ZyXEL ES-3124 User guide

www.zyxel.com

ES-3124 Series

Intelligent Layer 2+ Switch

User’s Guide

Version 3.80

8/2007

Edition 1

DEFAULT LOGIN

In-band IP Address http://192.168.1.1

Out-of-band IP Address http://192.168.0.1

User Name admin

Password 1234

About This User's Guide

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About This User's Guide

Intended Audience

This manual is intended for people who want to configure the Switch using the web

configurator. You should have at least a basic knowledge of TCP/IP networking concepts and

topology.

Related Documentation

• Web Configurator Online Help

Embedded web help for descriptions of individual screens and supplementary

information.

• Command Reference Guide

The Command Reference Guide explains how to use the Command-Line Interface (CLI)

and CLI commands to configure the Switch.

" It is recommended you use the web configurator to configure the Switch.

• Supporting Disk

Refer to the included CD for support documents.

• ZyXEL Web Site

Please refer to www.zyxel.com

for additional support documentation and product

certifications.

User Guide Feedback

Help us help you. Send all User Guide-related comments, questions or suggestions for

improvement to the following address, or use e-mail instead. Thank you!

The Technical Writing Team,

ZyXEL Communications Corp.,

6 Innovation Road II,

Science-Based Industrial Park,

Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.

E-mail: [email protected]

Document Conventions

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Document Conventions

Warnings and Notes

These are how warnings and notes are shown in this User’s Guide.

1 Warnings tell you about things that could harm you or your device.

" Notes tell you other important information (for example, other things you may

need to configure or helpful tips) or recommendations.

Syntax Conventions

• The ES-3124, ES-3124PWR, ES-3124-4F, and ES-3124F may be referred to as the

“Switch”, the “device”, the “system” or the “product” in this User’s Guide. Distinction is

made where necessary.

• Product labels, screen names, field labels and field choices are all in bold font.

• A key stroke is denoted by square brackets and uppercase text, for example, [ENTER]

means the “enter” or “return” key on your keyboard.

• “Enter” means for you to type one or more characters and then press the [ENTER] key.

“Select” or “choose” means for you to use one of the predefined choices.

• A right angle bracket ( > ) within a screen name denotes a mouse click. For example,

Maintenance > Log > Log Setting means you first click Maintenance in the navigation

panel, then the Log sub menu and finally the Log Setting tab to get to that screen.

• Units of measurement may denote the “metric” value or the “scientific” value. For

example, “k” for kilo may denote “1000” or “1024”, “M” for mega may denote “1000000”

or “1048576” and so on.

• “e.g.,” is a shorthand for “for instance”, and “i.e.,” means “that is” or “in other words”.

Document Conventions

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Icons Used in Figures

Figures in this User’s Guide may use the following generic icons. The Switch icon is not an

exact representation of your device.

Switch Computer Notebook computer

Server DSLAM Firewall

Telephone Switch Router

Safety Warnings

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Safety Warnings

1 For your safety, be sure to read and follow all warning notices and instructions.

• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming

pool.

• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.

• Do NOT store things on the device.

• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk

of electric shock from lightning.

• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.

• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to

dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should

service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.

• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.

• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.

• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.

• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device. Connect it to the right

supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).

• Use ONLY power wires of the appropriate wire gauge (see Section 38.1 on page 283 for

details) for your device. Connect it to a power supply of the correct voltage (see Section

38.1 on page 283 for details).

• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the

product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.

• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause

electrocution.

• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source.

• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a

new one.

• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a

remote risk of electric shock from lightning.

• Caution: Risk of explosion if battery (on the motherboard) is replaced by an incorrect

type. Dispose of used batteries according to the instructions. Dispose them at the

applicable collection point for the recycling of electrical and electronic equipment. For

detailed information about recycling of this product, please contact your local city office,

your household waste disposal service or the store where you purchased the product.

• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your

device.

• The PoE (Power over Ethernet) devices that supply or receive power and their connected

Ethernet cables must all be completely indoors.

Safety Warnings

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• The length of exposed (bare) power wire should not exceed 7 mm.

