Electro-Voice X-Array Xi Series Flying Owner's manual

Brand: Electro-Voice

Model: X-Array Xi Series Flying

Type: Owner's manual

Electro-Voice X-Array Xi Series Flying is a loudspeaker system designed for professional audio applications. It features a two-point flying system that allows for quick assembly and flexible vertical angling of the cabinets. The rigging hardware is made of high-strength aluminum alloy and includes L-track rigging hardware, grid-strap assemblies, linking strap assemblies, and swivel-ring fitting assemblies. The system is designed to support heavy loads and meets all current federal, state, and local regulations.

X-Array Install™ - Xi

LOUDSPEAKER

SYSTEM

FLYING MANUAL

THE X-ARRAY

INSTALL SYSTEM

WARNING

This manual details general rigging practices ap-

propriate to the sound industry, as they would apply

to the rigging of Electro-Voice X-Array Install™

Xi loudspeaker systems. It is intended to familiarize

the reader with standard rigging hardware and tech-

niques for suspending those loudspeaker systems

overhead. Only persons with the knowledge of proper

hardware and safe rigging techniques should at-

tempt to suspend any sound systems overhead.

Prior to suspending any Electro-Voice Xi loudspeaker

systems overhead, it is essential that the user be

familiar with the strength ratings, rigging techniques

and special safety considerations outlined in this

manual. The rigging techniques and practices rec-

ommended in this manual are, of necessity, in

general terms to accommodate the many variations

in loudspeaker arrays and rigging configurations. As

such, the user is expressly responsible for the safety

of all specific Xi loudspeaker-array designs and

rigging configurations as implemented in practice.

All of the general rigging material contained in this

manual is based on the best available engineering

information concerning materials and practices as

commonly recognized in the United States, and is

believed to be accurate at the time of the original

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................

1.1 The Flying Xi Loudspeaker Systems ....................................................................................................3

II. BASIC XI RIGGING PRIMER ........................................................................................................................2

2.1 Anatomy of an Xi Flying System...........................................................................................................3

2.2 The Rigging Hardware ..................................................................................................................................3

2.3 The Xi Flying Concept ..........................................................................................................................7

2.3.1 Acoustical Considerations ........................................................................................................7

2.3.2 Practical Considerations ...........................................................................................................7

III . ASSOCIATED RIGGING HARDWARE FOR FLYING XI LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS ..............................9

3.1 Grids and Associated Hardware...........................................................................................................9

IV. Rigging Strength Ratings, Safety Factors and Special ..............

Special Safety Considerations..................................................................................................................10

4.1 Strength Ratings and Safety Factors....................................................................................................9

4.2 Special Safety Considerations for Xi Loudspeaker Arrays .................................................................10

4.3 Special Safety Considerations for Rigging Strap Assemblies.............................................................12

4.3.1 Redundant Attachment Points................................................................................................12

4.3.2 Special Considerations for Polyester Webbing.......................................................................12

4.4 Special Safety Considerations for Grid & Building Structural Supports ..............................................12

V. RIGGING INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE AND PRECAUTIONS .................................................................

5.1 Xi System Components......................................................................................................................12

5.1.1 Xi Loudspeaker Systems........................................................................................................12

5.1.2 Rigging Strap Assemblies ......................................................................................................12

5.2 Associated Hardware .........................................................................................................................13

5.2.1 Grid Assembly ........................................................................................................................13

5.2.2 Chain Hoists ...........................................................................................................................13

5.2.3 Building Structural Supports ...................................................................................................13

5.2.4 Mechanical Components ....................................................................................................... 13

Appendices ..........................................................................................................................................................

A. Xi Rigging Accessories ........................................................................................................................14

B. References ..........................................................................................................................................14

B.1 Acoustical References ..............................................................................................................14

B.2 Mechanical References ............................................................................................................14

printing. As such the information may not be directly

applicable in other countries. Furthermore the regula-

tions and requirements governing rigging hardware

and practices may be superseded by local regula-

tions. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that

any Electro-Voice loudspeaker system is suspended

overhead in accordance with all current federal,

state and local regulations.

All specific material concerning the strength ratings,

rigging techniques and safety considerations for the

Xi loudspeaker systems is based on the best avail-

able engineering information concerning the use

and limitations of the products. Electro-Voice

continually engages in testing and research and

development of its loudspeaker products. As a

result, the specifications are subject to change

without notice. It is the responsibility of the user to

ensure that any Electro-Voice loudspeaker system

is suspended overhead in accordance with the

strength ratings, rigging techniques and safety

considerations given in this applications manual

and any manual update notices. All associated non-

Electro-Voice rigging hardware used for suspending

any X-Array Install™ Xi loudspeaker systems over-

head is expressly the responsibility of others.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Flying Xi Loudspeaker Systems

The flying versions of the X-Array Install™ loud-

speaker systems all incorporate a unique two-point

flying system that consists of two lengths of heavy-

duty, L-track, aircraft-type rigging hardware on the

top and bottom of each enclosure. The design

allows arrays to be assembled very quickly, and

offers such flexibility in the vertical angling of the

cabinets that pull-up points are usually unneces-

sary. Furthermore, the cabinets may be oriented

with the rigging track on the top and bottom of the

enclosure or on the sides of the enclosure. For fire

safety and additional structural strength in both

flying orientations, top-to-bottom and side-to-side

metal straps link the rigging track assemblies inside

the enclosure. In addition, a line of flying hardware

accessories is available for use with the Xi loud-

speaker systems from Sound Manufacturing, Inc.

(See Appendix A for available rigging accessories.)

