Oracle ORACLE9I B10508-01 User manual

Oracle9

i

Application Server

Oracle HTTP Server powered by Apache Performance Guide

Release 1.0.2 for AIX-Based Systems, Compaq Tru64 UNIX, HP 9000 Series HP-UX,

Linux Intel, and Sun Solaris Intel

October 2000

Part No. A86828-01

Oracle9i Application Server Oracle HTTP Server powered by Apache Performance Guide, Release 1.0.2

Part No. A86828-01

Authors: Pallavi Bhowmik, and Julia Pond.

Contributors: Corinne Arne, Rupesh Das, Danielle Higgins, Prashanth Joshi, Rajesh

Konanganparambath, Saurabh Pandey, and Sriram V.R. Nagaraja Rao .

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iii

Contents

Send Us Your Comments.................................................................................................................. vii

Preface............................................................................................................................................................ ix

1 Performance Overview

Performance Terms............................................................................................................................. 1-2

What is Performance Tuning? .......................................................................................................... 1-2

Response Time.............................................................................................................................. 1-3

System Throughput...................................................................................................................... 1-4

Wait Time....................................................................................................................................... 1-4

Critical Resources......................................................................................................................... 1-5

Effects of Excessive Demand....................................................................................................... 1-6

Adjustments to Relieve Problems .............................................................................................. 1-6

Setting Performance Targets............................................................................................................. 1-7

Setting User Expectations.................................................................................................................. 1-7

Evaluating Performance .................................................................................................................... 1-7

Performance Methodology ............................................................................................................... 1-8

Factors in Improving Performance ............................................................................................ 1-9

Architecture........................................................................................................................................ 1-10

2 Monitoring Your Web Server

Monitoring Processor Use................................................................................................................. 2-2

Using the sar Utility (AIX, HP-UX, Intel Solaris)..................................................................... 2-2

Using the top Utility..................................................................................................................... 2-3

iv

Monitoring the Web Server............................................................................................................... 2-3

Using the mod_status Utility...................................................................................................... 2-4

Logging Server Statistics to a File............................................................................................... 2-6

Monitoring JServ Processes.............................................................................................................. 2-8

3 Sizing and Configuration

Sizing your Hardware and Resources............................................................................................. 3-1

Understanding Concurrent Users and User Population ............................................................. 3-1

Determining CPU Requirements.................................................................................................... 3-3

Secure Sockets Layer Impact on CPU Requirements .............................................................. 3-3

Determining Memory Requirements.............................................................................................. 3-3

Memory for Non-HTTP Server Software and Operating System ......................................... 3-4

HTTP Server Memory Requirements ........................................................................................ 3-4

JServ Memory Requirements...................................................................................................... 3-4

Determining Java Heap Size....................................................................................................... 3-4

Servlet and OracleJSP pages Memory Requirements.............................................................. 3-5

Number of JServ Processes.......................................................................................................... 3-6

4 Optimizing HTTP Server Performance

TCP Tuning .......................................................................................................................................... 4-2

Linux Tunables.............................................................................................................................. 4-4

MaxClients ........................................................................................................................................... 4-9

SSL Session Caching........................................................................................................................ 4-10

Impact of Logging............................................................................................................................. 4-10

HTTP/1.1............................................................................................................................................. 4-11

Persistent Connections............................................................................................................... 4-11

Apache Versions................................................................................................................................ 4-14

5 Optimizing Apache JServ

JServ Overview.................................................................................................................................... 5-2

Optimizing Servlet Performance..................................................................................................... 5-3

Loading Servlet Classes............................................................................................................... 5-3

Automatic Class Reloading......................................................................................................... 5-3

Load Balancing.............................................................................................................................. 5-4

v

Using Single Thread Model Servlets.......................................................................................... 5-7

What is OracleJSP?............................................................................................................................. 5-8

OracleJSP Page Performance Tuning.............................................................................................. 5-8

Impact of Session Management.................................................................................................. 5-8

Developer Mode ........................................................................................................................... 5-9

Buffering ........................................................................................................................................ 5-9

Enhancing OracleJSP Performance............................................................................................ 5-9

Index

vi

vii

Send Us Your Comments

Oracle9

i

Application Server, Oracle HTTP Server powered by Apache Performance Guide,

Release 1.0.2

Part No. A86828-01

Oracle Corporation welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and usefulness of this

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viii

ix

Preface

Audience

This guide is written for Oracle Internet Application Server 8i developers and

system administrators who are responsible for configuring and tuning the Oracle

HTTP Server powered by Apache.

Assumptions

There are many sources of information on configuring and tuning web servers,

Apache in particular. This guide refers to those sources when expedient, and, where

practical, quantifies the performance gains resulting from configuration actions

found in those sources. Any recommendations not validated by our in-house testing

are cited as such, with attribution to the original source.

