AirMagnet PRG-Laptop 7.0 Reference guide

AirMagnet

®

Laptop

Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide.book Page 1 Thursday, January 25, 2007 5:36 PM

AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide.

This Reference Guide is furnished under license and may be used or

copied only in accordance with the terms specified in the license. The

content of this document is for information only and should not be

construed as a commitment on the part of AirMagnet, Inc.

No part of this document may be reproduced, transmitted, stored in a

retrievable system, or translated into any language in any form or by any

means without the prior written consent of AirMagnet, Inc. Further,

AirMagnet, Inc. reserves the right to modify the content of this

document without notice.

AIRMAGNET, INC. SHALL NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR ERRORS OR

OMISSIONS CONTAINED HEREIN; NOR FOR INCIDENTAL OR

CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS

CONETENT.

This product includes software developed by the University of

California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors. This

product includes software derived from the RSA Data Security, Inc.

AirMagnet

®

and AirWISE® are registered trademarks, and the

AirMagnet logo is a trademark, of AirMagnet, Inc. All the other product

names mentioned herein may be trademarks or registered trademarks of

their respective companies.

AirMagnet, Inc.

1325 Chesapeake Terrace

Sunnyvale, CA 94089

USA

Compiled in the United States of America, January 25, 2007.

Part Number: PRG-Laptop 7.0

Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide.book Page 2 Thursday, January 25, 2007 5:36 PM

AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

Table of Contents i

Table of Contents

Part One: Security IDS/IPS ....................................................1

Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities ...................................3

Ad-hoc Station Detected....................................................................................... 3

AP Broadcasting SSID ......................................................................................... 4

AP Configuration Changed................................................................................... 5

AP Operating in Bridged Mode Detected............................................................. 8

AP Using Default Configuration........................................................................ 10

Device Vulnerable to Hotspot Attack Tools....................................................... 11

Potential Pre-802.11n device detected................................................................ 15

Exposed Wireless Station Detected.................................................................... 17

LEAP Vulnerability Detected............................................................................. 19

Chapter 2: IDS—Denial of Service Attack................................23

DoS Attack Against AP...................................................................................... 23

DoS Attack: Association Flood............................................................ 24

DoS Attack: Association Table Overflow............................................ 26

DoS Attack: Authentication Flood....................................................... 26

DoS Attack: EAPOL-Start Attack........................................................ 28

DoS Attack: PS Poll Flood Attack....................................................... 29

DoS Attack: Unauthenticated Association........................................... 30

DoS Attack Against Infrastructure ..................................................................... 32

DoS Attack: CTS Flood ....................................................................... 32

DoS Attack: Queensland University of Technology Exploit............... 34

DoS Attack: RF Jamming Attack......................................................... 36

DoS Attack: Virtual Carrier Attack...................................................... 38

DoS Attack Against Client Station..................................................................... 40

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ii Table of Contents

AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

DoS Attack: Authentication-Failure Attack......................................... 41

DoS Attack: De-Authentication Broadcast.......................................... 43

DoS Attack: De-Authentication Flood................................................. 44

DoS Attack: Disassociation Broadcast................................................. 46

DoS Attack: Disassociation Flood ....................................................... 47

DoS Attack: EAPOL-Logoff Attack.................................................... 49

DoS Attack: FATA-Jack Tool Detected .............................................. 50

DoS Attack: Premature EAP-Failure Attack........................................ 52

DoS Attack: Premature EAP-Success Attack ...................................... 54

Chapter 3: IDS—Security Penetration......................................57

Airsnarf Attack Detected.................................................................................... 57

Fast WEP Crack (ARP Replay) Detected........................................................... 60

Device Probing for APs ..................................................................................... 61

Dictionary Attack on EAP Methods................................................................... 64

EAP Attack Against 802.1x Authentication Type.............................................. 65

Fake APs Detected.............................................................................................. 66

Fake DHCP Server Detected.............................................................................. 67

Hotspotter Tool Detected.................................................................................... 68

Illegal 802.11 Packets Detected.......................................................................... 71

Man-in-the-Middle Attack Detected................................................................... 72

Monitored Device Detected................................................................................ 74

NetStumbler Detected ........................................................................................ 75

Potential ASLEAP Attack Detected................................................................... 76

Potential Honey Pot AP Detected....................................................................... 78

Publicly Secure Packet Forwarding (PSPF) Violation....................................... 80