II. BASIC XI RIGGING PRIMER

2.1 Anatomy of an Xi Flying System

A basic two-cabinet flying system is shown in Figure

2.1a, illustrating the integral components that make

up a typical Xi loudspeaker array, where the

enclosures are oriented with the rigging hardware on

the top and bottom of the enclosures. A similar two-

cabinet system is shown in Figure 2.1b where the

enclosures are oriented with the rigging hardware on

the sides of the enclosures. The top cabinets are the

starting points for constructing the arrays in both

examples. These cabinets are first secured to a grid

through the use of two grid straps per cabinet. (The

GS-1B grid straps are recommended.) The Xi enclo-

sures are equipped with two pieces of track, which

have multiple positions where the grid straps may be

attached. The linear positioning of the attachment

points along the track (front-to-back) determines the

vertical angling of the enclosure. The remaining

ends of the grid straps are then secured to cross

members of a grid. The relative positioning of the

straps along the cross members of the grid (front to

back) determine the relative horizontal splay angle

between two adjacent columns of enclosures.

A second row of enclosures may be added below the

original two by utilizing linking straps that attach from

the lower track pieces of the top enclosures to the

upper track pieces of the bottom enclosures. (LS-1B,

LS-2B and LS-3B linking straps, each a different

length, are recommended.) Additional cabinets may

be hung in succession in this fashion, as long as the

load on any of the enclosures or rigging straps does

not exceed their working-load-limit rating. The loud-

speaker/array/grid assembly is then raised into posi-

tion by a motorized chain hoist (or hoists) of sufficient

load rating. Note that the weight of such an array can

be quite substantial and the building structural sup-

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

ports to which the hoists are attached must be

capable of supporting such a load with a sufficient

safety factor. In permanent installations, the chain

hoists are often eliminated, with the grid assembly

being secured directly to the building structure. The

reader is referred to Chapters IV and V of this manual

for a detailed discussion of the structural strength

ratings of the Xi loudspeakers and L-track rigging

accessories, and information on how to safely sus-

pend Xi loudspeaker systems overhead.

2.2 The Rigging Hardware

The Xi flying system utilizes the highest-tech air-

craft-type hardware available for securing heavy

loads. Four pieces of heavy-duty, aircraft-type,

“L-Track” rigging hardware, specially machined ex-

trusions of very-high-strength, aluminum-alloy ma-

terial, are mounted in each enclosure. The track

pieces are secured to high-strength, aluminum-alloy

brackets that are an integral part of the Xi flying

enclosure. Enclosure dimensions and rigging track

locations are shown in Figure 2.2 for all of the Xi

loudspeaker systems.

For attachment to the track, the GS-1B grid-strap

assembly, the LS-1B, LS-2B and LS-3B linking strap

assemblies, the RS-1B double-stud, swivel-ring fit-

ting assembly and the RS-2B single-stud, swivel-

ring fitting assembly are available from Sound

Manufacturing, Inc. (See Appendix A for details.)

These assemblies, shown in Figure 2.3, have been

specifically designed for optimal implementation of

the Electro-Voice L-track flying systems. The GS-1B

includes a double-stud, swivel-ring fitting on one end

for attachment to the enclosure and a safety hook on

the other end. The safety hook may be attached to

5/8-inch shackles, or may be secured directly to the

grid through a 7/8-inch diameter hole in the grid

bar-stock material. The LS-1B, LS-2B and LS-3B

have double-stud swivel-ring fillings on both ends for

linking two Xi enclosures together. The GS-1B,

LS-1B and LS-2B rigging straps utilize polyester-

webbing strap material. Polyester webbing was cho-

sen for its tremendous strength and because of its

dynamic flexing capabilities. The force from any

sudden jolt or shift in the load is absorbed by the strap

rather than transmitted directly to the loudspeaker

enclosure. In addition, polyester webbing is a flexible

material that is easy to handle. The user is cau-

tioned, however, that in certain permanent-installa-

tion applications, the polyester material may not

meet local fire regulations. The user is also cau-

tioned that polyester material will deteriorate with

extended exposure to ultraviolet light (direct sun-

light) or to hot, dry environments, resulting in re-

duced strength capability. In such instances, wire-rope

or chain assemblies must be substituted. The RS-1B

double-stud fitting and the RS-2B single-stud fitting

both attach to the Xi enclosure rigging track, and

have swivel rings that are suitable for attachment to

various standard rigging hardware. The user may

Figure 2.1—Typical Xi Flying System

Figure 2.1a—Rigging Hardware on the Top and

Bottom of the Enclosures

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

HOIST MOTOR

WIRE ROPE SLING

5/8" SHACKLE

GRID

GS-1B

LS-3B

HOIST MOTOR

WIRE ROPE SLING

5/8" SHACKLE

GRID

GS-1B

LS-1B

HOIST MOTOR

LS-3B

GS-1B

GRID

5/8" SHACKLE

WIRE ROPE SLING

LS-1B

GS-1B

HOIST MOTOR

GRID

5/8" SHACKLE

WIRE ROPE SLING

use the RS-1B and RS-2B to construct wire-rope or

chain rigging assemblies. In addition, the Xi enclo-

sure rigging track will also accept the New Haven

Figure 2.1b—Rigging Hardware on the Sides of the

Enclosures

NH32102-2 double-stud swivel-ring fillings and the

New Haven NH8192-2S or Ancra 42546-10 single-

stud swivel-ring fillings.

