Texas Instruments Stereo AGC Functionality for the TLV320AIC3254 Application notes

Brand: Texas Instruments

Model: Stereo AGC Functionality for the TLV320AIC3254

Type: Application notes

Application Report

SLAA474–October 2010

Stereo AGC Functionality for the TLV320AIC3254

Supriyo Palit, Jorge Arbona.............................................................................. Audio Converter Products

ABSTRACT

This report describes how to configure the TLV320AIC3254 (or AIC3254) very low-power stereo audio

codec for stereo automatic gain control (AGC) operation.

Contents

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1

2 Stereo AGC Recording Operation (STAGC_R) ......................................................................... 2

3 Stereo AGC Parameter Control ........................................................................................... 3

4 Using STAGC_R from Control Software ................................................................................. 6

5 Appendix A. STAGC_R Sample Initialization Script .................................................................. 11

6 Appendix B. STAGC_R Example Scripts .............................................................................. 12

List of Figures

1 Stereo AGC Operation ..................................................................................................... 2

2 STAGC_R Signal Chain.................................................................................................... 2

3 STAGC_R Gain Mismatch................................................................................................. 4

4 Stereo AGC Panel .......................................................................................................... 6

5 Left Channel (Blue) with Higher Input Level............................................................................. 6

6 Right Channel (Red) with Higher Input Level ........................................................................... 7

7 AGC Gain Indicator and AGC Max Gain Control ....................................................................... 7

8 Target Level and Noise Threshold Controls............................................................................. 8

9 Attack, Decay and Debounce Controls and Indicators................................................................. 8

10 AGC High-Pass Filter....................................................................................................... 8

11 AGC Averager............................................................................................................... 9

12 Controls Affected by Sample Rate Change ............................................................................. 9

13 DAC Gain Control ......................................................................................................... 10

1 Introduction

The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) channel for the AIC3254 provides an AGC function for recording.

AGC can be used to maintain a nominally-constant output level while recording. All the ADC processing

blocks (also known as PRBs) support this AGC functionality.

The AGC architecture supported in the PRBs provides independent control of the AGC function for the left

and right channels. For example, if the target AGC gain is –12 dB, the left channel signal level is –14 dB,

and the right channel signal level is –18 dB, the AGC will then bring both channel signals to –12 dB. The

gain applied to the left channel would be +2 dB while the gain applied to the right channel is +6 dB.

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AGC

Stereo

AGC

-14 dB

-12 dB

-14 dB

-18 dB

-12 dB

-16 dB

-18 dB

From Delta-Sigma

Modulator or

Digital Microphone

Filter A

From Digital

Volume Control

First-Order

IIR

AGC Gain

Compensation

Stereo AGC

To Audio

Interface

To Analog PGA

Stereo AGC Recording Operation (STAGC_R)

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In some applications, however, it is desirable to maintain the level difference between the left and right

channels while using AGC. This capability is also known as stereo AGC functionality. In stereo AGC, the

same gain is applied to both the left and right channels. In the above example, then, for stereo AGC

functionality, +2 dB will be applied to both channels. The left channel will move up to –12 dB, and the right

channel will move up to –16 dB. The relative level difference of 4 dB is maintained between the left and

the right channels.

Figure 1 shows the difference between normal AGC and stereo AGC operation.

Figure 1. Stereo AGC Operation

2 Stereo AGC Recording Operation (STAGC_R)

The signal chain for stereo AGC recording operation (STAGC_R) is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. STAGC_R Signal Chain

STAGC_R first applies the AGC algorithm on the channel that has the higher signal strength. The same

AGC gain will then be applied to the other channel. The difference in levels between the two channels will

be maintained at the AGC output.

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Stereo AGC Parameter Control

3 Stereo AGC Parameter Control

Stereo AGC controls both the left and right channel gains based on the maximum signal strength.

Therefore, when changing AGC parameters, it is important to maintain synchronization between the left

and right channel gains using a state-machine synchronizer. Otherwise, the left and right channel gain

controls become out of sync, and will never recover.

Consider an example. We assume that the stereo AGC is running in steady state and is applying the

same gain to the left and right channels. The user now wants to change the target gain for both channels.

