Danfoss VLT 2800 (Legacy Product) Installation guide

Brand: Danfoss

Model: VLT 2800 (Legacy Product)

Type: Installation guide

This manual is also suitable for

VLT® 2800 Precise Stop

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

■ Introduction...........................................page 1

■ Precise Stop .........................................page 1

■ Typical application .................................page 3-4

■ Guidelines ..............................................page 4-7

■ Speed compensated Stop....................page 7

■ Typical application .................................page 8

■ Guidelines .............................................page 8-9

■ Counter Stop ........................................page 9

■ Guidelines .............................................page 10-11

■ Calculation of motor size ......................page 12-15

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

Precise Stop

Why precise stop?Why precise stop?

Why precise stop?

Packing or filling of containers are often done at high

speed with many start and stop sequences. It is

thus very important that you can rely upon that the

conveyor belt stops exactly where it should to

ensure that the container always has the right

position when assembling, filling etc. If that is not the

case, much waste and downtime of your plant

could be the costly result. If you use a standard

frequency converter the accuracy is determined by

the internal task time. That is not the case when

you use the precise stop function of the VLT 2800; it

eliminates the task time dependence and increases

the accuracy substantially. The precise stop function

is an open loop control.

The frequency converter, however, is not the only

component that limits the system capacity. For the

best possible solution it is important to take a look at

the whole system, both the mechanical part and

the electrical part.

Introduction

This note will give you the information you need to

use the functions of precise stop, speed

compensated stop and counter stop with VLT 2800

frequency converters. This document is to be used

as a suggestion only. Users must ensure that

installations meet national standards and are

suitable for the existing conditions.

The functions described are highly advantageous in

applications requiring high precision, for example in

food and beverage industries.

Examples of advantages:

· High repetition accuracy

· Speed independence

· Cost optimised solution

· Increased flexibility

· Less waste

· Uniform quality

Typical applications and instructions how to use the

functions are described in the following.

This note is intended for personnel familiar with the

VLT 2800 hardware and programming procedures

necessary to operate the VLT 2800. Your local

Danfoss Company shall of course be pleased to give

you any further explanation you may need.

■

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

Typical application

Figure 1 Typical use of precise stop function

In Figure 1 a conveyor belt takes a number of boxes

to a filling station. The conveyor belt is driven by an

asynchronous motor controlled by a VLT 2800. The

PLC gets a signal from a proximity sensor when the

next box is on its way. Then the PLC gives a stop

command to the frequency converter, and the next

box is brought forward. In this situation you are not

dependent on a constant distance between the

boxes, there will always be a box under the filler.

Precise placing of the box, however, depends on

the system.

Figure 2 Typical delays at precise stopAll components from the proximity sensor over the

PLC to the frequency converter cause delays. A

proximity sensor typically gives a delay between 0.5

and 10 ms depending on sensor principle and type.

The PLC delay is typically between 1 and 10 ms

depending on program size and structure. If the

delays are constant you can move the proximity

sensor until you have achieved an acceptable result.

However, it is important to consider any delay

tolerance value that should be kept as low as

possible.

■

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

Example 1:Example 1:

Example 1:

A conveyor belt runs at 1.0 m/s. The total delay of

the system has been measured to be 20 ms with a

tolerance of 10%. What is stop length and

accuracy? The belt runs 20 mm from the stop signal

has been given until standstill. This distance can be

adjusted by moving the proximity sensor 20 mm.

The tolerance is 10 % equal to 2 mm. The 2 mm

inaccuracy can only be eliminated by using a

positioning system like a VLT 5000 with Sync/pos

option.

The frequency converter tolerance is normally given

by its task time. For a VLT 2800 it is 13 ms.

However, by using its special precise stop function

the tolerance is independent of the task time

because the stop signal immediately interrupts the

execution of the frequency converter program. The

precise stop function gives a highly reproducible

delay of 20 ms from the stop signal is given until the

ramping down starts.