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

Figure 2.2—Xi Dimensions, Weight, Rigging Location and Center of Gravity

Notes:

All Linear Dimensions in Inches

All Angles in Degrees

All Weights in Pounds

Rigging Attachment Points Every

1.0 Inches Along Track

Front & Rear Rigging Locations

Shown for Double-Stud Fittings

Single-Stud Fitting Locations

Shifted Linearly +/-0.5 Inches

Xi-1191

Xi-2153/64

Xi-2183/64

Xi-1153/64

Xi-1183/64

Xi-2123/94

Xi-1123/94

Xi-1152/64

Xi-1152/94

Xi-1122/85

System

36.000

48.539

36.000

—

29.875

23.000

Dim "A"

Height

29.875

—

16.281

14.000

Dim "B"

Total Depth

28.867

—

15.255

13.269

Dim "C"

Side Depth

23.072

—

17.733

14.748

Dim "D"

Front Width

13.928

—

9.750

7.844

Dim "E"

Rear Width

9.0

—

15.0

Dim "F"

Side Angle

16.813

24.270

17.969

—

15.406

12.438

Dim "G"

From Bottom

16.081

15.433

14.815

—

7.878

7.788

Dim "H"

From Back

2.806

—

2.544

Dim "I"

Rear Point

18.806

—

9.544

8.544

Dim "J"

Front Point

150

250

205

—

Dim "H"

Front Point

Weight

Enclosure

Center of Gravity

Rigging Track

"F" TYP.

"D"

"J" TYP

"I" TYP

"E"

"A"

"G"

"H"

"B"

"C"

1.896 TYP.

1" TYP.

"J" TYP

"I" TYP

"D"

"F" TYP.

"C"

"E"

1.896 TYP.

1" TYP.

"A"

"G"

"H"

"B"

Figure 2.3—The Xi L-Track Rigging Accessories

GB-1B Linking Strap (with Double-Stud Fitting)

LB-1B Linking Strap (with Double-Stud Fitting)

LB-2B Linking Strap (with Double-Stud Fitting)

LS-3B Linking Strap (with Double-Stud Fitting)

RB-1B Swivel-Ring Fitting (with Double-Stud Fitting)

RS-2B Swivel-Ring Fitting (with Single-Stud Fitting)

The user is cautioned that the structural strength

ratings of the single-stud fittings are approximately

one half that of the double-stud fittings. These lower

ratings, however, are completely sufficient for sus-

pending lighter loads overhead (for example, when

flying one or two of the smaller/lighter Xi loud-

speaker systems in permanent installations), mak-

ing the single-stud fittings attractive lower-cost

alternatives to the double-stud fittings. The reader is

referred to Chapters IV and V of this manual for a

detailed discussion of the structural strength ratings

of the Xi loudspeakers and L-track rigging accesso-

ries, and information on how to safely suspend

Xi loudspeaker systems overhead.

To attach the double-stud, swivel-ring fittings (as

shown in Figure 2.4a) to the enclosure rigging track,

push in the spring-loaded safety locking pin and lift

the outer locking ring over the pin. Continue to lift

the locking ring until the two studs on the bottom of

the fitting are fully exposed. Insert the two round feet

of the studs into the round cutouts in the track and

slide the fitting to the desired position. Center the

main body of the fitting over one of the track cutouts,

Figure 2.4b—Single-Stud Fitting

with the feet located on either side (i.e., with the stud

feet positioned directly under the teeth of the track).

Release the outer locking ring. The round protrusion

on the bottom of the fitting should lock into the round

cutout in the track with the locking ring retracting to

its normal position, allowing the safety locking pin to

reappear and extend over the locking ring. If the

fitting does not lock into the track, nudge it along the

track and wiggle as necessary until it settles into

position. If the outer locking ring does not fully

retract, push the ring towards the track until the

safety pin reappears and extends over the locking

ring. When locked, the fitting will be immovable in

the track and the locking ring of the fitting may not be

lifted. To remove the fitting, reverse the procedure.

ALWAYS CHECK TO MAKE SURE THAT THE

FITTING IS SECURELY LOCKED INTO THE

TRACK, AND THAT THE SAFETY PIN IS EX-

TENDED OVER THE LOCKING RING BEFORE

LIFTING ANY LOUDSPEAKER ENCLOSURE

OVERHEAD.

Figure 2.4—The Double- and Single-Stud Ring Fittings

Figure 2.4a—DoubIe-Stud Fitting

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

LOCKING

FITTING

BODY

STUD

FEET

LOCKING

FITTING

BODY

STUD

FOOT

LOCKING

RING

To attach the single-stud, swivel-ring fittings (as

shown in Figure 2.4b) to the enclosure rigging track,

remove the safety locking pin and lift the fitting body

over the hole for the locking pin. Continue to lift the

fitting body until the stud on the bottom of the fitting

is fully exposed. Insert the round foot of the stud into

a round cutout in the track and slide the fitting to the

desired position. Center the main body of the fitting

over one of the track teeth (i.e. with the stud foot

positioned directly under one tooth of the track).

Release the fitting body. The body of the fitting

should lock into the round cutouts in the track with

the fitting body retracting to its normal position,

allowing the hole for the safety locking pin to reap-

pear. If the fitting does not lock into the track, nudge

it along the track and wiggle as necessary until it

settles into position. If the fitting body does not fully

retract, push the body towards the track until the

hole for the safety pin reappears. Install the safety

locking pin into the hole in the shaft. When locked,

the fitting will be immovable in the track and the body

of the fitting may not be lifted. To remove the fitting,

reverse the procedure. ALWAYS CHECK TO MAKE

SURE THAT THE FITTING IS SECURELY

LOCKED INTO THE TRACK, AND THAT THE

SAFETY PIN IS INSTALLED BEFORE LIFTING

ANY LOUDSPEAKER ENCLOSURE OVERHEAD.