This product is recyclable. Dispose of it properly.

Safety Warnings

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Contents Overview

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Contents Overview

Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 21

Introducing the Switch ............................................................................................................... 23

Hardware ................................................................................................................................. 29

Hardware Installation and Connection ....................................................................................... 31

Hardware Overview ................................................................................................................... 35

Web Configurator ................................................................................................................... 45

The Web Configurator ............................................................................................................... 47

Initial Setup Example ................................................................................................................. 57

System Status and Port Statistics ..............................................................................................61

Basic Setting ............................................................................................................................. 67

VLAN ......................................................................................................................................... 79

Static MAC Forward Setup ........................................................................................................ 97

Filtering ...................................................................................................................................... 99

Spanning Tree Protocol ........................................................................................................... 101

Bandwidth Control ....................................................................................................................119

Broadcast Storm Control ......................................................................................................... 121

Mirroring .................................................................................................................................. 123

Link Aggregation ...................................................................................................................... 125

Port Authentication .................................................................................................................. 133

Port Security ............................................................................................................................ 139

Classifier .................................................................................................................................. 143

Policy Rule ............................................................................................................................... 149

Queuing Method ...................................................................................................................... 155

VLAN Stacking ......................................................................................................................... 159

Multicast .................................................................................................................................. 165

Authentication & Accounting ....................................................................................................179

IP Source Guard ...................................................................................................................... 193

Loop Guard .............................................................................................................................. 213

Static Routing .......................................................................................................................... 217

Differentiated Services ............................................................................................................. 219

DHCP ...................................................................................................................................... 227

Maintenance ............................................................................................................................ 233

Access Control ........................................................................................................................ 239

Diagnostic ................................................................................................................................ 259

Syslog ...................................................................................................................................... 261

Contents Overview

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Cluster Management ............................................................................................................... 265

MAC Table ............................................................................................................................... 271

ARP Table ................................................................................................................................ 273

Configure Clone ....................................................................................................................... 275

Troubleshooting and Specifications .................................................................................. 277

Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................................... 279

Product Specifications ............................................................................................................. 283

Appendices and Index .........................................................................................................291

Table of Contents

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Table of Contents

About This User's Guide .......................................................................................................... 3

Document Conventions............................................................................................................4

Safety Warnings........................................................................................................................ 6

Contents Overview ................................................................................................................... 9

Table of Contents.................................................................................................................... 11

Part I: Introduction................................................................................. 21

Chapter 1

Introducing the Switch ........................................................................................................... 23

1.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 23

1.1.1 Backbone Application ................................................................................................. 23

1.1.2 Bridging Example ....................................................................................................... 24

1.1.3 High-performance Switched Example ........................................................................ 25

1.1.4 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Application Examples ................................................................ 25

1.2 Ways to Manage the Switch ................................................................................................ 26

1.3 Good Habits for Managing the Switch ................................................................................. 27

Part II: Hardware .................................................................................... 29

Chapter 2

Hardware Installation and Connection ................................................................................. 31

2.1 Freestanding Installation ..................................................................................................... 31

2.2 Mounting the Switch on a Rack .......................................................................................... 32

2.2.1 Rack-mounted Installation Requirements .................................................................. 32

2.2.2 Attaching the Mounting Brackets to the Switch .......................................................... 32

2.2.3 Mounting the Switch on a Rack .................................................................................. 33

Chapter 3

Hardware Overview................................................................................................................. 35

3.1 Panel Connections ............................................................................................................. 35

3.1.1 Console Port ............................................................................................................. 37

3.1.2 Ethernet Ports ............................................................................................................ 37

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3.1.3 Transceiver Slots .......................................................................................................38

3.2 Rear Panel ........................................................................................................................... 39

3.3 Power Connections Overview ............................................................................................. 40

3.3.1 AC Power Connection ................................................................................................ 40

3.3.2 DC Power Connection ................................................................................................ 41

3.3.3 External Backup Power Supply Connector ................................................................ 42

3.3.4 Powering on the Switch .............................................................................................. 42