The target gain values are located in two different registers: Page 0, Register 86, D6-D4 = target gain for

left channel; Page 0, Register 94, D6-D4 = target gain for right channel. There will be a slight time

difference between the programming of these register control bits. When the target gain for left channel

has been changed (and the target gain of the right channel is not yet changed), the left and the right

channel AGC state machines will behave differently, and will have a different gain value for each channel.

Subsequently, when the target gain for the right channel also changes, both the channel state machines

will start running in tandem; but the difference in gain values that was introduced during the transition

period will remain. This difference will result in a permanent mismatch of level differences between the two

channels at the AGC output. Figure 3 illustrates this effect.

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MISMATCH

-14 dB

-10 dB

-18 dB -18 dB

+4 dB

0 dB

Right Target Gain = 10 dB-

Left Target Gain = 10 dB-

Max (L,R) = Target Gain

Steady State...

At Steady State...

At Startup...

-14 dB

-10 dB

-18 dB -18 dB

+4 dB

0 dB

Right Target Gain = 10 dB-

Left Target Gain = 10 dB-

Max (L,R) = Target Gain

Right Target Gain Change...

-14 dB

-10 dB

-18 dB -18 dB

+4 dB

0 dB

Right Target Gain = 12 dB-

Left Target Gain = 10 dB-

Max (L,R) = Left Target Gain

-14 dB

-10 dB

-18 dB

-16 dB

+4 dB

+2 dB

Right Target Gain = 12 dB-

Left Target Gain = 10 dB-

Max (L,R) = Left Target Gain

Max (L,R) = Right Target Gain

Max (L,R) = Target Gain

-14 dB

-12 dB

-18 dB

-18 dB-18 dB

-12 dB

-16 dB

+2 dB

0 dB

Right Target Gain = 12 dB-

Left Target Gain = 10 dB-

Target Gain = 12 dB-

Max (L,R) Left Target Gain≠

Left Target Gain Change...

Stereo

AGC

Max (L,R) Target Gain≠

Max (L,R) Right Target Gain≠

Stereo AGC Parameter Control

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Figure 3. STAGC_R Gain Mismatch

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Stereo AGC Parameter Control

3.1 STAGC_R State Machine Synchronizer

To avoid the gain mismatch described in Section 3, a state machine synchronization sequence is required

when an AGC parameter changes on the fly. Table 1 describes this sequence.

Table 1. STAGC_R Synchronization Sequence

Step Description/Associated Registers

Mute ADC left and right channels This step ensures that the AGC state machine receives zero input.

• p0_r82_b7 = 1 (mute left ADC)

• p0_r82_b3 = 1 (mute right ADC)

Disable Noise Gate for left and right channels (If This step ensures that the AGC will perform gain control even with zero input.

originally enabled) The applied gain will continue to increase (because input is zero) until it

saturates to the maximum programmed AGC gain level.

• p0_r87_b5-b1 = 00000b (left channel ADC Noise Gate disable, store the

original value)

• p0_r95_b5-b1 = 00000b (right channel ADC Noise Gate disable, store

the original value)

Change desired AGC parameters

Read Left and Right AGC gain, and wait until they This step ensures that both the Left and the Right AGC state machines are

reach maximum programmed AGC gain synchronous with each other.

Flags(s):

• p0_r93_b7-b0 = Left Channel AGC Gain (= p0_r88_b6-b0, Left Channel

AGC Maximum Gain)

• p0_r101_b7-b0 = Right Channel AGC Gain (= p0_r96_b6-b0, Right

Channel AGC Maximum Gain)

Enable Noise Detection for left and right channels Register(s):

(If originally enabled)

• p0_r87_b5-b1 = Original Value

• p0_r95_b5-b1 = Original Value

Unmute ADC left and right channels The new AGC parameters are in effect. Because the unmute bits for the left

and the right ADC channels are in the same register, AGC state machine

synchronization is maintained.

• p0_r82_b7 = 0 (unmute left ADC)

• p0_r82_b3 = 0 (unmute right ADC)

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Using STAGC_R from Control Software

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4 Using STAGC_R from Control Software

STAGC_R can be evaluated with both the TLV320AIC3254EVM-K and TLV320AIC3254EVM-U control

software. This function can be accessed under miniDSP Apps > Stereo AGC, and is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Stereo AGC Panel

In Figure 5, two sinusoids of different amplitude and frequency are fed to each channel through the IN1

inputs. Figure 5 shows the absolute value of the processed waveform in decibels.