2.3 The Xi Flying Concept

2.3.1 Acoustical Considerations

The Xi systems lend themselves to easy array

construction. All of the Xi loudspeaker systems use

the same L-track rigging hardware on the enclo-

sures, and may be oriented with the rigging track

either on the top and bottom of the cabinets or on the

sides of the cabinets. All of the full-range Xi systems

have trapezoidal enclosures, enabling high-density,

point-source arrays. The horns in many of the full-

range Xi systems are rotatable, allowing the cabi-

nets to be oriented for optimal physical installation

and the coverage pattern to be oriented for optimal

acoustic performance. Many of the Xi systems have

the same dimensions, facilitating ease of rigging

and a consistent cosmetic appearance. With grilles

in place, the Xi subwoofer systems are indistin-

guishable from the large Xi full-range systems,

allowing the option of either flying the subwoofers or

stacking them on the floor, or even a combination of

the two, while still preserving the uniform appear-

ance of both the ground stack and the flown array.

When designing an Xi loudspeaker array, three

primary acoustic goals should be kept in mind. First,

the array should be designed so that the acoustic

energy is directed at the audience and away from

reflecting surfaces outside the listening area. This

maximizes the intelligibility and clarity throughout

the listening area. Second, the array should be

designed to achieve even coverage throughout the

audience. This ensures consistent levels and sound

quality throughout the listening area. Third, the array

should be designed to achieve the required sound-

pressure levels throughout the audience. This also

maximizes the intelligibility and clarity throughout

the listening area. The key to achieving these three

goals is to select the Xi loudspeaker system with

appropriate coverage patterns and acoustic-output

capabilities, orient the enclosures and coverage

patterns for optimal array performance, and accu-

rately aim the systems in the array. The reader is

referred to Appendix B.1 for a list of references

covering the topics of acoustics and loudspeaker

array design.

Because sound coming from numerous loudspeak-

ers should arrive at any seat at the same time, the

speakers in an array should be curved as if mounted

on the outside of an imaginary sphere. The loud-

speakers should be close-spaced to minimize lobing

and maximize coupling and each speaker must be

accurately aimed. The apparent source then be-

comes the single point at the center of the sphere.

The horizontal array curve is simply achieved by

hanging the cabinets closely spaced, aimed out-

ward at diverging angles. Achieving the vertical

array curve is a bit more complex to obtain.

The Xi loudspeaker systems utilize a unique two-

point suspension system (shown in Figure 2.1) that

can achieve all of the design criteria for a true point-

source array. To tilt an Xi loudspeaker system

downward, the rigging straps at the top of that

cabinet are shifted along the rigging track towards

the rear of the enclosure. To align the top-rear

corner of an Xi cabinet with the bottom-rear corner

of an Xi cabinet above it, the rigging straps at the

bottom of the upper cabinet are shifted along the

rigging track until the rear corners of the adjacent

cabinets are in alignment. A number of examples

are presented in the following section that demon-

strate both the mechanical and acoustical aspects

of an array design with the Xi loudspeaker systems.

2.3.2 Practical Considerations

The vertical angle of the flying Xi loudspeaker sys-

tem may be adjusted by choosing different positions

of attachment along the rigging track on the cabinet.

There are a number of attachment points allowing

for a wide variety of angles. Although the center of

gravity is slightly different for each of the systems,

the balancing concept is the same. The further the

top attachment point is towards the back of the

cabinet, the greater the downward angle, as shown

in Figure 2.5. As the attachment point is moved

forward, the cabinet will have less downward angle

and, at the furthest point forward, will have an

upward tilt. This principle holds true when hanging

any of the Xi systems in either rigging orientation

(rigging track on the top and bottom, or on the sides).

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

Figure 2.5—Balancing the Xi Loudspeaker Systems

Figure 2.5a—Rigging Hardware on the Top and

Bottom of the Enclosures

Figure 2.5b—Rigging Hardware on the Sides of the

Enclosures

Vertical arrays are constructed by hanging Xi sys-

tems from one another in succession. Both the

curvature of the array and the angles of the indi-

vidual cabinets are controlled by the rigging attach-

ment positions. The shape of the array curve is

determined by the position on the lower track of an

already hanging cabinet from which the next cabinet

is hung, the further back the attachment point is on

the upper box, the further back the lower cabinet is

shifted and, hence, the greater the curvature of the

array. The goal is to have the back, top and bottom

edges to adjacent cabinets in alignment. Hanging

one cabinet from another affects the angle of the

first. This is best demonstrated in an example. In

Figure 2.6a, one Xi enclosure is hung so that it points

straight ahead and a second is added below. The

addition of the second enclosure causes the top

cabinet to point upward. Shifting the upper attach-

ment point of the first cabinet back, as shown in

Figure 2.6b, counteracts the additional load and

results in the upper cabinet pointing straight ahead

again. Note that this change has no affect on the

angle of the lower cabinet. Additional Xi enclosures

may be hung in succession in this fashion, creating

a tall vertical line array (as long as the working-load-

limit of all of the mechanical components are not

exceeded and a sufficient safety factor is main-

tained throughout the array).

With the Xi loudspeaker systems oriented with the

rigging track on the top and bottom of the cabinets,

a short rigging strap is used between the cabinets to

minimize the spacing between the systems. Typi-

cally, the LS-3B is used for this task. If, however,

Xi enclosures having different dimensions are hung

from one another (an Xi-1122 suspended beneath

an Xi-1191, for example), a longer strap would be

required to accommodate the different distances In

width between the rigging tracks. In this instance,the

LS-1 B could be employed. Another option would be

to use two RS-1B double-stud swivel-ring fittings

linked with a threaded-chain connector or a carabiner

snap hook. (The RS-2B single-stud-ring fittings could

be used in lighter-weight applications.)