Soft AP or Host AP Detected ............................................................................. 81

Spoofed MAC Address Detected........................................................................ 82

Suspicious After-Hour Traffic Detected............................................................. 83

Unauthorized Association Detected ................................................................... 84

Wellenreiter Detected......................................................................................... 87

Chapter 4: Rogue AP and Station..............................................89

Rogue AP............................................................................................................ 90

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Table of Contents iii

Rogue AP by Channel.......................................................................... 91

Rogue AP by IEEE ID (OUI)............................................................... 92

Rogue AP by MAC Address (ACL) .................................................... 93

Rogue AP by SSID............................................................................... 94

Rogue AP by Wireless Media Type..................................................... 95

Rogue AP Traced on Enterprise Wired Network................................. 96

Rogue Station ..................................................................................................... 97

Rogue Station by Channel.................................................................... 97

Rogue Station by IEEE ID (OUI) ........................................................ 98

Rogue Station by MAC Address (ACL).............................................. 99

Rogue Station by SSID ...................................................................... 100

Rogue Station by Wireless Media Type............................................. 101

Chapter 5: Authentication and Encryption.............................103

Other Encryption and Authentication Methods................................................ 104

Device Unprotected by Other Encryption.......................................... 104

Device Unprotected by Fortress Encryption...................................... 105

Static WEP Encryption..................................................................................... 106

AP with Encryption Disabled............................................................. 107

Client with Encryption Disabled........................................................ 107

Crackable WEP IV Key Used............................................................ 108

Device Using Open Authentication.................................................... 109

Device Using Shared Key Authentication ......................................... 109

WEP IV Key Reused.......................................................................... 111

VPN .................................................................................................................. 111

Device Unprotected by VPN.............................................................. 112

WPA and 802.11i.............................................................................................. 113

802.11x Rekey Timeout Too Long.................................................... 114

802.1x Unencrypted Broadcast or Multicast...................................... 114

Device Unprotected by IEEE 802.11i/AES ....................................... 116

Device Unprotected by 802.11x......................................................... 120

Device Unproetected by EAP-FAST ................................................. 122

Device Unprotected by PEAP............................................................ 123

Device Unprotected by TKIP............................................................. 124

WPA or 802.11i Pre-Shared Key Used.............................................. 126

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iv Table of Contents

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Part Two: Performance Violation .....................................129

Chapter 6: Channel or Device Overload .................................131

AP Association Capacity Full........................................................................... 132

AP Overloaded by Stations............................................................................... 132

AP Overloaded by Utilization .......................................................................... 133

Excessive Bandwidth Usage............................................................................. 133

Excessive Multicast/Broadcast......................................................................... 134

Chapter 7: Deployment and Operation Error........................137

Configuration Error .......................................................................................... 138

Ad-hoc Node Using AP’s SSID......................................................... 139

Conflicting AP Configuration............................................................ 140

Higher Speed Not Supported.............................................................. 141

Missing Performance Options............................................................ 142

Simultaneous PCF and DCF Operation ............................................. 143

Unassociated Station Detected........................................................... 144

Device Down or Malfunction........................................................................... 144

AP System or Firmware Reset........................................................... 145

AP with Flawed Power-Save Implementation................................... 145

IEEE 802.11g Issues......................................................................................... 146

802.11g AP Beacons Wrong Protection............................................. 148

802.11g AP with Short Slot Time...................................................... 148

802.11g Device Using Non-Standard Data Rate................................ 149

802.11g Pre-Standard Device............................................................. 149

802.11g Protection Mechanism Not Implemented............................. 150

802.11g Protection Mechanism Overhead......................................... 150

Device Thrashing Between 802.11g and 802.11b.............................. 151

Chapter 8: IEEE 802.11e & VoWLAN Issues.........................153

AP Overloaded by Voice Traffic...................................................................... 155

Voice Quality Degradation Caused by Interfering APs ................................... 157

Channel Overloaded by Voice Traffic.............................................................. 159

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Table of Contents v

Excessive Roaming Detected on Wireless Phones........................................... 163

Power Save DTIM Not Optimized for Voice Traffic....................................... 167

VoWLAN Multicast Traffic Detected.............................................................. 167

Chapter 9: Problematic Traffic Pattern..................................169

Excessive Fragmentation Degrading Performance .......................................... 170

