Samsung SONOACE R3 User manual

Reference Manual 7

Cardiology Reference

Cardiology 2D

BSA(Body Surface Area)

BSA can be calculated by entering patient’s weight and height in New Patient Input Screen.

where, H : centimeters, W : kilograms

Reference : Grossman,W.”Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography.” Blood Flow Measurement :

Hemodynamic Principles, 1980. Chapter8, page 90.

Simpson’s method

Simpson’s protocol is used for calculation left ventricular volume from measurements taken in

two scan planes. The calculation of volume for both methods (2-chamber or the 4-chamber view)

results from summation of areas from diameters of 20 cylinders or discs of equal height, appor-

tioned over the left ventricular length.

LV Vol. (A/L)

LV Volume: Single Plane Area Length

Stroke Volume (SV)

where, EDV : End Diastolic Volume, ESV : End Systolic Volume

Stroke Volume Index(SI)

Cardiac Output (CO)

Cardiac Index (CI)

Reference Manual 8

Ejection Fraction (EF)

where, EDV : End Diastolic Volume, ESV : End Systolic Volume

Reference : Harvey Feigenbaum, “Echocardiography”, 1995 fth edition Chapter3 p 144,

Lea&Febiger

2D Measure

LV Vol. d (LV Volume Diastolic)

Teichholz

Reference : Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic

volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence

of asynergy.” American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.

Cubed

Reference : Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiog-

raphy.” Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.

Gibson

Reference : “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan,

1997 p. 30

LV Vol. s (LV Volume Systolic)

Teichholz

Reference : Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic

volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence

of asynergy.” American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.

Cubed

Reference : Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiog-

raphy.” Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.

Gibson

Reference : “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan,

1997 p. 30

LV Mass

where LVDd : Left Ventricle Dimension Diastole, LVPWd : Left Ventricle Posterior Wall Dimen-

sion Diastole, LVSd : Interventricular Septal Thickness Diastole

Fraction Shortening (FS)

Reference Manual 9

LV Mass

where, A1 : short axis area, Epicardinal (cm2), A2 : short axis area, Endocardinal (cm2), L1 : long

axis Epicardinal length (cm), L2 : long axis Endocardinal length (cm)

Epicardial Volume

Endocardial Volume

Reference : Harvey Feigenbaum, “ Echocardiography”, 1995 fth edition Chapter3 p 158,

Lea&Febiger

Myocardial Thickness

LV Mass Index

Reference Manual 10

Cardiology M mode

Left Ventricle

Reference : Harvey Feigenbaum, “ Echocardiography”, 1995 fth edition

LVDd : Left Ventricle Dimension Diastole

LVDs : Left Ventricle Dimension Systole

LVPWd : Left Ventricle Posterior Wall Dimension Diastole

LVPWs: Left Ventricle Posterior Wall Dimension Systole

IVSd : Interventricular Septal Thickness Diastole

IVSs: Interventricular Septal Thickness Systole

EDV: End Diastolic Volume

ESV: End Systolic Volume

LV Vol. d (LV Volume Diastolic)

Teichholz

Reference : Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic

volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence

of asynergy.” American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.

Cubed

Reference : Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiog-

raphy.” Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.

Gibson

Reference : “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan,

1997 p. 30

Reference Manual 11

LV Vol. s (LV Volume Systolic)

Teichholz

Reference : Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic

volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence

of asynergy.” American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.

Cubed

Reference : Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiog-

raphy.” Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.

Gibson

Reference : “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan,

1997 p. 30

Stroke Volume (SV)

where, EDV : End Diastolic Volume, ESV : End Systolic Volume

Stroke Volume Index(SI)

Cardiac Output (CO)

Cardiac Index (CI)

Ejection Fraction (EF)

where, EDV : End Diastolic Volume, ESV : End Systolic Volume

Reference : Harvey Feigenbaum, “Echocardiography”, 1995 fth edition Chapter3 p 144,

Lea&Febiger

Fraction Shortening (FS)

LV Mass

Reference : Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B. The Echo Manual. Boston: Little, Brown and company, 1994,

p.43.

LV Mass Index

Reference Manual 12

MV (Mitral Valve)

Definition for the Mitral Valve

D : end of systolic, immediately before the opening of the Mitral Valve

E : the arterial leaflet of the Mitral valve open, it peaks at E

F : lowest point of the initial diastolic closing

A :

In atrial systole, blood is propelled through the Mitral orifice and the Mitral

leaflets reopen the peak of this phase of Mitral valve motion is indicated as A

C : complete closure occurs after the onset of ventricular systole

A-C interval (unit : msec)

The distance between the A point and the C point

Mitral Valve D-E Excursion (unit : cm)

Distance between the onset of the opening of the Mitral valve at D and the maximum opening of

the anterior Mitral valve leaet at E

Mitral Valve D-E Slope (unit : cm/sec)

Automatically calculated from the D-E excursion the rate of change that exists between two

point(D, E)

Mitral Valve E-F Slope (unit : cm/sec)

The rate of change that exists between two point(E, F)

EPSS ( Mitral Valve E Point Septal Separation ) ( unit : cm)

Distance between the Mitral Valve E point and posterior edge of the interventricular septum at the

same point in time

Ao/LA

Aortic Root Diameter (unit:cm) : Ao Root Dia.