With the Xi loudspeaker systems oriented with the

rigging track on the sides at the cabinets, a longer

rigging strap is required between the cabinets to

minimize the spacing between the systems. Typi-

cally, the LS-1B is used for this task. If, however,

Xi enclosures having different dimensions are hung

from one another (an Xi-1122 suspended beneath

an Xi-1191, for example), a longer strap would be

required to accommodate the different distances in

width between the rigging tracks. In this instance,

the LS-2B could be employed. Another option would

be to use two RS-1B double-stud-ring fittings linked

with a wire-rope assembly. (The RS-2B single-stud-

ring fittings could be used in lighter-weight applica-

tions.)

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

Figure 2.6—Interaction Between Flown Cabinets

Figure 2.6a—Adding a Bottom Cabinet Affects the

Top Cabinet

Figure 2.6b—After Readjusting the Top Cabinet

III. ASSOCIATED RIGGING HARDWARE

FOR FLYING XI LOUDSPEAKER

SYSTEMS

3.1 Grids and Associated Rigging Hardware

The GS-1B, LS-1B, LS-2B, LS-3B, RS-1B and

RS-2B rigging accessories described throughout

this manual for use with the flying Xi loudspeaker

systems are available from Sound Manufacturing,

Inc. (See Appendix A for details.)

Electro-Voice does not manufacture grids or any of

the other associated hardware required for sus-

pending Xi loudspeaker arrays overhead. In the

case of both permanent-installation and touring-

sound applications, it is generally most efficient and

cost effective to design a support system specific to

the application, taking into account the loudspeaker

array requirements. In some permanent installa-

tions, it may even be possible in some circum-

stances to eliminate the grid and secure the

loudspeakers directly to the building structural sup-

ports. The sound-system designer is instructed to

evaluate each individual circumstance and design a

support system tailored to the specific application.

To aid rigging designers, the user is directed to two

companies that manufacture and sell generalized

and semi-custom rigging hardware and accessories

for flying loudspeaker systems - ATM Fly-Ware™

and Sound Manufacturing, Inc. (See Appendix A for

details on how to contact these companies.)

Attention: All associated non-Electro-Voice rigging

hardware used for suspending any X-Array Install™

(Xi) loudspeaker systems overhead is expressly the

responsibility of others.

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

IV. STRENGTH RATINGS, SAFETY

FACTORS AND SPECIAL SAFETY

CONSIDERATIONS

4.1 Strength Ratings and Safety Factors

Electro-Voice provides strength ratings for the

Xi loudspeaker systems in terms of the working-

load-limit rating based on an 8:1 minimum safety

factor. The working-load-limit rating is defined as

the maximum allowable force that may be applied to

the mechanical component. The rated safety factor

is defined as the ratio of the ultimate-break-strength

rating to the working-load-limit rating. The ultimate-

break-strength rating represents the force applied to

a mechanical component at which the component

will structurally fail. As such, the force that would

result in a structural failure in the Xi loudspeaker

system will be at least eight times greater than the

specified working-load-limit ratings. The safety fac-

tor provides a margin of error to accommodate

normal dynamic shock loading, wear and tear on the

hardware components, etc. THE USER MUST

NEVER APPLY A LOAD TO AN Xi LOUDSPEAKER

SYSTEM THAT EXCEEDS THE WORKING-LOAD-

LlMIT RATINGS.

There are two independent strength ratings that,

together, give a complete description of the overall

structural performance capabilities of any Xi loud-

speaker system:

1. The working-load-limit rating for each indi-

vidual rigging point; which is a function of the

rigging track mounted on the enclosure com-

bined with the specified quick-release rigging

hardware. This rating varies as a function of the

angle of pull.

2. The working-load-limit rating for the overall

enclosure; which is a function of the combined

forces from multiple rigging points simultaneously

acting on the enclosure as a whole. This rating is

independent of the rigging pull angles.

WHEN SUSPENDING ANY Xi LOUDSPEAKER

SYSTEM OVERHEAD, THE WORKING-LOAD

LIMIT MUST NEVER BE EXCEEDED FOR EACH

INDIVIDUAL RIGGING POINT, AND THE WORK-

ING-LOAD LIMIT MUST NEVER BE EXCEEDED

FOR THE OVERALL ENCLOSURE.

The user must be aware of both of the above

working-load-limit ratings at all times. An Xi loud-

speaker system is only as strong as its weakest link.

In most applications, it is usually the case that one

of the working-load limits will be approached sooner

than the other. For example, if only two rigging

points are employed, the weakest link will always be

the individual rigging points and the working-load

limit for the individual rigging points will always be

the dominant factor If, however, four rigging points

are used, the weakest link may be either the overall

enclosure or the individual rigging points depending

on the angles of pull on the rigging points.

The individual rigging points on each Xi loudspeaker

system have two working-load-limit ratings, one

when used with a double-stud ring fitting (as used on

the GS-1B, LS-1B, LS-2B, LS-3B and RS-1B rigging

accessories, or with the New Haven NH32102-2

fitting), and one when used with a single-stud fitting

(as used on the RS-2B rigging accessory, or with the

New Haven NH8192-2S or Ancra 42546-10 fillings).

Two working-load-limit ratings are required because

the double-stud and single-stud fittings have differ-

ent strength ratings. In addition, those strength

ratings will vary with the angle of pull relative to the

surface on which the rigging track is mounted. There

is only one working-load-limit rating for the overall

enclosure of each Xi loudspeaker system, and that

rating is independent of the angles of pull.