Figure 3 Ramp inaccuracy

Guidelines

In this section we go through the various factors to

be considered when using precise stop.

Ramps

To achieve the optimal precise stop it is important to

set the ramps correctly. If the ramping down is done

too quickly there will be very few ramp stages

resulting in a relatively high error contribution as

shown in Figure 3. To ensure optimum accuracy

there should be at least 10 cycles during ramping

down. Achievable VLT 2800 expressed in shaft

accuracy in degrees as function of ramp length is

indicated in table 1.

Ramp [ms] 50 150 3000

Accuracy [°] 33 23 9

able I able I

able I Accuracy at different ramps

The ramps of VLT 2800 refer to the rated motor

speed. Running at other speeds the system can be

further optimised by modifying the ramps according

to actual maximum speed.

■

Example 2:Example 2:

Example 2:

A 50 Hz motor runs at maximum 30 Hz. What must

the ramp of the frequency converter be

programmed for to ensure 10 cycles during ramping

down considering that the task time of the

frequency converter is 13 ms? As from 30 Hz the

ramping down must be done in at least 130 ms, so

the ramping down time of the frequency converter

must be programmed to be at least 5/3*130 = 217

ms.

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

Figure 5 Position accuracy

Figure 6 Stop accuracy for motor

Tolerances

The tolerance or the accuracy indicates how

precisely the frequency converter can stop the

motor. This is illustrated in Figure 5. In transport

applications the accuracy is normally given by a

length tolerance. For example, the conveyor belt

must stop within ± 2 mm. This accuracy is partly

influenced by the frequency converter’s ability to

stop the motor and partly by the mechanical gear

ratio from motor shaft to conveyor belt. This ratio

can either increase or reduce the inaccuracy. In

most cases, however, the inaccuracy will be

reduced by the gear ratio. See example 3 below.

The shaft position accuracy in degrees gives the

best indication of the basic accuracy of the

frequency converter and motor, as illustrated in

Figure 6. When the precise stop function of VLT

2800 is used the motor shaft accuracy is typically

better than ± 23°. Table II shows the typical

tolerance intervals for a VLT 2800 with precise stop

at ramp times of minimum 150 ms. The tolerance

will decrease with increasing ramp times, see Table I

above. The tolerance intervals are a measure of the

variance. This means that the shaft will in average

stop outside these intervals in 4.56 %, 0.26 % and

0.003 % (30 ppm) of the cases respectively.

Tolerance intervals

σ (95.44%) ± 23°

3σ (99.74%) ± 37°

6σ (99.997%) ± 82°

able II able II

able II Tolerance intervals

If the mechanical gear ratio, and pulley diameter is

known the accuracy can be converted to length

accuracy for the conveyor belt. See example 3

below.

A frequency converter with a task time of 2 ms will

give an inaccuracy of ± 1 ms corresponding to a

theoretical tolerance of ± 9° for a 4 pole

asynchronous motor at rated speed (1500 RPM).

Figure 4 The accuracy is dependent on the

number of samples.

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

Figure 7 Precise stop using creep speed

Creep speed contra precise stop

In some applications the stop accuracy can be

improved by using a creep speed. In such cases a

proximity sensor is passed when 95% of the

distance is completed. Then the belt is ramped

down to a considerably lower speed, e.g. 5% of

normal speed, then another sensor is passed and

the motor is stopped. This is illustrated in Figure 7.

Figure 7 shows the effect of using creep speed. The

hatched fields of Figure 7 show the stop length at

high and low speeds. The stop length and the

tolerance is much higher when ramping down from

Precise stop inverted versus precise start/stop

With VLT 2800 precise stop can be used in two

different ways. You can either choose Precise stop

inverted or Precise start/stop.

The start signal must be active during the

entire ramping up.

Precise stop inverted:

If terminal 18 or terminal 19 is programmed for

Precise stop inverted you can use a signal source

(sensor or PLC) with positive logic.

