H3C S3600 Series Operating instructions

Operation Manual – SSH Terminal Service

H3C S3600 Series Ethernet Switches-Release 1510 Table of Contents

i

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 SSH Terminal Service..................................................................................................1-1

1.1 SSH Terminal Service .......................................................................................................1-1

1.1.1 Introduction to SSH.................................................................................................1-1

1.1.2 SSH Server Configuration.......................................................................................1-3

1.1.3 Configuring the SSH Client................................................................................... 1-11

1.1.4 Configuring the Device as an SSH Client............................................................. 1-19

1.1.5 Displaying SSH Configuration...............................................................................1-21

1.1.6 SSH Server Configuration Example...................................................................... 1-22

1.1.7 SSH Client Configuration Example.......................................................................1-25

Chapter 2 SFTP Service................................................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 SFTP Service.....................................................................................................................2-1

2.1.1 Introduction to SFTP...............................................................................................2-1

2.1.2 SFTP Server Configuration.....................................................................................2-1

2.1.3 SFTP Client Configuration ...................................................................................... 2-2

2.1.4 SFTP Configuration Example..................................................................................2-6

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Chapter 1 SSH Terminal Service

1.1 SSH Terminal Service

1.1.1 Introduction to SSH

Secure shell (SSH) provides secure communication and powerful authentication for

remote user login to a switch over an insecure network, thus preventing assaults such

as IP address spoofing, plain-text password interception.

Acting as an SSH server, a switch allows for the connections of multiple SSH clients.

Through SSH Client, a user can establish a connection to a switch or UNIX host

running SSH Server.

Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2 shows two ways to establish SSH connection between client

and server.

z Establishing SSH connection through a LAN

100BASE-TX

Server

Ethernet

Workstation

Laptop

PC

SSH

Switch

SSH

100BASE-TX

Server

Ethernet

Workstation

Laptop

PC

SSH Client

Switch

SSH Server

100BASE-TX

Server

Ethernet

Workstation

Laptop

PC

SSH

Switch

SSH

100BASE-TX

Server

100BASE-TX

Server

Ethernet

Workstation

Laptop

PC

SSH

Switch

SSH

100BASE-TX

Server

Ethernet

Workstation

Laptop

PC

SSH Client

Switch

SSH Server

Figure 1-1 Establish SSH connection through a LAN

z Establishing SSH connection through a WAN

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Local switch

Local Ethernet

WANServer

PC

SSH

PC

Laptop

PC

Laptop

Workstation

Remote Ethernet

Server

WANServer

PC

SSH

PC

Laptop

WANServer

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SSH

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Remote sw itch

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ote Ethernet

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SSH

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SSH

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SSH Client

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SSH Server

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WANServer

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SSH

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Local Ethernet

WANServer

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SSH

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Server

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Laptop

Workstation

Rem

SSH Server

ote Ethernet

Server

Figure 1-2 Establish SSH connection through a WAN

 Note:

At present, the device supports two SSH versions: SSH2 and SSH1. Unless otherwise

noted, SSH refers to SSH2 throughout this document.

The communication process between a SSH client and server goes through the

following five stages.

1) Version negotiation stage:

z The client sends a TCP connection request to the server.

z When a TCP connection is established, the two ends begin to negotiate an SSH

version.

z If they get a successful negotiation, they go to the key negotiation stage.

Otherwise the server terminates the TCP connection.

2) Key and algorithm negotiation stage:

z The server and the client send key algorithm negotiation packets to each other,

which include the supported server-side public key algorithm list, encryption

algorithm list, MAC algorithm list, and compression algorithm list.

z Based on the received algorithm negotiation packets, the server and the client

figure out the algorithms to be used.

z The server and the client use the DH key exchange algorithm and parameters

such as the host key pair to generate the session key and session ID.

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Through the above steps, the server and the client get the same session key, which is

to be used to encrypt and decrypt data exchanged between the server and the client

later. The server and the client use session ID in the authentication stage.