3.4 LEDs ................................................................................................................................ 42

Part III: Web Configurator ..................................................................... 45

Chapter 4

The Web Configurator ............................................................................................................47

4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 47

4.2 System Login .................................................................................................................... 47

4.3 The Status Screen .......................................................................................................... 48

4.3.1 Change Your Password .......................................................................................... 53

4.4 Saving Your Configuration ................................................................................................... 53

4.5 Switch Lockout .................................................................................................................. 54

4.6 Resetting the Switch ......................................................................................................... 54

4.6.1 Reload the Configuration File .................................................................................... 54

4.7 Logging Out of the Web Configurator ................................................................................. 55

4.8 Help .................................................................................................................................... 56

Chapter 5

Initial Setup Example.............................................................................................................. 57

5.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 57

5.1.1 Creating a VLAN ........................................................................................................ 57

5.1.2 Setting Port VID .........................................................................................................58

5.2 Configuring Switch Management IP Address ...................................................................... 59

Chapter 6

System Status and Port Statistics......................................................................................... 61

6.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 61

6.2 Port Status Summary ...................................................................................................... 61

6.2.1 Status: Port Details ................................................................................................62

Chapter 7

Basic Setting ..........................................................................................................................67

7.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 67

7.2 System Information ........................................................................................................... 67

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7.3 General Setup ................................................................................................................. 69

7.4 Introduction to VLANs ......................................................................................................... 71

7.5 Switch Setup Screen ........................................................................................................ 72

7.6 IP Setup ............................................................................................................................ 74

7.6.1 IP Interfaces ............................................................................................................... 74

7.7 Port Setup ........................................................................................................................... 76

Chapter 8

VLAN ........................................................................................................................................ 79

8.1 Introduction to IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLANs .................................................................. 79

8.1.1 Forwarding Tagged and Untagged Frames ................................................................ 79

8.2 Automatic VLAN Registration ............................................................................................. 80

8.2.1 GARP ......................................................................................................................... 80

8.2.2 GVRP ......................................................................................................................... 80

8.3 Port VLAN Trunking ............................................................................................................ 81

8.4 Select the VLAN Type ........................................................................................................ 81

8.5 Static VLAN ......................................................................................................................... 81

8.5.1 Static VLAN Status .................................................................................................... 82

8.5.2 Static VLAN Details ................................................................................................... 82

8.5.3 Configure a Static VLAN ........................................................................................ 83

8.5.4 Configure VLAN Port Settings ................................................................................ 84

8.6 Subnet Based VLANs ......................................................................................................... 86

8.7 Configuring Subnet Based VLAN ...................................................................................... 87

8.8 Protocol Based VLANs ....................................................................................................... 88

8.9 Configuring Protocol Based VLAN .................................................................................... 89

8.10 Create an IP-based VLAN Example .................................................................................. 91

8.11 Port-based VLAN Setup ................................................................................................92

8.11.1 Configure a Port-based VLAN ................................................................................. 92

Chapter 9

Static MAC Forward Setup..................................................................................................... 97

9.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 97

9.2 Configuring Static MAC Forwarding ............................................................................... 97

Chapter 10

Filtering.................................................................................................................................... 99

10.1 Configure a Filtering Rule ............................................................................................... 99

Chapter 11

Spanning Tree Protocol........................................................................................................ 101

11.1 STP/RSTP Overview ..................................................................................................... 101

11.1.1 STP Terminology ................................................................................................... 101

11.1.2 How STP Works .................................................................................................... 102

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11.1.3 STP Port States ..................................................................................................... 103

11.1.4 Multiple RSTP ...................................................................................................... 103

11.1.5 Multiple STP ........................................................................................................... 104

11.2 Spanning Tree Protocol Status Screen ............................................................................ 106

11.3 Spanning Tree Configuration .......................................................................................... 107

11.4 Configure Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol ..................................................................... 108

11.5 Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol Status ........................................................................ 109

11.6 Configure Multiple Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol .........................................................111

11.7 Multiple Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol Status ............................................................112