Precise start/stop:

If it is important also to have a precise start signal

you choose Precise start/stop. This could for

example be in applications where one movement

must be synchronised with another action, filling

dough on plates /putting cheese on pizzas for

instance. You can also use Precise start/stop if you

want to start and stop the frequency converter with

only one control wire.

full speed than when ramping down from creep

speed. It is thus possible to minimise the influence of

sensor and PLC delay tolerances by using a creep

speed.

The disadvantages of using creep speed are that

two proximity sensors are required and that the total

stop time and length are longer than at direct stop.

This means that the cycle time is increased and that

the efficiency of the machine is reduced. VLT 2800

with precise stop can often make it unnecessary to

use creep speed.

Example 4:Example 4:

Example 4:

The conveyor belt is the same as that used in

example 1. In example 4 a creep speed is used that

is 5% of rated speed. What is the stop length and

what is the accuracy? After having passed sensor 1

the belt runs 0.05 m/s. With a delay of 20 ms ±

10% this gives a stop length of 1 mm and a

tolerance of 0.1 mm. The stop length from the first

sensor is not considered. – Note the considerable

improvement compared to example 1.

Example 3:Example 3:

Example 3:

A VLT 2800 is connected to a gear motor with a

gear ratio of 3:1. The gear is connected to a

conveyor belt running 100 mm per revolution. How

precisely can this conveyor belt be stopped at 3

accuracy? The ± 37° from tabel II is converted to

length accuracy as follows:

37/360 x 1/3 x 100 mm = 3.5 mm.

This means that the belt will stop within ± 3.5 mm in

99.74 % of all cases.

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

Figure 8 Relevant DC braking parameters

Braking

Dynamic braking:

When braking loads of high inertia are used it may

be necessary to use a brake resistor with the

frequency converter. This makes it possible to

dissipate the surplus energy that arises during

braking. For further information about brake resistor

applications we refer to instruction MI.50.D2.

DC braking:

To optimise precision you can use DC- braking. This

function is integrated in the frequency converter. As

a DC voltage is applied to one motor winding there

will be a brake torque making it possible to brake

the motor at low speed (below 8% of rated speed).

The parameters to be programmed are shown in

Figure 8.

Using this function the conveyor belt can be brought

to standstill without help from the friction of the

application. This means higher accuracy, especially if

the natural friction is low.

Figure 9 Speed compensated stop

Speed compensated stopSpeed compensated stop

Speed compensated stop

Why speed compensated stop?Why speed compensated stop?

Why speed compensated stop?

Precise stop is only optimal when the operational

speed of the conveyor belt is constant. If you use

the same line for different products you will often

have to change the belt speed. In such cases you

cannot rely on the precise stop function to ensure

that work pieces are placed correctly. The reason is

that the stop length varies with the original speed.

To solve this problem it is necessary to compensate

for the actual speed. With VLT 2800 that is done by

using the function speed compensated stop. At

speeds below maximum speed the stop signal is

delayed internally before speed is reduced by the

programmed ramp. This is illustrated in Figure 9

where the stop length is the same at the two

speeds if the size of area 1 is the same as the sum

of areas 2 and 3. Speed compensated stop utilises

the precise stop function of VLT 2800.

■

122 Function at stop

(FUNCTION AT STOP)

123 Min.frequency for activation of function

at stop

(MIN.F.F.FUNC.STOP)

126 DC brake time

(DC BRAKING TIME)

127 DC brake cut-in frequency

(DC BRAKE CUT-IN)

132 DC brake voltage

(DC BRAKE VOLTAGE)

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

ypical applicationypical application

ypical application

Figure 10 shows a typical speed compensated stop

application. Dough is placed on the conveyor belt, a

belt takes the dough to a belt oven and from the

oven the belt leads the cakes through the packing

procedure. A flexible production plant that can

handle different types of products requires speed

changes of the conveyor belt. The time in the oven

depends for example of the cake size and type and

therefore the belt speed must be adjusted

accordingly. Without speed compensated stop the

distance between the cakes and capacity of the

plant will vary from cake type to cake type and it will

be necessary to move or adjust the proximity sensor

mechanically. Such mechanical adjustments reduce

the efficiency and flexibility of the plant. The speed

compensated stop function ensures that the

distance between the cakes is the same at all

speeds.