3) Authentication negotiation stage:

z The client sends its username information to the server.

z The server starts to authenticate the user. If the user is configured as having no

authentication on the server, the following step is skipped and the session request

stage starts directly.

z The server authenticates the user in some way (see the following note), till the

authentication succeeds or the connection is terminated due to authentication

timeout.

 Note:

SSH provides two kinds of authentication: password authentication and RSA

authentication.

(1) Password authentication works as follows:

z The client sends the username and password to the server.

z The server compares the received username and password against those

configured locally. The user passes the authentication if the server finds a match for

both username and password.

(2) RSA authentication works as follows:

z Configure the RSA public key of the client at the server.

z The client sends the member module of its RSA public key to the server.

z The server checks the validity of the member module. If it is valid, the server

generates a random number, which is sent to the client after being encrypted with

RSA public key of the client.

z Both the server and the client calculate authentication data by using the random

number and session ID.

z The client sends the authentication data it calculates to the server.

z The server compares the received authentication data with the authentication data

on itself. If they are identical, the authentication succeeds.

4) Session request stage. The client sends a session request to the server, which

processes the request and establish a session.

5) Interactive session stage. Both ends exchange data till the session ends.

1.1.2 SSH Server Configuration

The following table describes SSH Server configuration tasks.

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Table 1-1 SSH2.0 Server configuration tasks

Operation Command Related section

Configure user interface(s) to

support specified protocol(s)

protocol inbound

Section “

Configuring

user interface(s) to

support specified

protocol(s)

"

Generate local RSA key pairs

rsa local-key-pair create

Destroy local RSA key pairs

rsa local-key-pair

destroy

Section “

Generating

or destroying local

RSA key pairs

"

Create an SSH user

ssh user username

Section “

Create an

SSH user

”

Specify a default

authentication type for SSH

users

ssh authentication-type

default

Configure authentication type

for an SSH user

ssh user username

authentication-type

Section”

Configuring

authentication type for

a user

"

Set SSH authentication

timeout time

ssh server timeout

Set SSH authentication retry

times

ssh server

authentication-retries

Set server key update interval

ssh server

rekey-interval

Configure SSH server to be

compatible with SSH1.x

clients

ssh server

compatible-ssh1x

enable

Section “

Configuring

SSH management

Configure a client public key

for an SSH user

ssh user username

assign rsa-key keyname

Section “

Configuring a

client public key for a

user

"

I. Configuring user interface(s) to support specified protocol(s)

Table 1-2 Configure user interface(s) to support specified protocol(s)

Operation Command Description

Enter system view

system-view

—

Enter the view of one or

multiple user interfaces

user-interface

[ type-keyword ] number

[ ending-number ]

Required

Set the login

authentication method

authentication-mode

scheme

[ command-authorizatio

n ]

Required

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Operation Command Description

Configure the user

interface(s) to support

specified protocol(s)

protocol inbound { all

|ssh | telnet }

Optional

By default, both Telnet

and SSH are supported.

Caution:

z If you have configured a user interface to support SSH protocol, to ensure a

successful login to the user interface, you must configure AAA authentication for the

user interface by using the authentication-mode scheme command.

z For a user interface, if you have executed the authentication-mode password or

authentication-mode none command, the protocol inbound ssh command

cannot be executed; if you have executed the protocol inbound ssh command,

neither of the authentication-mode password and authentication-mode none

commands can be executed.

II. Generating or destroying local RSA key pairs

This configuration task is used to generate or destroy the server's RSA key pairs, which

are named in the format of switch name plus "_Host", and switch name plus "_Server",

for example, H3C_Host and H3C_Server.

After you issue the rsa local-key-pair create command, the system prompts you to

input a key length.

z In SSH1.x, the key length is in the range of 512 to 2,048 (bits).

z In SSH2.0, the key length is in the range of 1024 to 2048 (bits). To keep

compatible with SSH1.x, SSH2.0 allows client keys to be 512 to 2,048 bits in

length. But the server's key length must not be shorter than 1,024 bits; otherwise,

clients cannot be authenticated.