11.8 Configure Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol ...................................................................114

11.9 Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol Status ......................................................................116

Chapter 12

Bandwidth Control................................................................................................................ 119

12.1 Bandwidth Control Overview ..........................................................................................119

12.1.1 CIR and PIR ............................................................................................................119

12.2 Bandwidth Control Setup ..................................................................................................119

Chapter 13

Broadcast Storm Control ..................................................................................................... 121

13.1 Broadcast Storm Control Setup ...................................................................................... 121

Chapter 14

Mirroring ................................................................................................................................ 123

14.1 Port Mirroring Setup ....................................................................................................... 123

Chapter 15

Link Aggregation .................................................................................................................. 125

15.1 Link Aggregation Overview ............................................................................................. 125

15.2 Dynamic Link Aggregation .............................................................................................. 125

15.2.1 Link Aggregation ID ............................................................................................... 126

15.3 Link Aggregation Status ..................................................................................................126

15.4 Link Aggregation Setting ................................................................................................ 127

15.5 Link Aggregation Control Protocol ................................................................................ 128

15.6 Static Trunking Example .................................................................................................. 130

Chapter 16

Port Authentication............................................................................................................... 133

16.1 Port Authentication Overview ......................................................................................... 133

16.1.1 IEEE 802.1x Authentication ................................................................................... 133

16.1.2 MAC Authentication ............................................................................................... 134

16.2 Port Authentication Configuration .................................................................................... 135

16.2.1 Activate IEEE 802.1x Security ........................................................................... 135

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16.2.2 Activate MAC Authentication ................................................................................. 136

Chapter 17

Port Security.......................................................................................................................... 139

17.1 About Port Security ......................................................................................................... 139

17.2 Port Security Setup .......................................................................................................... 139

Chapter 18

Classifier................................................................................................................................ 143

18.1 About the Classifier and QoS .......................................................................................... 143

18.2 Configuring the Classifier ...............................................................................................143

18.3 Viewing and Editing Classifier Configuration ................................................................... 146

18.4 Classifier Example ........................................................................................................... 147

Chapter 19

Policy Rule............................................................................................................................. 149

19.1 Policy Rules Overview ....................................................................................................149

19.1.1 DiffServ .................................................................................................................. 149

19.1.2 DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior ................................................................................. 149

19.2 Configuring Policy Rules ................................................................................................. 150

19.3 Viewing and Editing Policy Configuration ........................................................................ 152

19.4 Policy Example ................................................................................................................ 153

Chapter 20

Queuing Method.................................................................................................................... 155

20.1 Queuing Method Overview ............................................................................................. 155

20.1.1 Strictly Priority ........................................................................................................ 155

20.1.2 Weighted Fair Queuing .......................................................................................... 155

20.1.3 Weighted Round Robin Scheduling (WRR) ........................................................... 156

20.2 Configuring Queuing ........................................................................................................ 156

Chapter 21

VLAN Stacking ......................................................................................................................159

21.1 VLAN Stacking Overview ................................................................................................ 159

21.1.1 VLAN Stacking Example ........................................................................................ 159

21.2 VLAN Stacking Port Roles ............................................................................................... 160

21.3 VLAN Tag Format ............................................................................................................ 161

21.3.1 Frame Format ........................................................................................................ 161

21.4 Configuring VLAN Stacking ............................................................................................. 162

Chapter 22

Multicast ................................................................................................................................ 165

22.1 Multicast Overview ......................................................................................................... 165

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22.1.1 IP Multicast Addresses ........................................................................................... 165

22.1.2 IGMP Filtering ........................................................................................................ 165

22.1.3 IGMP Snooping ..................................................................................................... 165

22.1.4 IGMP Snooping and VLANs ................................................................................... 166

22.2 Multicast Status .............................................................................................................. 166

22.3 Multicast Setting ............................................................................................................. 166

22.4 IGMP Snooping VLAN .................................................................................................... 168

22.5 IGMP Filtering Profile ..................................................................................................... 170

22.6 MVR Overview ................................................................................................................ 171

