Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
11.2.1 Screen Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
11.2.2 Device Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
11.2.3 Monitor and Modes Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
11.3 Installing and Configuring Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
11.3.1 Xft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
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11.3.2 X11 Core Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
11.3.3 CID-Keyed Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
11.4 OpenGL—3D Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
11.4.1 Hardware Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
11.4.2 OpenGL Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
11.4.3 The Diagnosis Tool 3Ddiag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
11.4.4 OpenGL Test Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
11.4.5 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
11.4.6 Installation Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
11.4.7 Additional Online Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
12 Printer Operation 235
12.1 Preparation and Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
12.2 Workflow of the Printing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
12.3 Methods and Protocols for Connecting Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
12.4 Installing the Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
12.5 Configuring the Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
12.5.1 Local Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
12.5.2 Network Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
12.5.3 Configuration Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
12.6 Configuration for Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
12.6.1 Printing from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
12.6.2 Printing from Applications Using the Command-Line Tool . 245
12.6.3 Using the CUPS Printing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
12.7 Special Features in SUSE LINUX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
12.7.1 CUPS Server and Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
12.7.2 Administrator for CUPS Web Front-End . . . . . . . . . . . 247
12.7.3 Changes in the CUPS Print Service (cupsd) . . . . . . . . . . 248
12.7.4 PPD Files in Various Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
12.8 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
12.8.1 Printers without Standard Printer Language Support . . . . 252
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SUSE LINUX
12.8.2 No Suitable PPD File Available for a PostScript Printer . . . 252
12.8.3 Parallel Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
12.8.4 Network Printer Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
12.8.5 Defective Printouts without Error Message . . . . . . . . . . 256
12.8.6 Disabled Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
12.8.7 CUPS Browsing: Deleting Print Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
12.8.8 Defective Print Jobs and Data Transfer Errors . . . . . . . . . 257
12.8.9 Debugging the CUPS Print System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
12.8.10 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
13 Mobile Computing with Linux 259
13.1 Laptops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
13.1.1 Power Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
13.1.2 Integration in Changing Operating Environments . . . . . . 261
13.1.3 Software Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
13.1.4 Data Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
13.2 Mobile Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
13.3 Cellular Phones and PDAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
13.4 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
14 PCMCIA 269
14.1 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
14.2 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
14.2.1 Base Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
14.2.2 Card Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
14.3 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
14.3.1 Network Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
14.3.2 ISDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
14.3.3 Modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
14.3.4 SCSI and IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
14.4 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
14.5 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
14.5.1 PCMCIA Base System Does Not Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
14.5.2 PCMCIA Card Does Not Work Properly . . . . . . . . . . . 275
14.6 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
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15 System Configuration Profile Management 279
15.1 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
15.2 Configuring SCPM Using the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
15.2.1 Starting SCPM and Defining Resource Groups . . . . . . . . 281
15.2.2 Creating and Managing Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
15.2.3 Switching Configuration Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
15.2.4 Advanced Profile Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
15.3 The YaST Profile Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
15.3.1 Configuring Resource Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
15.3.2 Creating a New Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
15.3.3 Modifying Existing Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
15.3.4 Switching Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
15.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
15.4.1 Termination during the Switch Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
15.4.2 Changing the Resource Group Configuration . . . . . . . . . 288
15.5 Selecting a Profile When Booting the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
15.6 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
16 Power Management 291
16.1 Power Saving Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
16.2 APM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
16.3 ACPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
16.3.1 ACPI in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
16.3.2 Controlling the CPU Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
16.3.3 ACPI Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
16.3.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
16.4 Rest for the Hard Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
16.5 The powersave Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
16.5.1 Configuring the powersave Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
16.5.2 Configuring APM and ACPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
16.5.3 Additional ACPI Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
16.5.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
16.6 The YaST Power Management Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
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17 Wireless Communication 315
17.1 Wireless LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
17.1.1 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
17.1.2 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
17.1.3 Configuration with YaST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
17.1.4 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
17.1.5 Tips and Tricks for Setting Up a WLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
17.1.6 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
17.1.7 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
17.2 Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
17.2.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
17.2.2 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
17.2.3 System Components and Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
17.2.4 Graphical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
17.2.5 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
17.2.6 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
17.2.7 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
17.3 Infrared Data Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
17.3.1 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
17.3.2 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
17.3.3 Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
17.3.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
18 The Hotplug System 339
18.1 Devices and Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
18.2 Hotplug Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
18.3 Hotplug Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
18.3.1 Activating Network Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
18.3.2 Activating Storage Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
18.4 Automatic Module Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
18.5 Hotplug with PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
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18.6 The Boot Script Coldplug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
18.7 Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
18.7.1 Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
18.7.2 Boot Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
18.7.3 The Event Recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
19 Dynamic Device Nodes with udev 347
19.1 Creating Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
19.2 Automation with NAME and SYMLINK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
19.3 Regular Expressions in Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
19.4 Key Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
19.5 Persistent Names for Mass Storage Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
20 File Systems in Linux 353
20.1 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
20.2 Major File Systems in Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
20.2.1 ReiserFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
20.2.2 Ext2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
20.2.3 Ext3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
20.2.4 Converting an Ext2 File System into Ext3 . . . . . . . . . . . 357
20.2.5 Reiser4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
20.2.6 JFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
20.2.7 XFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
20.3 Some Other Supported File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
20.4 Large File Support in Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
20.5 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
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21 Authentication with PAM 365
21.1 Structure of a PAM Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
21.2 The PAM Configuration of sshd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
21.3 Configuration of PAM Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
21.3.1 pam_unix2.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
21.3.2 pam_env.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
21.3.3 pam_pwcheck.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
21.3.4 limits.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
21.4 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
III Services 375
22 Basic Networking 377
22.1 IP Addresses and Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
22.1.1 IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
22.1.2 Netmasks and Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
22.2 IPv6—The Next Generation Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
22.2.1 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
22.2.2 Address Types and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
22.2.3 Coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
22.2.4 Configuring IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
22.2.5 For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
22.3 Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
22.4 Configuring a Network Connection with YaST . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
22.4.1 Configuring the Network Card with YaST . . . . . . . . . . 394
22.4.2 Modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
22.4.3 ISDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
22.4.4 Cable Modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
22.4.5 DSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
22.5 Configuring a Network Connection Manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
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