Excessive Frame Retries................................................................................... 171

Excessive Low Speed Transmission................................................................. 172

Excessive Missed AP Beacons......................................................................... 174

Excessive Packet Errors.................................................................................... 175

Excessive Roaming or Reassociation............................................................... 177

High Management Traffic Overhead................................................................ 179

Streaming Traffic from Wireless Device.......................................................... 181

Chapter 10: RF Management...................................................179

Channel with High Noise Level ....................................................................... 180

Channel with Overloaded APs.......................................................................... 181

Hidden Station Detected................................................................................... 183

Insufficient RF Coverage.................................................................................. 185

Interfering APs Detected .................................................................................. 187

Non-802.11 Interfering Source Detected.......................................................... 188

RF Regulatory Rule Violation.......................................................................... 192

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vi Table of Contents

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AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

Part One: Security IDS/IPS 1

Part One: Security IDS/IPS

The addition of WLANs in the corporate environment introduces a

whole new class of threats for network security. RF signals that

penetrate walls and extend beyond intended boundaries can expose

the network to unauthorized users. Rogue Access Points installed by

employees for their personal use usually do not adhere to the

corporate security policy. A single Rogue AP can put the entire

corporate network at risk of outside penetration and attack, and there

are many other possible wireless security risks and intrusions such as

mis-configured AP, unconfigured AP, and Denial-of-Service attacks.

Figure 1-1: Wireless Security Approaches

The AirMagnet product is designed to help manage against security

threats by validating proper security configurations and detecting

possible intrusions. With the comprehensive suite of security

monitoring technologies, AirMagnet alerts the user on more than 100

different threat conditions in the following categories:

• User authentication and traffic encryption

• Rogue and ad-hoc mode devices.

• Configuration vulnerabilities

• Intrusion detection on security penetration

• Intrusion detection on DoS attacks

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2 Part One: Security IDS/IPS

AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

To maximize the power of AirMagnet Mobile, security alarms can be

customized to best match your security deployment policy. For

example, if your WLAN deployment includes Access Points made by

a specific vendor, the product can be customized to generate the

rogue AP alarm when an AP made by another vendor is detected by

AirMagnet Mobile.

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AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities 3

Chapter 1:Configuration Vulnerabilities

Implementing a strong deployment policy is fundamental to

constructing a secure WLAN. However, enforcing the policy requires

constant monitoring to catch violations caused by mis-configuration

or equipment vendor implementation errors. With more and more

laptops coming packaged with built-in Wi-Fi capabilities, the

complexity of WLAN configuration extends beyond the Access

Points and to the stations. WLAN device configuration management

products can make the configuration process easier, but the need for

validation persists especially in laptops with built-in but unused and

unconfigured Wi-Fi. Besides checking policy validations, AirMagnet

also provides suggestions for best configuration practices in case a

suboptimal configuration choice is detected. For example,

AirMagnet Mobile generates a warning alarm when it detects an AP

broadcasting its SSID. The AirMagnet Mobile alarm description in

this case will recommend that the wireless administrator turn off the

SSID broadcast as a good security practice.

Ad-hoc Station Detected

A Wireless client station operating in ad-hoc mode (peer-to-peer

networking) is usually not protected by the same rigorous security

rules as enterprise-deployed APs in the infrastructure mode.

Figure 1-1: Ad-hoc Networking (Peer-to-Peer Stations) Bypasses

Enterprise Security Infrastructure

Peer-to-peer networking is usually not supported by the enterprise

WLAN, and thus lacks the necessary security measures such as

802.1x user authentication and the dynamic key encryption. As a

result, ad-hoc mode stations risk exposing data in the air through

weak (if any) encryption. In addition, weak authentication may

allow unauthorized devices to associate. If the ad-hoc mode client

station is also connected to the wired network, the entire enterprise

wired network is at risk. An Ad-hoc mode client station should be

investigated as a rogue AP because of the high risk imposed.

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4 Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities

AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

AirMagnet Mobile detects ad-hoc mode usage and triggers alarms.

To get a list of all ad-hoc mode stations, you can use the

Infrastructure view. See the sample screen shot below:

Figure 1-2: Infrastructure page identifies all Ad-hoc mode stations for

security sweep

Once this alarm is triggered, you can locate the ad-hoc device using

the Find tool and remove it from the enterprise network.