Specifically, the flying Xi-1191, Xi-1183, Xi-1153,

Xi-2183 and Xi-2153 loudspeaker systems have the

following strength ratings. When used with double-

stud fillings (as used on the GS-1B LS-1B, LS-2B,

LS-3B and RS-1B rigging accessories or as used

with the New Haven NH32102-2 fittings), the work-

ing-load-limit rating of each individual rigging point

is 500 pounds at a pull angle of 0° (i.e., perpendicu-

lar to the surface on which the track is mounted), 437

pounds at a pull angle of 45° and 375 pounds at a

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

pull angle of 90° (i.e., parallel to the surface on

which the track is mounted). When used with single-

stud fittings (as used on the RS-2B rigging acces-

sory or as used with the New Haven NH8192-2S or

Ancra 42546-10 fittings), the working-load-limit rat-

ing of each individual rigging point is 250 pounds at

any pull angle. The working-load-limit rating of the

overall enclosure is 1,000 pounds. Electro-Voice

insists that the user must never apply a load to any

Xi flying loudspeaker system that exceeds the work-

ing-load-limit rating of either the individual rigging

point or the overall enclosure. The strength ratings

of the flying Xi-1191, Xi-1183, Xi-1153, Xi-2183 and

Xi-2153 loudspeaker systems are summarized in

Figure 4.1a.

Specifically, the flying Xi-1122, Xi-1152, Xi-1123

and Xi-2123 loudspeaker systems have the follow-

ing strength ratings. When used with double-stud

fittings (as used on the GS-1B LS-1B LS-2B, LS-3B

and RS-1B rigging accessories or as used with the

New Haven NH32102-2 fittings), the working-load-

limit rating of each individual rigging point is 500

pounds at any pull angle. When used with single-

stud fittings (as used on the RS-2B rigging acces-

sory or as used with the New Haven NH8192-2S or

Ancra 42546-10 fittings), the working-load-limit rat-

ing of each individual rigging point is 250 pounds at

any pull angle. The working-load-limit rating of the

overall enclosure is 750 pounds. Electro-Voice

insists that the user must never apply a load to any

Xi flying loudspeaker system that exceeds the

working-load-limit rating of either the individual rig-

ging point or the overall enclosure. The strength

ratings of the flying Xi-1122, Xi-1152, Xi-1123 and

Xi-2123 loudspeaker systems are summarized in

Figure 4.1b.

All associated mechanical components used with an

Xi flying system (shackles, chains, hoists, wire-rope

slings, nylon and/or polyester slings, etc.) should be

load rated for overhead lifting. All load-rated hard-

ware will typically have its load rating displayed on

each piece in a visible location. Typical ratings are

denoted as the static-working load (SWL), or the

working-load limit (WLL). These ratings generally

assume a safety factor of 5:1; however, the user

should consult the hardware manufacturer to con-

firm the rating. Occasionally, the load rating is given

as the ultimate-break strength. This requires the

user to calculate the safety factor directly for a given

load. The actual safety factor for a given load is

defined as the ratio of the ultimate-break-strength

rating of a mechanical component to the actual load

applied to that component.

Electro-Voice suggests that the user maintain an

overall safety factor of at least 8:1 when implement-

ing an Xi flying system. In other words, the ultimate-

break strength of each of the mechanical components

in the system should be at least eight times greater

than the actual force applied to those components.

This includes the Xi enclosures, the rigging-strap

assemblies, the grid the hoist and all other mechani-

cal components and hardware. The working-load

limits discussed throughout this manual for the

strength of the Electro-Voice Xi enclosures rigging

hardware, and the GS-1B, LS-1B, LS-2B, LS-3B,

RS-1B and RS-2B rigging accessories are based on

an 8:1 minimum safety factor. Where local regula-

tions require safety factors greater than 8:1, Electro-

Voice insists that the user must meet the required

safety factor. Where local regulations permit safety

factors less than 8:1, Electro-Voice still insists that

the working-load limit of the Xi enclosures/rigging

hardware, and the GS-1B, LS-1B, LS-2B, LS-3B,

RS-1B and RS-2B rigging accessories never be

exceeded.

4.2 Special Safety Considerations for Xi

Loudspeaker Arrays

The techniques discussed in Chapter II for con-

structing arrays may be expanded upon to create

different arrays utilizing different combinations of

Xi loudspeaker systems, as long as a sufficient

safety factor is maintained. The user is reminded

that the top cabinet in an array supports the weight

of all the cabinets hung beneath it, and that the

weight distribution between the rigging points will

depend on the exact configuration. For example, the

center of gravity of the Xi-1152 loudspeaker system

is not perfectly centered but rather shifted slightly

towards the high-frequency side of the box. As a

result, when an Xi-1152 is hung sideways (i.e., with

the cabinet oriented so the rigging track is on the

sides), the load on the rigging strap on the high-

frequency side of the Xi-1152 system would be

slightly higher than the load on the horn/compres-

sion-driver side. On the other hand, the load would

be distributed equally between the two rigging straps

at the top of a column of Xi-1152 systems hung with

the enclosures oriented with the rigging track on the

top and bottom. The weight distribution of any Xi

array can be calculated with the information pre-

sented in Figure 2.2. Readers unfamiliar with the

process of calculating load distributions should con-

sult the list of references in Appendix B.2 which

cover the topics of rigging and engineering mechan-

ics.

When arrays are constructed with columns of Xi

systems oriented with the rigging tracks on the top

and bottom of the enclosures the rigging straps

between the enclosures will not hang straight down

with a 0° vertical angle if the center-to-center spac-

ing of the rigging attachment positions are different

from the bottom of one cabinet to the top of the

cabinet immediately beneath it. The rigging straps

will deviate from a 0° vertical angle when trapezoidal

cabinets are employed, or cabinets of differing size

are mixed in the same column. These vertical-angle

differences will result in forces (i.e., tension loads)

Figure 4.1—Working-Load-Limit Strength Rating of the Xi Loudspeaker System

Figure 4.1b—Xi-1122, Xi-1152, Xi-1123 and Xi-2123

Figure 4.1a—Xi-1191, Xi-1183, Xi-1153, Xi-2183 and Xi-2153

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

of the top cabinets (including the top rigging straps).