All of our in-house tests were run on a dedicated 100 Mbps network, in order to

achieve repeatable test results. Your results will vary based on network

configuration and contention characteristics.

Conventions

This manual uses the following typographical conventions:

Convention Example Explanation

bold tnsnames.ora

runInstaller

www.oracle.com

Identifies file names,

utilities,

processes,

and URLs

x

The term, Oracle Server, refers to the database server product from Oracle

Corporation.

The term, oracle, refers to an executable or account by that name.

The term, oracle, refers to the owner of the Oracle software.

Oracle Services and Support

A wide range of information about Oracle products and global services is available

from:

■ http://www.oracle.com

The sections below provide URLs for selected services.

Oracle Support Services

Technical Support contact information worldwide is listed at:

■ http://www.oracle.com/support

Templates are provided to help you prepare information about your problem before

you call. You will also need your CSI number (if applicable) or complete contact

details, including any special project information.

italics file1 Identifies a variable in text; replace this place

holder with a specific value or string.

angle brackets <filename> Identifies a variable in code; replace this

place holder with a specific value or string.

courier owsctl start wrb Text to be entered exactly as it appears. Also

used for functions.

square brackets [-c string]

[on|off]

Identifies an optional item.

Identifies a choice of optional items, each

separated by a vertical bar (|), any one

option can be specified.

braces {yes|no} Identifies a choice of mandatory items, each

separated by a vertical bar (|).

ellipses n,... Indicates that the preceding item can be

repeated any number of times.

Convention Example Explanation

xi

Product and Documentation

For U.S.A customers, Oracle Store is at:

■ http://store.oracle.com

Links to Stores in other countries are provided from this site.

Product documentation can be found at:

■ http://docs.oracle.com

Customer Service

Global Customer Service contacts are listed at:

■ http://www.oracle.com/support

Education and Training

Training information and worldwide schedules are available from:

■ http://education.oracle.com

Oracle Technology Network

Register with the Oracle Technology Network (OTN) at:

■ http://technet.oracle.com

OTN delivers technical papers, code samples, product documentation, self-service

developer support, and Oracle key developer products to enable rapid

development and deployment of application built on Oracle technology.

xii

Performance Overview 1-1

1

Performance Overview

This chapter discusses performance and tuning concepts, and briefly describes

Oracle9i Application Server architecture.

Contents

■ Performance Terms

■ What is Performance Tuning?

■ Setting Performance Targets

■ Setting User Expectations

■ Evaluating Performance

■ Performance Methodology

■ Architecture

Performance Terms

1-2 Oracle HTTP Server powered by Apache Performance Guide

Performance Terms

Following are performance terms used in this book:

What is Performance Tuning?

Performance must be built in. You must anticipate performance requirements

during application analysis and design, and balance the costs and benefits of

optimal performance (see "Setting Performance Targets" on page 1-7). This section

introduces some fundamental concepts:

■ Response Time

■ System Throughput

concurrency The ability to handle multiple requests simultaneously.

Threads and processes are examples of concurrency

mechanisms.

latency The time that one system component spends waiting for

another component in order to complete the entire task.

Latency can be defined as wasted time. In networking

discussions, latency is defined as the travel time of a

packet from source to destination.

response time The time between the submission of a request and the

completion of the response.

scalability The ability of a system to provide throughput in

proportion to, and limited only by, available hardware

resources.

A scalable system is one that can handle increasing

numbers of requests without adversely affecting response

time and throughput.

service time The time between the initiation and completion of the

response to a request.

think time The time the user is not engaged in actual use of the

processor.

throughput The number of requests processed per unit of time.

wait time The time between the submission of the request and

initiation of the response.

What is Performance Tuning?

Performance Overview 1-3

■ Wait Time

■ Critical Resources

■ Effects of Excessive Demand

■ Adjustments to Relieve Problems

Response Time

Because response time equals service time plus wait time, you can increase

performance in this area by:

■ Reducing wait time

■ Reducing service time

Figure 1–1 illustrates ten independent tasks competing for a single resource.

Figure 1–1 Sequential processing of independent tasks

In this example, only task 1 runs without waiting. Task 2 must wait until task 1 has

completed; task 3 must wait until tasks 1 and 2 have completed, and so on.

(Although the figure shows the independent tasks as the same size, the size of the

tasks will vary.)

What is Performance Tuning?

1-4 Oracle HTTP Server powered by Apache Performance Guide

In parallel processing with multiple resources, more resources are available to the

tasks. Each independent task executes immediately using its own resource: no wait

time is involved.

System Throughput

System throughput is the amount of work accomplished in a given amount of time.