22.6.1 Types of MVR Ports ............................................................................................... 171

22.6.2 MVR Modes ........................................................................................................... 172

22.6.3 How MVR Works .................................................................................................... 172

22.7 General MVR Configuration ............................................................................................ 172

22.8 MVR Group Configuration .............................................................................................. 174

22.8.1 MVR Configuration Example .................................................................................. 175

Chapter 23

Authentication & Accounting .............................................................................................. 179

23.1 Authentication, Authorization and Accounting ................................................................ 179

23.1.1 Local User Accounts .............................................................................................. 179

23.1.2 RADIUS and TACACS+ ........................................................................................ 180

23.2 Authentication and Accounting Screens .......................................................................... 180

23.2.1 RADIUS Server Setup ........................................................................................ 180

23.2.2 TACACS+ Server Setup ..................................................................................... 182

23.2.3 Authentication and Accounting Setup ................................................................ 184

23.2.4 Vendor Specific Attribute ........................................................................................ 187

23.3 Supported RADIUS Attributes ......................................................................................... 188

23.3.1 Attributes Used for Authentication .......................................................................... 189

23.3.2 Attributes Used for Accounting ............................................................................... 189

Chapter 24

IP Source Guard.................................................................................................................... 193

24.1 IP Source Guard Overview .............................................................................................. 193

24.1.1 DHCP Snooping Overview ..................................................................................... 193

24.1.2 ARP Inspection Overview ...................................................................................... 195

24.2 IP Source Guard .............................................................................................................. 197

24.3 IP Source Guard Static Binding ....................................................................................... 197

24.4 DHCP Snooping .............................................................................................................. 199

24.5 DHCP Snooping Configure .............................................................................................. 202

24.5.1 DHCP Snooping Port Configure ............................................................................. 203

24.5.2 DHCP Snooping VLAN Configure .......................................................................... 205

24.6 ARP Inspection Status .....................................................................................................206

24.6.1 ARP Inspection VLAN Status ................................................................................. 206

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24.6.2 ARP Inspection Log Status .................................................................................... 207

24.7 ARP Inspection Configure ............................................................................................... 209

24.7.1 ARP Inspection Port Configure .............................................................................. 210

24.7.2 ARP Inspection VLAN Configure ............................................................................211

Chapter 25

Loop Guard............................................................................................................................ 213

25.1 Loop Guard Overview ..................................................................................................... 213

25.2 Loop Guard Setup ........................................................................................................... 215

Chapter 26

Static Routing........................................................................................................................ 217

26.1 Configuring Static Routing ............................................................................................. 217

Chapter 27

Differentiated Services.........................................................................................................219

27.1 DiffServ Overview ........................................................................................................... 219

27.1.1 DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior ................................................................................ 219

27.1.2 DiffServ Network Example .................................................................................... 220

27.2 Two Rate Three Color Marker Traffic Policing ................................................................. 220

27.2.1 TRTCM - Color-blind Mode .................................................................................... 221

27.2.2 TRTCM - Color-aware Mode .................................................................................. 221

27.3 Activating DiffServ .......................................................................................................... 222

27.3.1 Configuring 2-Rate 3 Color Marker Settings ......................................................... 222

27.4 DSCP-to-IEEE 802.1p Priority Settings ...................................................................... 224

27.4.1 Configuring DSCP Settings .................................................................................... 224

Chapter 28

DHCP...................................................................................................................................... 227

28.1 DHCP Overview ............................................................................................................. 227

28.1.1 DHCP Modes ........................................................................................................ 227

28.1.2 DHCP Configuration Options ................................................................................. 227

28.2 DHCP Status ................................................................................................................... 227

28.3 DHCP Relay ................................................................................................................... 228

28.3.1 DHCP Relay Agent Information ............................................................................. 228

28.3.2 Configuring DHCP Global Relay ............................................................................ 229

28.3.3 Global DHCP Relay Configuration Example .......................................................... 230

28.4 Configuring DHCP VLAN Settings ................................................................................ 230

28.4.1 Example: DHCP Relay for Two VLANs .................................................................. 232

Chapter 29

Maintenance .......................................................................................................................... 233