Figure 10 Typical speed compensated stop

application

GuidelinesGuidelines

Guidelines

In this section we go through the factors that must

be considered for speed compensated stop

applications. Please also consider the factors

mentioned under precise stop.

Speed reference

The delay is calculated on the basis of the reference

speed of the frequency converter and not on the

basis of the actual speed. Please therefore make

sure that the frequency converter has ramped up

before you activate the speed compensated stop.

The ramp delay is calculated relative to the

maximum output frequency programmed in

parameter 202.

Setting of ramp up time

The ramp up time may affect the accuracy of speed

compensated stop. Much too short ramps may

result in overshoot or ringing of the mechanical

system, as shown in Figure 11, or current limit in the

frequency converter. Such instability will of course

give rise to high inaccuracy. Increasing the ramp up

time can reduce overshoot and the risk of

resonance.

■

Figure 11 The ramp time is too short

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

If the frequency converter runs into current limit it

will try to increase the ramp time and this can have

the consequence that the belt has not reached the

desired speed when ramping down, and thus

introduce an inaccuracy. Appendix A gives more

details about this and a way to calculate the

required power as a function of the ramp time.

Sensor and PLC delay

The frequency converter can only compensate for

the inaccuracy that arises because of different stop

lengths during ramping down. Before the frequency

converter starts ramping down the belt runs a

distance, how long depends on the speed. The time

depends on the delay of the sensor and the PLC,

before the braking starts. To compensate for this

you can program parameter 349 for a total delay in

ms enabling the frequency converter to compensate

for this delay as well.

Speed compensated stop for commissioning

Commissioning is often done at a lower speed for

safety reasons. This makes it easier to see what is

going on. However, in some applications, for

example where the distance to be done must be

precise, it is not directly possible to use a lower

speed. In such cases the speed compensated stop

could be of great help by making commissioning

possible at low speed.

Counter stopCounter stop

Counter stop

Why counter stop?Why counter stop?

Why counter stop?

The VLT 2800 frequency converter can be

controlled via a pulse train. The frequency converter

counts the number of pulses, typically from an

encoder and generates a stop signal after a pre-

programmed number of pulses. The advantage of

using counter stop is that you get a direct feedback

from the process, for example from the conveyor

belt. In this case backlash and other mechanical

variations will not affect the accuracy. The control is

done in a closed loop. This is a one-way control

meaning that the motor will not be reversed if it

should run too far.

ypical applicationypical application

ypical application

VLT 2800 with counter stop is typically used in

applications requiring strict monitoring of the

distance done. Figure 12 shows an example of such

an application. A frequency converter controls the

feeding forward of paper, plastic foil etc. The

material is automatically cut in fixed lengths. On the

material there is a measuring wheel with an

incremental encoder. The output of the encoder is

connected with the counter input of the VLT 2800

frequency converter. This reduces waste and

makes the quality uniform.

Figure 12 Paper cutter

■

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

Example 8:

In an application like that shown in Figure 12 a reso-

lution of 0.5 mm is required. The measuring wheel

has a diameter of 100 mm. How many pulses must be

chosen for the incremental encoder? The perimeter

of the measuring wheel is 100 x π = 314 mm. The

number of pulses must therefore at least be: 314/

0.5 = 628 pulses corresponding to an encoder with

1024 pulses/revolution. If the forward speed for the

paper is 1 m/s, what type of output should be

selected? The wheel will rotate 1000/314 = 3.18

revolutions/s. This means that the frequency of the

encoder signal will max be 3.18

1024 = 3256 Hz.