You can increase throughput by:

■ Reducing service time

■ Reducing overall response time by increasing the amount of scarce resources

available. For example, if the system is CPU bound, and you can add more

CPUs.

Wait Time

While the service time for a task may stay the same, wait time will lengthen with

increased contention. If many users are waiting for a service that takes one second,

the tenth user must wait 9 seconds. Figure 1–2 shows the relationship between wait

time and resource contention.

Figure 1–2 Wait time rising with increased contention for a resource

What is Performance Tuning?

Performance Overview 1-5

Critical Resources

Resources such as CPU, memory, I/O capacity, and network bandwidth are key to

reducing service time. Adding resources increases throughput and reduces response

time. Performance depends on these factors:

■ How many resources are available?

■ How many clients need the resource?

■ How long must they wait for the resource?

■ How long do they hold the resource?

Figure 1–3 shows that as the number of units requested rises, the time to service

completion rises.

Figure 1–3 Time to service completion vs. demand rate

To manage this situation, you have two options:

■ Limit demand rate to maintain acceptable response times

■ Add resources

What is Performance Tuning?

1-6 Oracle HTTP Server powered by Apache Performance Guide

Effects of Excessive Demand

Excessive demand increases response time and reduces throughput, as shown in

Figure 1–4. If there is any possibility of the demand rate exceeding the achievable

throughput, a demand limiter (such as MaxClients in the Oracle HTTP Server and

security.maxConnections in JServ) is essential. Look at the possible demands that

may be placed on the system and design the application or configure the system

with these constraints in mind.

Figure 1–4 Increased Demand/Reduced Throughput

Adjustments to Relieve Problems

Performance problems can be relieved by making adjustments in the following

areas:

unit consumption Reducing the resource (CPU, memory)

consumption of each request can improve

performance. This might be achieved by

pooling and caching.

functional demand Rescheduling or redistributing the work

will relieve some problems.

capacity Increasing or reallocating resources (e.g.,

CPUs) relieves some problems.

Evaluating Performance

Performance Overview 1-7

Setting Performance Targets

Whether you are designing or maintaining a system, you should set specific

performance goals so that you know how and what to optimize. If you alter

parameters without a specific goal in mind, you can waste time tuning your system

without significant gain.

An example of a specific performance goal is an order entry response time under

three seconds. If the application does not meet that goal, identify the cause (for

example, I/O contention), and take corrective action. During development, test the

application to determine if it meets the designed performance goals.

Tuning usually involves a series of trade-offs. Once you have determined the

bottlenecks, you may have to modify performance in some other areas to achieve

the desired results. For example, if I/O is a problem, you may need to purchase

more memory or more disks. If a purchase is not possible, you may have to limit the

concurrency of the system to achieve the desired performance. However, if you

have clearly defined goals for performance, the decision on what to trade for higher

performance is simpler because you have identified the most important areas.

Setting User Expectations

Application developers, database administrators, and system administrators must

be careful to set appropriate performance expectations for users. When the system

carries out a particularly complicated operation, response time may be slower than

when it is performing a simple operation. Users should be made aware of which

operations might take longer.

Evaluating Performance

With clearly defined performance goals, you can readily determine when

performance tuning has been successful. Success depends on the functional

objectives you have established with the user community, your ability to measure

whether or not the criteria are being met, and your ability to take corrective action

to overcome any exceptions.

Ongoing performance monitoring enables you to maintain a well tuned system.

Keeping a history of the application’s performance over time enables you to make

useful comparisons. With data about actual resource consumption for a range of

loads, you can conduct objective scalability studies and from these predict the

resource requirements for anticipated load volumes.

Performance Methodology

1-8 Oracle HTTP Server powered by Apache Performance Guide

Performance Methodology

Achieving optimal effectiveness in your system requires planning, monitoring, and

periodic adjustment. The first step in performance tuning is to determine the goals

you need to achieve and to design effective usage of available technology into your

applications. After implementing your system, it is necessary to periodically

monitor and adjust your system For example, you might want to ensure that 90% of

the users experience response times no greater than 5 seconds and the maximum

response time for all users is 20 seconds. Usually, it’s not that simple. Your

application may include a variety of operations with differing characteristics and

acceptable response times. You will need to set measurable goals for each of these.

Figure 1–5 Adjusting Capacity and Functional Demand

You will also need to determine variances in the load. For example, users might

access the system heavily between 9:00am and 10:00am and then again between

1:00pm and 2:00pm. If your peak load occurs on a regular basis, for example, daily

or weekly, the conventional wisdom is to configure and tune systems to meet your

peak load requirements. The lucky users who access the application in off-time will

typically achieve better response times than your peak-time users. If your peak load

is infrequent, you may be willing to tolerate higher response times at peak loads for

the cost savings of smaller hardware configurations.

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