AP Broadcasting SSID

WLAN SSIDs are typically announced in the broadcast beacon

frames sent by Access Points. It is meant for client stations to easily

identify available WLANs and the APs providing the service. War-

drivers equipped with tools such as Netstumbler sometimes scan for

the SSIDs sent by Access Points to discover potential targets. If the

WLAN SSID is uncovered, your network may be susceptible to two

specific threats:

• Intruders can set the SSID on their client to attempt to join

that WLAN. According to most war-driving web sites, many

Access Points implemented these days are operating without

any security. Even though knowing the SSID name does not

necessarily mean that rogue clients will be able to join the

network, it is necessary to carry out other forms of security

attacks (such as Denial-of-service).

• Your WLAN and APs with GPS information on your

geographical location may be collected in a global database

and published on the Internet.

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AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities 5

AirMagnet Mobile detects an AP broadcasting its SSID and triggers

alarms (it is also able to discover SSIDs that are not broadcast). In the

Start page, APs are listed with their SSIDs in red to indicate a non-

broadcast SSID. See sample AirMagnet screenshots below:

Figure 1-3: The START screen showing non-broadcaster SSID in red

Most AP vendors support the configuration for SSID broadcast. A

Cisco Aironet AP can be configured from the Internet browser (see

sample below).

Figure 1-4: Disabling SSID broadcast for Cisco Aironet Access Point

AP Configuration Changed

Most of the current day wireless 802.11b LAN equipment use Direct

Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technology to send and receive

data. In DSSS, the data signal is combined with the chipping code,

which will divide the signal depending on the spreading ratio.

802.11a/g devices use the Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technology to help achieve higher

data rates. In this technology the high speed signal is divided into

separate sub-carrier signals.

According to the 802.11 standard, the user sets the channel for the

Access point and the wireless client adjusts its frequency to the same

channel and then begins the association phase.

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6 Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities

AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

The IEEE 802.11 standard mandates the use of 802.11b/g devices in

the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band only while

the 802.11a devices operate in the 5Ghz UNII (Unlicensed National

Information Infrastructure) band. 802.11a devices cannot interoperate

with 802.11b/g devices as they operate in different frequency bands.

Table 1-1: Channel Assignment for 802.11b Devices

Channel Frequency

Regulatory Domains

Americas

(-A)

Japan

(-J)

Singapore

(-S)

Taiwan

(-T)

34 5170 — x — —

36 5180 x — x —

38 5190 — x — —

40 5200 x — x —

42 5210 — x — —

44 5220 x — x —

46 5230 — x — —

48 5340 x — x —

52 5260 x — — x

56 5280 x — — x

60 5300 x — — x

64 5320 x — — x

149 5740 — — — —

153 5765 — — — —

157 5785 — — — —

161 5805 — — — —

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AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities 7

Mexico is included in the Americas domain but channels 1 through 8

are for indoor use only while channels 9 through 11 can be used indoors

and outdoors. France is included in the EMEA regulatory domain, but

only channels 10 through 13 can be used in France.

For 802.11b/g, a total of 14 channels are defined by the IEEE standard

in the ISM band with each channel occupying 22 MHz. Adjacent

channels overlaps with each other in RF frequency usage (see

illustration below).

Figure 1-5: 802.11b/g Channel Allocation and Frequency Overlaps

Wireless devices operating in adjacent channels (channel numbers

less than 5 apart) have their RF frequencies overlapped and will

interfere with one another. Ideally, APs should be 5 channels apart to

avoid such problem. This means that channel 1, 6 and 11 are the three

non-overlapping channels in the frequency spectrum. See sample

channel allocation and AP deployment below.

Figure 1-6: Allocating Adjacent APs to Non-overlapping Channels

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8 Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities

AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

After the initial site survey, in which channels for different APs were

considered, it becomes very important that no changes be made in

channel allocation. Any changes could lead to potential interference

between APs and increased noise level in the frequency spectrum.

Such a change could render the pre and post site survey useless.

Sudden changes in the channel allocation for the APs could also

indicate that an unauthorized person has gained access to the APs

and has made those changes.

AirMagnet Mobile also alerts the user for any sudden changes in the

SSID of the access point. This may indicate that an intruder has

control over the access point and has modified the SSID

configuration. This can cause all valid clients to get disconnected

from the AP as they now are not talking on the same network. Please

connect to the AP whose configuration has changed and assign a

stronger password for the access point login and change the SSID

back to the original one to continue providing service to the clients.