29.1 The Maintenance Screen ............................................................................................... 233

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29.2 Load Factory Default ...................................................................................................... 234

29.3 Save Configuration .......................................................................................................... 234

29.4 Reboot System ................................................................................................................ 235

29.5 Firmware Upgrade ........................................................................................................ 235

29.6 Restore a Configuration File ......................................................................................... 236

29.7 Backup a Configuration File ......................................................................................... 236

29.8 FTP Command Line ........................................................................................................ 237

29.8.1 Filename Conventions .......................................................................................... 237

29.8.2 FTP Command Line Procedure ............................................................................ 237

29.8.3 GUI-based FTP Clients .......................................................................................... 238

29.8.4 FTP Restrictions .................................................................................................... 238

Chapter 30

Access Control...................................................................................................................... 239

30.1 Access Control Overview ............................................................................................ 239

30.2 The Access Control Main Screen .................................................................................... 239

30.3 About SNMP .................................................................................................................. 240

30.3.1 SNMP v3 and Security ........................................................................................... 241

30.3.2 Supported MIBs ................................................................................................... 241

30.3.3 SNMP Traps .......................................................................................................... 241

30.3.4 Configuring SNMP .............................................................................................. 247

30.3.5 Configuring SNMP Trap Group ........................................................................... 249

30.3.6 Setting Up Login Accounts ................................................................................. 250

30.4 SSH Overview ................................................................................................................. 252

30.5 How SSH works ............................................................................................................... 252

30.6 SSH Implementation on the Switch ................................................................................. 253

30.6.1 Requirements for Using SSH ................................................................................. 253

30.7 Introduction to HTTPS .....................................................................................................253

30.8 HTTPS Example .............................................................................................................. 254

30.8.1 Internet Explorer Warning Messages ..................................................................... 254

30.8.2 Netscape Navigator Warning Messages ................................................................ 255

30.8.3 The Main Screen .................................................................................................... 255

30.9 Service Port Access Control ......................................................................................... 256

30.10 Remote Management ............................................................................................... 257

Chapter 31

Diagnostic.............................................................................................................................. 259

31.1 Diagnostic ....................................................................................................................... 259

Chapter 32

Syslog .................................................................................................................................... 261

32.1 Syslog Overview .............................................................................................................. 261

32.2 Syslog Setup .................................................................................................................. 261

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32.3 Syslog Server Setup ....................................................................................................... 262

Chapter 33

Cluster Management.............................................................................................................265

33.1 Clustering Management Status Overview ...................................................................... 265

33.2 Cluster Management Status ........................................................................................... 266

33.2.1 Cluster Member Switch Management ................................................................... 267

33.3 Clustering Management Configuration .......................................................................... 268

Chapter 34

MAC Table.............................................................................................................................. 271

34.1 MAC Table Overview ...................................................................................................... 271

34.2 Viewing the MAC Table ................................................................................................... 272

Chapter 35

ARP Table .............................................................................................................................. 273

35.1 ARP Table Overview .......................................................................................................273

35.1.1 How ARP Works .................................................................................................... 273

35.2 Viewing the ARP Table ................................................................................................... 273

Chapter 36

Configure Clone.................................................................................................................... 275

36.1 Configure Clone .............................................................................................................. 275

Part IV: Troubleshooting and Specifications..................................... 277

Chapter 37

Troubleshooting.................................................................................................................... 279

37.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ...................................................................... 279

37.2 Switch Access and Login ................................................................................................. 280

Chapter 38

Product Specifications .........................................................................................................283

38.1 General Switch Specifications ......................................................................................... 283

38.2 Cable Pin Assignments ................................................................................................... 288

Part V: Appendices and Index ............................................................ 291

Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address............................................................ 293

Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions ......................................315

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Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting ........................................................................... 323

Appendix D Common Services ............................................................................................333

Appendix E Importing Certificates ........................................................................................ 337

Appendix F Legal Information ..............................................................................................343

Index....................................................................................................................................... 347

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