However, if the rigging straps throughout the array

are at unusual and or extreme angles, the worst-

case forces in an array may occur somewhere other

than the top rigging-attachment point of the top

cabinets.

Attention: Array details and rigging configurations

will affect the load on the loudspeaker systems, the

rigging straps and all associated rigging hardware.

The user is responsible for determining the loads on

all of the mechanical components throughout the

loudspeaker array, and for ensuring that the work-

ing-load limits and resulting safety factors are not

exceeded. A qualified structural engineer should be

consulted to evaluate the design.

4.3 Special Safety Considerations for Rigging

Strap Assemblies

4.3.1 Redundant Attachment Points

As an added safety measure, it is suggested that the

user install a second set of grid straps from the top

rigging points of the top cabinets in an array back to

the grid (or building structural supports). These

redundant safely straps can be secured to an open

section of rigging track next to the primary grid

straps. The safety straps should have as little slack

as possible (less than one inch is preferable).

4.3.2 Special Considerations for Polyester

Webbing

The GS-1B, LS-1B and LS-2B utilize polyester

webbing in their construction. The user is cautioned,

however, that in certain permanent installation ap-

plications, the polyester material may not meet local

fire regulations. The user is also cautioned that

polyester material will deteriorate with extended

exposure to ultraviolet light (direct sunlight) or to

hot, dry environments, resulting in reduced strength

capability. In such instances, wire-rope or chain

assemblies must be substituted.

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

in the rigging straps that are greater than the sus-

pended weight. These increased forces are, in turn,

transmitted to the rigging track and enclosure and

must be taken into account when evaluating the

load on the mechanical components and the safety

factor of an array. The greater the angle difference

from the 0° vertical, the greater is the increase in

force above what it would be if the straps were at 0°.

Readers unfamiliar with the process of calculating

the increased load as a function of lifting angles

should consult the list of references in Appendix B.2

which cover the topics of rigging and engineering

mechanics.

The user is reminded that the top cabinet of an array

supports the weight of all of the cabinets hung

beneath it. This generally results in the worst case

forces occurring at the top rigging-attachment point

4.4 Special Safety Considerations for Grid &

Building Structural Supports

When suspending loudspeaker arrays from grids or

building supports the associated rigging hardware

employed (i.e., rigging straps, slings, chains, wire-

rope assemblies, chains, etc.) may not hang at a 0°

vertical angle. These vertical-angle differences will

result in forces (i.e., tension loads) in that rigging

hardware that are greater than the weight sus-

pended below. These increased forces must be

taken into account when evaluating the load on the

mechanical components and the safety factor of an

array. The greater the angle difference from the 0°

vertical, the greater is the increase in force above

what it would be if the straps were at 0°. Any users

unfamiliar with the process of calculating the in-

creased load as a function of lifting angles should

consult the list of references in Appendix B.2 which

cover the topics of rigging and engineering

mechanics.

Attention: Array details and rigging configurations

will affect the load on the building structure, the

grids, the loudspeaker systems, the rigging straps

and all associated rigging hardware. The user is

responsible for determining the loads on all of the

mechanical components throughout the loudspeaker

array, and for ensuring that the working-load limits

and resulting safety factors are not exceeded. A

qualified structural engineer should be consulted to

evaluate the design.

V. RIGGING INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE

AND PRECAUTION

5.1 Xi System Components

5.1.1 Xi Loudspeaker Systems

Prior to each use, inspect the loudspeaker enclo-

sures for any cracks, deformations, missing or dam-

aged components which could reduce enclosure

strength. Inspect the track and bracket assemblies

on the enclosures for any cracks, deformations,

missing or loose screws which could reduce the

flying hardware strength. Replace any loudspeaker

systems that are damaged or missing hardware.

Never exceed the limitations or maximum recom-

mended load for the Xi systems.

5.1.2 Rigging Strap Assemblies

Prior to each use, inspect the webbing for cuts

abrasion, tears, knots, chemical damage, burns and

broken stitches which could reduce rigging-strap-

assembly strength. Inspect the rigging fittings and

hooks for any cracks, burrs, deformation, missing or

damaged components which could reduce strap

assembly strength. Replace any rigging-strap as-

semblies that have damaged webbing, or damaged

or missing hardware. Always double check that

each fitting on each of the rigging-strap assemblies

is securely locked into position in the track on the

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

Xi enclosures and that the safety locking pin is

engaged before lifting.

5.2 Associated Hardware

5.2.1 Grid Assembly

Prior to each use, inspect the grid assembly and

associated hardware for any cracks, deformations,

broken welds, corrosion, missing or damaged compo-

nents which could reduce the grid assembly strength.

Replace any damaged grid assemblies. Never ex-

ceed the limitations or maximum recommended

load intended for grid assembly design.

5.2.2 Chain Hoists

Prior to each use, inspect the chain hoist and

associated hardware (including motor, if applicable)

for any cracks, deformation, broken welds, corro-

sion, missing or damaged components which could

reduce the hoist strength. Replace any damaged

chain hoists. Never exceed the limitations or maxi-

mum recommended load specified by the hoist

manufacturer. Always raise and lower the load slowly

and evenly, avoiding any rapid changes in speed or

shifting loads that could result in a sudden jolt to the

suspended system.