Table 1-3 Generate or destroy local RSA key pairs

Operation Command Description

Enter system view

system-view

—

Generate local RSA key pairs

rsa local-key-pair create

Required

Destroy local RSA key pairs

rsa local-key-pair destroy

Optional

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Caution:

z For a successful SSH login, you must first generate the RSA key pairs of the server.

z You just need to execute the rsa local-key-pair create command once, and need

not execute the command again after the system is rebooted.

z If you re-execute the rsa local-key-pair create command, the system will ask

whether you want to replace the original key pairs with new ones.

z For a fabric made up of multiple devices, you need to execute the rsa

local-key-pair create command on the management device to ensure that all

devices in the fabric have the same local RSA key pairs.

 Note:

After the rsa local-key-pair create command is executed, you can execute the

display rsa local-key-pair public command, which will display:

z Two public keys (in H3C_Host and H3C_Server) if the switch works in

SSH1.x-compatible mode.

z Only one public key (in H3C_Host) if the switch works in SSH2.0 mode.

III. Create an SSH user

Table 1-4 Create an SSH user

Operation Command Description

Enter system view

system-view

—

Create an SSH user

ssh user username

Required

For an SSH user created by using this command, if you do not specify an

authentication type by using the ssh user authentication-type command for this user,

this SSH user adopts the default authentication type. On the other hand, if the default

authentication type is not specified, you need to specify an authentication type for this

SSH user.

IV. Configuring authentication type for a user

For a new user, you must specify the authentication type. Otherwise, the user cannot

access the switch.

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Table 1-5 Configure authentication type for a user

Operation Command Description

Enter system view

system-view

—

Specify a default

authentication type for

SSH users

ssh authentication-type

default { password | rsa

| password-publickey |

all }

Configure authentication

type for an SSH user

ssh user username

authentication-type

{ password |

password-publickey |

rsa| all }

At least one required;

By default, no

authentication type is

specified for an SSH user,

and the user can not

access the switch.

Note that:

z The ssh authentication-type default command is used to configure the default

authentication type for all SSH users.

z The ssh user username authentication-type command is used to configure an

authentication type for a specific SSH user.

z When both commands are configured with different authentication types, for the

specific user (user specified by the username argument), the authentication type

specified by the ssh user username authentication-type command will take

effect instead of that specified for all SSH users.

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Caution:

z If RSA authentication type is configured for a user, the RSA public key of the client

user must be configured on the switch.

z By default, no authentication type is specified for a new user, and the new user

cannot access the switch.

z For the password-publickey authentication type: SSH1 client users can access

the switch as long as they pass any of the two kinds of authentications. SSH2 client

users can access the switch only when they pass both kinds of authentications.

z For the password authentication type, username should be consistent with the

valid user name defined in AAA; for the RSA authentication type, username is the

SSH local user name, so that there is no need to configure a local user in AAA.

z If the default authentication type for SSH users is password and local AAA

authentication is adopted, you need not use the ssh user command to create an

SSH user. Instead, you can use the local-user command to create a user name

and its password and then set the service type of the user to SSH.

z If the default authentication type for SSH users is password and remote

authentication (RADIUS authentication, for example) is adopted, you need not use

the ssh user command to create an SSH user, because it is created on the remote

server. And the user can use its username and password configured on the remote

server to access the network.

z If you use the ssh user username authentication-type command to specify an

authentication type for an inexistent SSH user, the system will create the SSH user

automatically.

z If the RSA authentication type is specified, you can use the user privilege level

command to set the level of the commands available to the SSH users logging into

the server. Additionally, the command levels accessible to the users adopting RSA

authentication are the same.

z If the password authentication type is specified, the command levels accessible to

SSH users logging into the server are determined through AAA. In this case, the

command level may vary with users.