The distance between the leading echo of the anterior aortic wall and the leading echo of the

posterior aortic wall at R wave of the electrocardiogram

Aortic Valve Cusp Separation (Ao Cusp Sep.)

The distance between the trailing echo of the anterior aortic valve leaet and the leading echo of

the posterior aortic valve leaet in early diastole

Left Atrial Diameter (unit:cm) : LA Dia.

The distance between the trailing edge of the posterior aortic wall echo and the leading edge of

the posterior left atrial wall echo at the level of aortic wall at the R wave of the electrocardiogram.

Reference Manual 13

Cardiology C mode

AoV Regurg, MV Regurg, TV Regurg, PV Regurg

PISA(Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area)-Radius

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston: Little, Brown and Com-

pany, 1994, p.106.

Schmailzl, K., Omerod, O., Editors. Ultrasound in Cardiology. Blackwell Science, 1994, p.125.

PISA-Radios is the radial distance of the isovelocity shell from the orice (Figure - Regurgitant

Flow-PISA Radius)

PISA-Area

PISA-Radius = Radial distance of the isovelocity shell from the orice in cm

PISA-Alias Velocity

Reference: Schmailzl. K., Omerod, O., Editors. Ultrasound in Cardiology. Blackwell Science,

1994, p.125.

PISA-Alias Velocity is the peak velocity of the regurgitant jet on the Doppler display (Figure –

Regurgitant Flow-PISA Alias Velocity)

Regurgitant Volume Flow Rate (Rate)

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston:Little, Brown and Com-

pany, 1994, p. 106

Rate is calculated in milliliters/sec.

Where: PISA-Area = Proximal isovelocity surface area in cm

PISA-Alias Vel. = Color ow velocity at radius r in cm/sec measured at the mitral orice on the

Color display.

Reference Manual 14

Effective Regurgitant Orifice(ERO)

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston:Little, Brown and Com-

pany, 1994, pp. 108-109

Vmax is the peak velocity of the mitral regurgitant jet measured on the Doppler display.

Regurgitant Volume (Vol)

Reference: Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston:Little, Brown and Com-

pany, 1994, pp. 108-109

Where:

PISA-Vol. = Regurgitant volume in milliliters

PISA-ERO = Effective Regurgitant area in cm2.

VTI = Velocity integral of the Regurgitant ow measured on the Doppler display

Cardiology Doppler

Mitral Valve, Tricuspid Valve

Pressure Gradient

where, V : Velocity (m/sec)

PHT ; Pressure Half Time

Reference : Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston: Little, Brown and

Company, 1994, p.59-60

Pressure half-time (PHT) is the time it takes for the peak pressure gradient to fall to half to half

of its peak value. DT is deceleration time in centimeters per second form the peak velocity to the

baseline.

Mitral Valve area

where ; PHT is Pressure Half Time (milliseconds)

Reference : John H. Phillipse, “ Practical Quantitative Doppler Echocardiography”, p47, chapter6,

CRC press, 1991

Reference Manual 15

VTI(Velocity Time Integral)

ACC(Acceleration), DEC(Deceleration)

AT :Acceleration Time, DT : Deceleration Time, E point : Early Diastolic Flow, A point : Atrial

contraction

Aortic Valve, LVOT Doppler

HR(Heart Rate)

CONT(Continuity Equation)

When there is a constant ow in a ow channel with a Stenosis, the ow volume at the Stenosis

portion equals that at nonstenotic portions .

This equation is valid not only in a constant ow, but also in a pulsality ow channel .

where, SV1 : stroke volume in the nonstenotic area, SV2: stroke volume in the stenotic area

where, AVA(1) : Aortic Valve Area by Velocity, AVA(2) : Aortic Valve Area by VTI, LVOTarea

: π * DiaLVOT2 / 4, VTI1 : Left Ventricle output track VTI, VTI2 : Aortic valve VTI, V1 : Left Ven-

tricle output track velocity, V2: Aortic valve velocity

Reference : Harvey Feigenbaum, “ Echocardiography”, 1995 fth edition

CSA(Cross Sectional Area)

where, D: diameter

Pulmonic Veins

Reference : Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual. Boston: Little, Brown and

Company, 1994, p.48

Diastolic Velocity

Velocity measured at diastole.

Systolic Velocity

Velocity measured at systole.

Reference Manual 16

Artrial Reversal Velocity (A. Rev Vel)

Atrial reversal velocity is the peak velocity of the atrial reversal component.