Figure 5. Left Channel (Blue) with Higher Input Level

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Using STAGC_R from Control Software

If the target level is set to –24 dB, the AGC will try to gain (or attenuate) the highest level signal to reach

the target level, assuming that the signal is already above the noise threshold. The AGC measures the

absolute average value (AAV) of the signal. Figure 5 shows the blue waveform with a peak level of

approximately –20 dB, which corresponds to a waveform with an AAV of –24 dB.

The signal with highest amplitude will dominate the AGC level detection. This effect is shown in Figure 6,

where the right channel (in red) increases at a level higher than the left channel (blue).

Figure 6. Right Channel (Red) with Higher Input Level

The AGC Max Gain slider, shown in Figure 7, can be modified to limit the amount of gain by which the

AGC PGA will increase. This parameter is useful in order to prevent signals that are closer to the noise

threshold from gaining too much when trying to reach the target level. The AGC gain flag shows the

current value of the AGC gain in real time, and can be enabled by checking the Enable Polling box (refer

to Figure 4).

Figure 7. AGC Gain Indicator and AGC Max Gain Control

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Using STAGC_R from Control Software

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The AGC will try to gain the PGA in order to reach the target level. However, as noted previously, the

target level may not be reached if the AGC Max Gain limits the PGA, or if the signal falls below the noise

threshold. Figure 8 shows the Target Level and Noise Threshold Controls.

Figure 8. Target Level and Noise Threshold Controls

The Attack, Decay, and Debounce parameters (shown in Figure 9) control the dynamic performance of the

AGC. The attack time controls how fast the AGC PGA decreases, while the decay time controls how fast

the AGC PGA increases. The signal debounce ignores sudden AAV transients above the noise threshold.

The noise debounce ignores sudden AAV transients below the noise threshold. Refer to the

TLV320AIC3254 product data sheet for additional details on AGC parameters.

Figure 9. Attack, Decay and Debounce Controls and Indicators

The AGC High-Pass Filter programs the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter shown in Figure 10. To

change the high-pass filter response, enter the center frequency, click Calculate Filter (which also shows

the response in the graph) and then click Download Filter. The AGC High-Pass Filter is typically used to

block dc offsets and low frequency transients.

Figure 10. AGC High-Pass Filter

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Using STAGC_R from Control Software

The AGC Absolute Averager (AAV) determines the average level of the input signal. The time constant of

the AAV can be set using the controls shown in Figure 11. Normally, the time constant should be

approximately 10 to 15 times slower than the time period of the lowest frequency in the signal. This slower

rate is required to prevent harmonic distortion of the signal. At the same time, however, the time constant

should not be too slow because it could start to modulate the output.

For example, if the lowest frequency is 300 Hz (time period = 3.3 ms), then the AAV time constant should

be between 30 ms to 50 ms.

Figure 11. AGC Averager

By changing the value of the sample rate control, all the time-dependent parameters (such as AGC HPF,

AGC Averager, Attack Time, Decay Time, and Debounce) are updated in the software graphical user

interface (or GUI; refer to Figure 4). Figure 12 shows the updated parameters for an 8-kHz sampling rate.

Note that changing the sample rate control only changes the indicators and coefficients for the parameters

noted here. The default script only supports 44.1-kHz and 48-kHz operation, but could be modified as

needed. To change the USB audio sample rate, see the Tools > EEPROM Writer panel in the software

GUI.

Figure 12. Controls Affected by Sample Rate Change

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Using STAGC_R from Control Software

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The initialization code also loops back the ADC data into the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) channel.

This feature allows the user to monitor the AGC performance through the headphone out jack. The DAC

Gain control (shown in Figure 13) adjusts the volume of the DAC output. It is recommended to not wear

headphones until the DAC gain is set to a comfortable listening level.