V. Configuring SSH management

The configuration of SSH management includes the setting of authentication timeout

time, authentication retry times, server key update interval, and SSH compatible mode.

After the configuration, the SSH management function is able to prevent illegal

activities such as malicious password guessing, thus ensure the security of SSH

connections.

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Table 1-6 Configure SSH management

Operation Command Description

Enter system view

system-view

—

Set SSH

authentication

timeout time

ssh server timeout

seconds

Optional

By default, the timeout time is 60

seconds.

Set SSH

authentication retry

times

ssh server

authentication-retri

es times

Optional

By default, the number of retry times

is 3.

Set server key

update interval

ssh server

rekey-interval hours

Optional

By default, the system does not

update server keys.

Configure SSH

server to be

compatible with

SSH1.x clients

ssh server

compatible-ssh1x

enable

Optional

By default, SSH server is

compatible with SSH1.x clients.

VI. Configuring a client public key for a user

On the switch, you can configure a client public key (generated randomly on a client) for

a client user. This configuration is not required for password authentication type.

There are two methods to configure a client public key for a user.

1) Manual configuration

First, perform the following operations on a client:

z Use the SSH1.5/2.0 client software to randomly generate a RSA key pair.

z Use the SSHKEY.exe program to transform the public key in the RSA key pair to

PKCS (public-key cryptography standards) format.

Then, perform the following operations on the server:

Table 1-7 Configure client public key for a user

Operation Command Description

Enter system view

system-view

—

Enter public key view

rsa peer-public-key

keyname

Required

Enter public key edit

view to input a client

public key

public-key-code begin

—

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Operation Command Description

Configure the client

public key

Enter the content of the

public key

Required

When you input the key data,

spaces are allowed between

the characters you input

(because the system can

remove the spaces

automatically); you can also

press <Enter> to continue your

input at the next line. But the

key you input should be a

hexadecimal digit string coded

in the public key format.

Return to public key

view from public key

edit view

public-key-code end

The system saves the public

key data you input when exiting

public key edit view.

Return to system

view from public key

view

peer-public-key end

—

Assign a client public

key to an SSH user

ssh user username

assign rsa-key

keyname

Required

Keyname is the name of an

existing public key. If the user

has already been assigned with

a public key, the newly

assigned public key overwrites

the old one.

 Note:

z The above method requires you to transform the format of the public key on the

client, and then manually configure the transformed public key on the server. So, the

method is relatively more complex.

z If you use the ssh user username assign rsa-key command to assign an public

key for an inexistent SSH user, the system will create the SSH user automatically.

z When configuring the public key for a client manually, you can copy the local host

public key configuration on the client and then paste it to the server.

2) Automatic configuration

First, perform the following operations on a client:

z Use the SSH1.5/2.0 client software to randomly generate a RSA key pair.

z Use FTP/TFTP to transfer the corresponding public key file to the Flash memory of

the server.

Then, perform the following operations on the server:

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Table 1-8 Automatic configuration

Operation Command Description

Enter system view

system-view

—

Transform the format of

the key in a client public

key file and

automatically configure

a client public key on

the server

rsa peer-public-key

keyname import sshkey

filename

filename must be

consistent with the name

of a public key file in the

Flash memory.

 Note:

The above method does not require you to manually configure a public key. So the

method is relatively simple and is the recommended method.

VII. Specifying a source IP address/interface for the SSH server

You can perform the following configurations to specify a source IP address or a source

interface for the SSH server, thus enhancing traffic manageability.

Table 1-9 Specify a source IP address/interface for the SSH server

Operation Command Description

Enter system view

system-view

—

Specify a source IP

address for the SSH

server

ssh-server source-ip ip-address

Optional

Specify a source interface

for the SSH server

ssh-server source-interface

interface-type interface-number

Optional

1.1.3 Configuring the SSH Client

A variety of SSH client software are available, such as PuTTY and OpenSSH. For an

SSH client to establish a connection with an SSH server, you must complete these

configuration tasks:

z Specifying the IP address of the server.

z Selecting the protocol for remote connection as SSH. Usually, a client can use a

variety of remote connection protocols, such as Telnet, Rlogin, and SSH. To

establish an SSH connection, you must select SSH.

z Selecting the SSH version. Since the device supports SSH Server 2.0 now, select

2.0 or lower for the client.