Pulmonary Atrial Reversal Duration (A. Rev Dur)

Pulmonary atrial ow reversal duration is the time between the diastolic component of pulmonary

venous ow and the closure of the mitral valve.

Sys/Dia (Systole/Diastole)

Ratio of the velocity measured at systole and the velocity measured at diastole.

Shunt Ratio QP : QS

Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. The Echo Manual, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1994.

QP : QS = Pulmonic Cardiac Output / Sysemic Cardiac Output

Vascular Reference

Resistivity Index

Reference : Burns, Peter N., “ The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of

Clinical Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9,p.586

Pulsatility Index

Reference : Burns, Peter N., “ The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of

Clinical Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9,p.585

SD (Ratio of Systolic to Diastolic Velocity)

Reference : Ameriso S, et al., “Pulseless Transcranial Doppler Finding in Takayasu’s Arteritis,” J

Clin Ultrasound, September 1990; 18:592-6

Pressure Gradient

where, P : pressure gradient, V : the maximum instantaneous velocity(m/sec)

Reference Manual 17

%STA

Reference : Jacob, Normaan M et, al., “ Duplex Carotid Sonography : Crieteria for Stenosis, Ac-

curacy, and Pitfalls,” Radiology 154: 385~391, 1985.

%STD

Reference : Taylor K. J. W., Burns P. N., Breslau P., “Clinical Applications of Doppler Ultra-

sound”, Raven Press, N.Y., pages 130-136.

Volume Flow(Area)

Volume Flow(Dist.)

Urology Reference

Resistivity Index

Reference : Burns, Peter N., “The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of

Clinical Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9, p.586

Pulsatility Index

Reference : Burns, Peter N., “The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of

Clinical Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9, p.585

SD (Ratio of Systolic to Diastolic Velocity)

Reference : Ameriso S, et al., “Pulseless Transcranial Doppler Finding in Takayasu’s Arteritis,” J

Clin Ultrasound, September 1990; 18:592-6

Pressure Gradient

Where, P: pressure gradient, V: the maximum instantaneous velocity (m/sec)

Reference Manual 18

Volume Flow (Area)

Volume Flow (Dist.)

Prostate Vloume (3 Distances)

Prostate Vloume (3 Distances x Factor)

Prostate Vloume (Ellipsoid)

Prostate Vloume (Sum of 20 Disks)

Prostate Spec. Antigen

Residual Volume

%STA

Reference : Jacob, Normaan M et, al., “ Duplex Carotid Sonography : Criteria for Stenosis, Ac-

curacy, and Pitfalls,” Radiology 154: 385~391, 1985.

%STD

Reference : Taylor K. J. W., Burns P. N., Breslau P., “Clinical Applications of Doppler

Reference Manual 19

Fetal Echo Reference

Stroke Volume (SV)

where, EDV : End Diastolic Volume, ESV : End Systolic Volume

Cardiac Output (CO)

Ejection Fraction (EF)

where, EDV : End Diastolic Volume, ESV : End Systolic Volume

Reference : Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J. “The Echo Manual” Boston: Little, Brown and

Company, 1994; 43

Cardio-Thorax Area Ratio (CTAR)

LV Vol. d (LV Volume Diastolic)

Teichholz

Reference : Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic

volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence

of asynergy.” American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.

Cubed

Reference : Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiog-

raphy.” Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.

Gibson

Reference : “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan,

1997 p. 30

LV Vol. s (LV Volume Systolic)

Teichholz

Reference : Teichholz, L.E., Kreulen, T., Herman, M.V., et. al. “Problems in echocardiographic

volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence

of asynergy.” American Journal of Cardiology, 1976, 37:7.

Cubed

Reference : Pombo, J.F., et. al. “Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fractioin by Echocardiog-

raphy.” Circulation, Vol. XLIII, 482, April, 1971.

Gibson

Reference : “Basic Echocardiography” Iowa Heart Center, Mark J. Harry R.D.C.S., R.V.T. Jan, 1997 p. 30

Reference Manual 20

LV Mass

Reference : Oh, J.K., Seward, J.B. The Echo Manual. Boston: Little, Brown and company, 1994,

p.43.

Fractional Shortening of Left Ventricle Internal diameter

A percent change in LV cavity dimension with systolic contraction

Reference : Harvey Feigenbaum, “ Echocardiography”, 1995 fth edition

Resistivity Index

Reference : Burns, Peter N., “ The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of

Clinical Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9,p.586

Pulsatility Index

Reference : Burns, Peter N., “ The Physical principles of Doppler Spectral Analysis,” Journal of

Clinical Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 1987, Vol.15, No.9,p.585

SD (Ratio of Systolic to Diastolic Velocity)

Reference : Ameriso S, et al., “Pulseless Transcranial Doppler Finding in Takayasu’s Arteritis,” J

Clin Ultrasound, September 1990; 18:592-6

Preload Index

Atrial Reversal Flow/Systolic Flow

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