Figure 13. DAC Gain Control

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Appendix A. STAGC_R Sample Initialization Script

5 Appendix A. STAGC_R Sample Initialization Script

The script provided in Example 1 contains the miniDSP script required to use the STAGC_R function. In

most applications, it is not required to change STAGC_R parameters on the fly. Configuring these

parameters beforehand does not require the synchronization sequence as long as these parameters are

written before powering the LADC and RADC channels. The entire initialization script can be found in

C:\Program Files\Texas Instruments\AIC3254 CS\DATA\EVM\AIC3254\ST_AGC of the AIC3254 control

software.

Example 1. STAGC_R Sample Initialization Script

w 30 00 00 # Switch to Page 0

w 30 01 01 # Initialize the device through software reset

# PLACE MINIDSP CODE HERE

# PLACE DEVICE CONFIGURATION HERE

w 30 00 00 # Switch to Page 0

w 30 56 f3 # Enable left AGC, target level = -24 dB, Hysteresis = +/- 1.5dB

w 30 57 10 # Left AGC Noise Threshold = -60 dB

w 30 58 3c # Left AGC Max Gain = 30 dB

w 30 59 f8 # Left AGC Attack Time = 45 ms. (63*(32/Fs))

w 30 5a f8 # Left AGC Decay Time = 730 ms. (63*(512/Fs))

w 30 5b 0b # Left AGC Noise Debounce Time = 93 ms. (4096/Fs)

w 30 5c 08 # Left AGC Signal Debounce Time = 11 ms. (512/Fs)

w 30 5e f3 # Enable right AGC, target level = -24 dB, Hysteresis = +/- 1.5dB

w 30 5f 10 # Right AGC Noise Threshold = -60 dB

w 30 60 3c # Right AGC Max Gain = 30 dB

w 30 61 f8 # Right AGC Attack Time = 45 ms. (63*(32/Fs))

w 30 62 f8 # Left AGC Decay Time = 730 ms. (63*(512/Fs))

w 30 63 0b # Right AGC Noise Debounce Time = 93 ms. (4096/Fs)

w 30 64 08 # Right AGC Signal Debounce Time = 11 ms. (512/Fs)

w 30 51 c0 # Powerup ADC left and right channels

w 30 52 00 # Unmute ADC left and right channels

For both STAGC_R and standard AGC, the sequence given in Example 2 should be followed when

shutting down the ADCs.

Example 2. General ADC Channel Shutdown Procedure

…

# -- Disable AGCs

w 30 00 00 # Switch to Page 0

w 30 52 88 # Mute LADC/RADC to prevent gain change artifacts

w 30 57 00 # Disable LAGC noise gate

w 30 56 00 # Disable LAGC

w 30 5f 00 # Disable RAGC noise gate

w 30 5e 00 # Disable RAGC

# -- Power off ADCs

w 30 51 00 # Power off LADC/RADC

…

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Appendix B. STAGC_R Example Scripts

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6 Appendix B. STAGC_R Example Scripts

The script in Example 3 illustrates how to change the target level on the fly. These parameters are

assumed:

• LAGC/RAGC Max Gain = 30dB (p0_r88_b6-b0 / p0_r96_b6-b0)

• LAGC/RAGC Noise Threshold Enabled and set to -70dB (p0_r87_b5-b1 / p0_r95_b5-b1)

Example 3. STAGC_R Target Level Change Example

# -- A change in target level of -12dB is desired:

w 30 00 00 # Switch to Page 0

w 30 52 88 # Mute LADC/RADC

w 30 57 00 # Disable LAGC Noise Threshold, keep LAGC Hysteresis at 1dB

w 30 5F 00 # Disable RAGC Noise Threshold, keep RAGC Hysteresis at 1dB

w 30 56 B3 # Set LAGC Target Level = -12dB

w 30 5E B3 # Set RAGC Target Level = -12dB

f 30 5D 00111100 # Wait for LAGC Gain flag to reach LAGC Max Gain (00111100 = 30dB)

f 30 65 00111100 # Wait for RAGC Gain flag to reach LAGC Max Gain (00111100 = 30dB)

w 30 57 2A # Re-enable LAGC Noise Threshold = -70dB, keep LAGC Hysteresis at 1dB

w 30 5F 2A # Re-enable RAGC Noise Threshold = -70dB, keep RAGC Hysteresis at 1dB

w 30 52 88 # Un-mute LADC/RADC

The script presented in Example 4 can be executed afterwards if it is desired to change the STAGC_R

Maximum Allowed Gain to 40 dB (instead of 30 dB).