AP Operating in Bridged Mode Detected

Access Points are the most commonly used infrastructure products

for WLAN networks. An AP will act as a centralized hub through

which different wireless devices can connect to the wired distribution

network. There are access points that are available that can operate in

both the access point mode as well as the bridged mode. Most of

them can operate in either mode at a time, though there are a few

vendor devices that support both modes simultaneously. In bridged

mode, the wireless bridge can be used to connect two wired LAN

segments together. This can be in the point-to-point or point-to-

multipoint configuration.

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AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities 9

An attacker or a rogue insider could install such a wireless bridge

inside the corporate network that would invariably extend the

corporate network to any location outside the corporate premises.

Detection of such wireless bridge devices indicates that something is

wrong and the security of the corporate network could be

compromised.

Figure 1-7: Rogue Bridged AP/wireless bridge conneted to a corporate

network

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10 Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities

AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

AirMagnet Mobile will alert the administrator when it detects a

wireless bridge. Once a Rogue AP running in the bridged mode is

identified and reported by AirMagnet

Mobile, the WLAN

administrator may use the FIND tool to locate the rogue device.

Figure 1-8: Locating a device with AirMagnet Mobile’s FIND tool

AP Using Default Configuration

Access Points shipped by wireless equipment vendors usually come

with a set of default configuration parameters. Until these

configuration parameters are set based on your corporate security

policy, new Access Points should not be connected to the corporate

wired network. Depending on the manufacturer, unconfigured APs

have a default administrator password, SSIDs, channels,

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AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities 11

authentication/encryption settings, SNMP read/write community

strings, etc. Such default values are public knowledge available in

user manuals and installation guides on the vendor web site and may

be used by wireless hackers to compromise WLAN security.

Figure 1-9: Sample default SSIDs for APs from different wireless

equipment vendors

AirMagnet Mobile scans the WLAN for unconfigured APs by

matching factory default settings against an internal database of well

known default configurations such as SSID. When a match is found,

AirMagnet

Mobile alerts the WLAN administrator of the

unconfigured AP. The administrator should change the default

settings of the AP to avoid easy hacking of the AP.

Device Vulnerable to Hotspot Attack Tools

A hotspot is any location where Wi-Fi network access is made

available for the general public. One often finds hotspots in airports,

hotels, coffee shops, and other places where business people tend to

congregate. It is probably one of the most important network access

services for business travelers these days. All the customer requires is

a wireless-enabled laptop or handheld. Then the user can connect to

the legitimate access point and get the service. Most Hotspots do not

require the user to have any advanced authentication mechanisms to

connect to the access point, instead simply popping up a web page

for the user to login. So, the criterion for entry is dependent only on

whether the subscriber has paid the subscription fees or not. In a

Default SSID Vendor / Products

tsunami Cisco Aironet

Compaq Compaq WL-100/200/300/400

WLAN D-Link DL-713

WLAN SMC SMC2652W/SMC2526W

comcomcom 3Com AirConnect

Intel Intel Pro/Wireless 2011

Symbol Symbol Technologies AP

AirPort Network Apple Airport

Mello ZCOMMax XWL 450

Roamabout Default

Network Name

Lucent, Cabletron, or Enterasys AP

Bridge SMC SMC2682

MAC address SOHOware NetBlaster

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12 Chapter 1: Configuration Vulnerabilities

AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Policy Reference Guide

wireless hotspot environment, one can say that one should not trust

anyone else. Due to the concern of security these days, some WLAN

Hotspot vendors are using 802.1x or higher authentication

mechanisms to validate the identity of the user.

Figure 1-10: Basic components of a WLAN Hotspot network

The 4 components of a basic Hotspot network are:

• Hotspot Subscribers: These are valid users with a wireless

enabled laptop or handheld and valid login for accessing the

Hotspot network.

• WLAN Access Points: These can be SOHO gateways or

enterprise level access points depending upon the Hotspot

implementation.

• Hotspot Controllers: This box deals with user authentication,

gathering billing information, tracking usage time, filtering

functions, etc. This can be an independent machine, or can be

incorporated in the access point itself.

• Authentication Server: This server contains the login

credentials for the subscribers. The Hotspot controller will, in

most cases, verify the credential for the subscriber with the

authentication server after it is received.

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