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z Specifying the RSA private key file. On the server, if RSA authentication is

enabled for an SSH user and a public key is set for the user, the private key file

corresponding to the public key must be specified on the client. RSA key pairs are

generated by a tool of the client software.

The following takes the client software of PuTTY, PuTTYGen and SSHKEY as

examples to illustrate how to configure the SSH client:

I. Generating the Client Keys

To generate the client key pair, run PuTTYGen.exe, choose SSH-2 RSA under

Parameters and click Generate.

Figure 1-3 Generating the client keys (1)

Note that while generating the key pair, you must move the mouse continuously and

keep the mouse off the green process bar in the blue box of shown in

Figure 1-4.

Otherwise, the process bar stops moving and the key pair generating process is

stopped.

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Figure 1-4 Generating the client keys (2)

After the key pair is generated, click Save public key and enter the name of the file for

saving the public key (public in this case) to save the public key.

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Figure 1-5 Generating the client keys (3)

Likewise, to save the private key, click Save private key. A warning window pops up to

prompt you whether to save the private key without any precaution. Click Yes and enter

the name of the file for saving the public key (private in this case) to save the private

key.

Figure 1-6 Generating the client keys (4)

To generate RSA public key in PKCS format, run SSHKEY.exe, click Browse and

select the public key file, and then click Convert.

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Figure 1-7 Generating the client keys (5)

II. Specifying the IP address of the Server

Launch PuTTY.exe. The following window appears.

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Figure 1-8 SSH client configuration interface 1

In the Host Name (or IP address) text box, enter the IP address of the server, Note

that there must be a route available between the IP address of the server and the client.

III. Selecting the Protocol for Remote Connection

As shown in Figure 1-8, select SSH under Protocol.

IV. Selecting the SSH Version

From the category on the left pane of the window, select SSH under Connection. The

window as shown in

Figure 1-9 appears.

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Figure 1-9 SSH client configuration interface 2

Under Protocol options, select 2 from Preferred SSH protocol version.

 Note:

Some SSH client software, for example, Tectia client software, supports the DES

algorithm only when the ssh1 version is selected. The PuTTY client software supports

DES algorithm negotiation ssh2.

V. Opening an SSH Connection with RSA

If the client needs to use RSA authentication, you must specify the RSA private key file.

If the client needs to use password authentication, this is not required.

From the category on the left of the window, Select Connection/SSH/Auth. The

following window appears.

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Figure 1-10 SSH client configuration interface 3

Click Browse… to bring up the file selection window, navigate to the private key file and

click OK.

VI. Opening an SSH Connection with Password

1) From the window shown in Figure 1-10, click Open. The following SSH client

interface appears. If the connection is normal, you will be prompted to enter the

username and password, as shown in

Figure 1-11.

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Figure 1-11 SSH client interface

2) Enter the username and password to establish an SSH connection.

3) To log out, enter the quit command.

1.1.4 Configuring the Device as an SSH Client

When the device connects to the SSH server as an SSH client, you can configure the

SSH client to authenticate the SSH server during the first access.

z The first authentication means that when the SSH client accesses the server for

the first time and is not configured with the server host public key, the user can

choose to continue accessing the server and save the host public key on the client

for future authentication of the server.

z With first authentication not supported, the client cannot authenticate the server if

it is not configured with the server host public key. In this case, you must configure

the host public key of the server and specify the key name on the client

beforehand, so that the client can authenticate the server.

You can configure the client to use a specified IP address or interface to access the

SSH.

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H3C S3600 Series Operating instructions

H3C S3600 Series Operating instructions

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