Example 4. STAGC_R Maximum Allowed Gain Change Example

# -- A change in maximum AGC allowed gain of 40dB is desired:

w 30 00 00 # Switch to Page 0

w 30 52 88 # Mute LADC/RADC

w 30 57 00 # Disable LAGC Noise Threshold, keep LAGC Hysteresis at 1dB

w 30 5F 00 # Disable RAGC Noise Threshold, keep RAGC Hysteresis at 1dB

w 30 58 50 # Set LAGC Max Gain = 40dB

w 30 60 50 # Set RAGC Max Gain = 40dB

f 30 5D 01010000 # Wait for LAGC Gain flag to reach LAGC Max Gain (01010000 = 40dB)

f 30 65 01010000 # Wait for RAGC Gain flag to reach LAGC Max Gain (01010000 = 40dB)

w 30 57 2A # Re-enable LAGC Noise Threshold = -70dB, keep LAGC Hysteresis at 1dB

w 30 5F 2A # Re-enable RAGC Noise Threshold = -70dB, keep RAGC Hysteresis at 1dB

w 30 52 88 # Un-mute LADC/RADC

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Appendix B. STAGC_R Example Scripts

Note that it is not necessary to perform this sequence for each parameter individually. A group of

parameters can be grouped together as long as the sequence described in Table 1 is followed. This

approach is shown in Example 5, where all the AGC parameters are programmed. Note that the MCU

should keep track of the STAGC_R Max Gain programmed in Registers 0x58 and 0x60 when reading

Registers 0x5D and 0x65, as shown below.

Example 5. STAGC_R All Parameter Change

# -- Mute ADCs and disable noise threshold:

w 30 00 00 # Switch to Page 0

w 30 52 88 # Mute LADC/RADC

w 30 57 40 # Disable LAGC Noise Threshold, Hysteresis = 2dB

w 30 5F 40 # Disable RAGC Noise Threshold, Hysteresis = 2dB

# -- Begin STAGC_R parameter change

w 30 56 12 # Set LAGC Target Level = -8dB, Gain Hysteresis = 1dB

w 30 5E 12 # Set RAGC Target Level = -8dB, Gain Hysteresis = 1dB

w 30 58 28 # Set LAGC Max Gain = 20dB

w 30 60 28 # Set RAGC Max Gain = 20dB

w 30 59 10 # Set LAGC Attack = 5*32 ADC_FS cycles, scale factor = 1

w 30 61 10 # Set RAGC Attack = 5*32 ADC_FS cycles, scale factor = 1

w 30 5A 10 # Set LAGC Decay = 5*512 ADC_FS cycles, scale factor = 1

w 30 62 10 # Set RAGC Decay = 5*512 ADC_FS cycles, scale factor = 1

w 30 5B 01 # Set LAGC Noise Debounce = 4 ADC_FS cycles

w 30 63 01 # Set RAGC Noise Debounce = 4 ADC_FS cycles

w 30 5C 01 # Set LAGC Signal Debounce = 4 ADC_FS cycles

w 30 64 01 # Set RAGC Signal Debounce = 4 ADC_FS cycles

# -- End STAGC_R parameter change

f 30 5D 00101000 # Wait for LAGC Gain flag to reach LAGC Max Gain (00101000 = 20dB)

f 30 65 00101000 # Wait for RAGC Gain flag to reach LAGC Max Gain (00101000 = 20dB)

w 30 57 74 # Re-enable LAGC Noise Threshold = -80dB, Hysteresis = 2dB

w 30 5F 74 # Re-enable RAGC Noise Threshold = -80dB, Hysteresis = 2dB

w 30 52 88 # Un-mute LADC/RADC

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Texas Instruments Stereo AGC Functionality for the TLV320AIC3254 Application notes

Texas Instruments Stereo AGC Functionality for the TLV320AIC3254 Application notes

Texas Instruments Stereo AGC Functionality for the TLV320AIC3254 Application notes

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