An encoder with open collector output will thus be

sufficient.

Actual counter value

You can read the actual counter value in parameter

544 to check whether the frequency converter

registers the correct number of pulses on the pulse

input.

During commissioning it is also often useful to know

the counter value, for example, if mechanical

adjustments are based on the counter value.

Parameter 544 can be programmed into the user

defined quick menu so that the counter value can

be read directly from the frequency converter

display. Please consult the VLT 2800 Design Guide

for further information about how to program the

user defined quick menu.

With this function the ramp should also consist of at

least 10 cycles (130 ms).

Counter with or without reset

The desired counter value is programmed in

parameter 344. The maximum value is 100000.

You can choose whether you want the counter to

reset so that it starts from zero each time. If you

choose without reset the overrun value is stored in

the memory of the frequency converter and next

time the counter starts from this value. You can for

example use this function to compensate for the

extra distance done during ramping down and to

reduce the impacts of gradual wear of mechanical

parts.

PLC counter module

One of the advantages of using the built-in counter

is that a simpler and cheaper PLC without high

frequency input can be used.

Via the digital output the VLT can inform the PLC

whether it runs or has stopped. Such information is

for example required if one movement must be

synchronised with other events.

Choice of encoder

Different types of encoders are available. Primarily

we distinguish between absolute and incremental

encoders. Absolute encoders give a specific digital

value for each individual position of the shaft,

whereas an incremental encoder gives a number of

pulses per revolution (typically 512, 1024 or 4096 per

revolution).

GuidelinesGuidelines

Guidelines

In this section we go through the factors to be

considered for counter stop applications.

Start/stop and ramps

As counter stop works with the precise stop

function the VLT 2800 must be programmed for

precise start/stop as start input for the digital inputs

(terminal 18 or 19). The start signal must be active

on the digital input during ramping and be removed

before the end value is reached.

The output signal from an encoder is either of an

open collector or of a push-pull type. Open collector

outputs can be used up to 20 kHz with VLT 2800

frequency converters. If the pulse signal has a

higher frequency it is necessary to use a push-pull

output. The VLT 2800 accepts pulse inputs up to

67 kHz. The voltage level is either 5 VDC (TTL

levels, line driver) or 10-30V DC (HTL levels). For VLT

2800 encoders with HTL levels must be used.

■

The minimum frequency, the VLT 2800 can detect

on the pulse input, is 5 Hz.

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

Calculation of motor size

The output power available to accelerate the load is

often the limiting factor when motors are used in

applications with frequent starts and stops. The

frequency converter limits the applied output to

160% of rated motor output. However, a special

high torque mode can be programmed so that the

torque can be 180% for a short period of time (up to

0.5 s). With the VLT 2800 we have made this

limitation to protect the output of the frequency

converter against overload and the motor against

reaching the pull out torque.

When the frequency converter reaches the current

limit it will limit the ramp and try to ramp up at a

lower speed. This means that the conveyor belt

does not reach the required speed within the

programmed time. In connection with speed

compensated stop this can give rise to faults.

Contrary to expectation it could in such cases help

to increase the ramp time to make the belt reach

the expected speed, without reaching the current

limit.

For the time t

the belt will travel the distance:

max

The ramp of the frequency converter is limited so

that it will need a ramp of t

= k

to reach V

max

where k is a constant. This is illustrated in Figure 13.

The stop signal will come at the same distance as

the proximity sensor position is fixed. The

acceleration of the belt with the new ramp is:

max

The distance done at any time, t, during ramp up

can then be calculated as:

Figure 13Figure 13

Figure 13 Current limited ramp

1 V

max

2 2 k

The proximity sensor is reached when S

= S

1 V

max

⇔

= √k

2 k

And the speed at t

will be:

= a

max

√k

max

√ k

■■

■ Appendix A

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

ExampleExample

Example:

If the ramp is extended to

the double the speed will

only be 71% of the expected speed when the work

piece passes the proximity sensor, which is a

significant deviation.