5.2.3 Building Structural Supports

Prior to each use, the strength and load-bearing

capabilities of the building structural supports should

be evaluated and certified by a professional engi-

neer as being adequate for supporting the intended

rigging system (including the loudspeakers, grids,

chain hoists and all associated hardware). Prior to

each use, inspect the building structural supports for

any cracks, deformation, broken welds, corrosion,

missing or damaged components which could

reduce the structural strength. Damaged building

structural supports should be replaced or repaired

an recertified by a professional engineer.

5.2.4 Mechanical Components

Prior to each use, inspect all mechanical compo-

nents (chain, wire ropes, slings, shackles, hooks,

fittings, etc.) for any cracks, deformation, broken

welds, slipping crimps, fraying, abrasion, knots,

corrosion chemical damage, loose screws, missing

or damaged components which would reduce the

maximum strength specified by the component

manufacturer. Replace any damaged mechanical

components.

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Xi Rigging Accessories

GS-1B, LS-1B, LS-2B, LS-3B, RS-1B and RS-2B

Xi Rigging Accessories: These rigging accesso-

ries described throughout this manual are available

from Sound Manufacturing, Inc., 3336 Primera Ave.,

Hollywood, CA 90068, USA, 213-850-5042.

New Haven NH32102-2 and NH8192-2S Fittings:

The New Haven NH32102-2 swivel-ring, double-

stud fitting and NH8192-2S swivel-ring single-stud

fitting recommended for attachment to the Xi rigging

track are available for the user to make custom

rigging attachment hardware. Sound Manufactur-

ing, Inc., 3336 Primera Ave., Hollywood, CA 90068,

USA, 213-850-5042.

Custom Rigging Strap Assemblies: Custom wire-

rope or webbing rigging strap assemblies that use

the New Haven NH32102-2 and NH8192-2S fittings

may be ordered. Sound Manufacturing, Inc.,

3336 Primera Ave., Hollywood, CA 90068, USA,

213-850-5042.

General Rigging Supplies: A wide variety of stan-

dard and specialty rigging hardware components for

both touring and permanent-installation applications

is available. Sound Manufacturing, Inc., 3336 Primera

Ave., Hollywood, CA 90068 USA, 213-850-5042 or

ATM Fly-ware™, 2100 S. Wilmington Ave., Carson,

CA 90810 USA, 310-834-5914

Appendix B

B.1 Acoustical References

A brief list of references covering the topics of acous-

tics and sound-system design is presented below:

(1)

D. Davis & C. Davis,

Sound System Engineer-

ing,

Howard Sams & Co., Indianapolis, IN

(1987).

(2) J. Eargle,

Handbook of Sound System

Design,

ELAR Publishing Co., Commack, NY

(1989).

(3) G. Davis & R. Jones,

Sound Reinforcement

Handbook,

Hal Leonard Publishing Corp.,

Milwaukee, WI (1989).

(4) L.L. Beranek,

Acoustics,

American Institute

of Physics, Inc. New York, NY (1986).

(5) H.F. Olson,

Acoustical Engineering,

Profes-

sional Audio Journals, Inc., Philadelphia, PA

(1991).

(6) L.E. Kinsler. A.R. Frey, A.B. Coppens, & J.V.

Sanders,

Fundamentals of Acoustics,

John

Wiley & Sons, New York, NY (1980).

(7) D.B. Keele, Electro-Voice, Inc., “What’s So

Sacred About Exponential Horns,” presented

at the 51St Convention of the AES (May,

1975), preprint #1038.

(8) P.F. Fidlin & D.E. Carlson Electro-Voice, Inc.,

Comparative Performance of Directional De-

vices Used as Concert-Sound Loudspeaker

Array Elements,” Journal of the AES (April,

1990).

B.2 Mechanical References

A brief list of references covering the topics of rigging

and engineering mechanics is presented below:

(1) W.E. Rossnagel, L.R. Higgins & J.A.

MacDonald,

Handbook of Rigging for Con-

struction and Industrial Operations,

McGraw-

Hill Book Company, New York, NY, USA

(1988).

(2) A. Jensen & H. Chenoweth,

Applied Engi-

neering Mechanics,

McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

New York, NY (1983).

(3) J.O. Glerum,

Stage Rigging Handbook,

South-

ern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL,

USA (1987).

(4) P. Carter,

Backstage Handbook,

Broadway

Press, New York, NY, USA (1988).

(5) Wire Rope Technical Board,

Wire Rope

Users Manual,

American Iron and Steel Insti-

tute, Stevensville, MD, USA (1985).

(6) ATM FIy-Ware™,

ATM Fly-Ware™ Catalog

of Rigging Hardware and Supplies,

ATM

Group, Inc., Carson, CA (1996).

(7) Broderick & Bascom Rope Company,

Rigger’s

Handbook,

Sedalia, MO, USA (1993).

(8) MacWhite Wire Rope Company,

Catalog of

Tables, Data and Helpful Information,

Kenosha,WI, USA (1991).

(9) Acco Chain & Lifting Division,

Chain Sling

User’s Manual,

Acco Corporation, York,

PA, USA (1992).

(10) Newberry, W.G.,

Handbook for Riggers,

Newberry Investments Company, Calgary,

Alberta, Canada (1989).

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

X-Array Install

Loudspeaker Systems Flying Manual

MANUAL - X-Array Install Part Number 534993RevA — 9825

600 Cecil Street, Buchanan, MI 49107

800/234-6831, 616/695-6831, 616/695-1304 Fax

Electro-Voice X-Array Xi Series Flying Owner's manual

Electro-Voice X-Array Xi Series Flying Owner's manual

Electro-Voice X-Array Xi Series Flying Owner's manual

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