In the following we go through how the necessary

motor output can be calculated in a typical

horisontal conveyor belt application. The distance

done and the material on the conveyor belt will vary

from application to application. The ramp time is

typically determined by the processing time, e.g.

expressed as a cycle time, whereas the maximum

belt speed is often limited by mechanical factors.

The conveyor belt has a total length of L, and

between the rolls there is a distance of dL. Each roll

weights M

, and has a radius of R. The total mass

on the conveyor belt is M and the belt/mass must

move the distance L

within the time t

, see Figure

14.

The frequency converter output to the motor/gear

shaft is: η

I, where η is the total motor and

gear efficiency, η = η

motor

. η

gear

The energy delivered to the conveyor belt during

acceleration is:

out

= η

dt = η

Max. speed belt, acceleration, force on the box,

and the maximum angular velocity of the rolls can

be calculated as follows:

⌠⌠

⌠

⌡⌡

⌡

FigurFigur

Figur

e 14e 14

e 14 Typical conveyor belt application

max =

;a =

;

0 t

F = M

a =

; ω

max

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

mass

+ E

conveyor

+ E

motor

= (P

mass

+ P

conveyor

+ P

motor) dt

• •

= (F + F

fric

) ⋅ R ⋅ ω + I

conveyor

⋅ ω ⋅ ω + I

motor

⋅ω ⋅ ω dt

= 4

max

+∑M

+ I

motor

⋅

max

⋅ ω

max

⋅

2 t

= 8

+∑M

+ I

motor

⋅

max

⋅ ω

max

⋅

2 t

0 2

+∑M

+ I

motor

⋅ 4

⋅

∑ M

motor

⋅

1 L

2 t

⌠⌠

⌠

⌡⌡

⌡

To accelerate the belt and the material on the belt

the following energy is required:

⌠⌠

⌠

⌡⌡

⌡

























⌠⌠

⌠

⌡⌡

⌡

































































































































As E

out

= E

mass

+ E

conveyor

+ E

motor

, and the

frequency converter can supply 160 % torque for up

to 60 s. the following calculation can be made:

As it will appear from the above the necessary

output power is highly dependent on the ramp time,

Example:Example:

Example:

A conveyor belt of 2 m, a roll distance of 10 cm and

a roll radius of 2.5 cm and a mass of 200 g per roll

transports a mass of 5 kg over a distance of 20 cm

within a given time. If it must be done as described

above in Figure 1 with a total motor and gear

efficiency of 0.85 and a moment of inertia of the

out

= E

mass

+ E

conveyor

+ E

motor

⇔⇔

⇔

1.6 ⋅ η ⋅ U ⋅ I ⋅

∑M

motor

⋅

⇔

2 t

2 R

2 t

⋅⋅

⋅ I = P

nom

1 L

2M +

motor

1.6 η t

2dL R

















































motor and gear of 0.02 kgm

the frequency

converter must supply the motor with an output

power as shown in Figure 15. It can be seen that

the output is very high for short ramps compared to

the output you would normally expect for such a

conveyor belt in steady state.

VLT 2800 Series - Precise Stop

MI.28.C1.02 - VLT is a registered Danfoss trademark

The frequency converter may thus reach the

current limit during acceleration if for instance a 0.75

kW frequency converter and motor are used. One

solution is to choose a frequency converter one size

larger than the motor to enable a higher power.

Caution should be paid not to exceed the pull out

torque of the motor.

Figure 15 Figure 15

Figure 15 Output required to accelerate a conveyor belt

Danfoss VLT 2800 (Legacy Product) Installation guide

Brand: Danfoss

Model: VLT 2800 (Legacy Product)

Type: Installation guide

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VLT® 2800 Precise Stop

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