!
GAS#CHROMATOGRAPH)BT45i!
USER’S!GUIDE!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
CENTRE FOR MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS
cma-science.nl
2!|!BT45i!Gas!Chromatograph!User’s!Guide!!
Short!description!
The!Gas!Chromatograph!BT45i! (later!called!GC)!is!a!low!cost!gas!chromatograph,!intended!
for! educational! use.! It! is! designed! to! separate! mixtures! of! gases! or! volatile! liquids! and!
identify!components!of!the!mixtures!by!their!specific!retention!times.!The!GC!operates!at!
room!temperature,!eliminating!l o ng !wa rm i ng !up!periods.!!
The!CMA!GC!BT45i!is!delivered!with:!!
• non-polar!column,!!
• air!pump,
• 9V!power!adapter,
• 3!syringes!(1!mL!volume)!with!3!short!needles!(0.5!×!16!mm),
• 2!spare!septa!(a!third!septum!is!placed!below!the!injection!port),!
• 40-cm!long!PVC!tubing,!
• disposable!cigarette!lighter.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
The!GC!BT45i!can!be! directly!connected!to! analog! BT!inputs!of!CMA!interfaces.!The!sensor!
cable!BT!-!IEEE1394!needed!to!connect! the!sensor!to!an!interface!is!not!supplied!with! the!
sensor!and!has!to!be!purchased!separately!(Order!Code!BTsc_1).!
Non-polar!column:!!
deli vered!with!the!
Gas!Chromatograph.!
INJECT!port:!!
this!is!where!the!samples!
are!injected:!!
Gas:!0.1!-!1!mL!
Liquid:!1!–!10! L.!
!
AIR!INPUT:!!
Connect!the!air!pump!here.!
Sensor!output:!!
Use!the!CMA!sensor! c able!!
to!connect!to!a!CMA!interface.!
9-V!In:!
Connect!the!power!adapter.!
START!button:!!
Delivers!a!4.5V-pulse!at!the!sensor!output!for!
starting!a!measurement!via!software!triggering.!
DETECTOR:!!
Taguchi!gas!sensor!in!!
a!socket,!only!sensitive!to!
deox idising !gas!and!vapour.!
Column!connector:!!
the!column!can!easily!!
be! (dis-)assembled.!
9V!IN:!
Connect!!
the!9V!power!adapter.!
BT45i!Gas!Chromatograph!User’s!Guide! |!3!
!Caution:!!
• O
pe
r
a
t
ing
!
t
he
!GC!
i
m
plie
s
!
wo
rk
ing
!
wi
t
h
!
c
o
m
bu
st
ible
s.
!
K
eep
!
in
!
m
ind
!
t
he
!
gene
r
al
!
s
a
f
e
ty
!
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
!
on
!
handling
!
c
o
m
bu
st
ible
!
ga
s
e
s
!
and
!
liquid.!!
•
U
s
e
!
e
y
e
!
p
r
o
t
e
ct
ion
.! Protect!your! arms! and! hands!by! wearing!a! long-sleeve!lab! coat!
and!gloves.
!
•
Ne
v
e
r
!
inje
ct
!
m
o
r
e
!
t
han
!
10
!
μ
L
!
o
f
!
liquid.
!
I
nje
ct
ing
!
t
oo
!
m
u
c
h
!
f
luid
!
c
an
!
c
au
s
e
!
pe
rm
anen
t
!
da
m
age
!of!
t
he
!
c
olu
m
n
.
!
•
Pla
c
e
!
t
he
!needle!back!into!
its
!
p
r
o
t
e
ct
i
v
e
!
c
ap
!
i
mm
edia
t
el
y
!
a
ft
e
r
!
u
s
e
.!
Overview!of!GC!elements!!
The!GC!consists!of!a!number!of!components.!
!
1.!Gas!carrier!
An!air!pump!serves!as!a!carrier!gas!source.!The!carrier!gas!is!therefore!air.!The!pump!is!
connected!to!the!air!inlet!via!a!plastic!tube!delivered!with!GC.!This!air!in let!is!internally!
connected!to!the!injection!chamber,!which!is!located!under!the!injection!port.!!
!
2.!Injection!of!samples!
A!
s
a
m
ple
!is!
inje
ct
ed!in!the!injection!port.!When!using!the!metal!
injection!needle,!insert!
the!needle!into!the!INJECT!port!and!pierce!through!the!septum!(not-visible,!silicone!
rubber!disc!located!inside!the!injection!port).!Th e!syringe!mu st!then!b e!qu ickly!emp tied!
and!at!the!same!time!the!measurement!should!be!started.!!
!
Injecting)gas)samples)
M
an
y
!
s
ou
rc
e
s
!
o
f
!
ga
s
!
c
an
!
be
!
s
a
m
pled
!
wi
t
hou
t
!
u
s
ing
!
t
he
!
needle
.!
!
Then!replace!the!needle;!press!the!needle!of!the!filled!syringe!perpendicularly!into!the!
hole!at!the!top!of!the!injection!port!and!
qui
ck
l
y
!
e
m
p
ty
!
t
he
!
syr
inge
.
!
!
T
he
!
s
a
m
ple’
s
!
v
olu
m
e
!
depend
s
!
on
!
t
he
!
ty
pe
!
o
f
!
c
olu
m
n
!
and
!
t
he
!
c
o
m
po
s
i
t
ion
!
o
f
!
t
he
!
ga
s
!
s
a
m
ple
.
!
T
he
!
ideal
!
v
olu
m
e
!
f
o
r
!
a
!
c
e
rt
ain
!
s
a
m
ple
!
c
an
!
be
!
ob
t
ained
!
e
x
pe
r
i
m
en
t
all
y.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
!
good
!
st
a
rt
ing
-
poin
t
!
c
ould
!
be
!
0
.
2
!
m
L
!
(f
o
r
!
c
iga
r
e
tt
e
!
ligh
t
e
r
!
ga
s
!
wi
t
h
!
t
he
!
non
-
pola
r
!
c
olu
m
n).
!
!
Injecting)liquid)samples)
F
o
r
!
t
he
!
inje
ct
ion
!
o
f
!
liquid
!
s
a
m
ple
s
!
a
!
m
i
cr
o
!
syr
inge! must! be! used
.! A
!
st
anda
r
d
!
ty
pe
!
m
i
cr
o
!
syr
inge
!
ha
s
!
a
!
ty
pi
c
al
!
needle
!
leng
t
h
!
o
f
!
50
!
mm.
!
S
u
c
h
!
needle
s
!
m
u
st
!
no
t
!
be
!
in
s
e
rt
ed
!
in
!
t
he
!
inje
ct
ion
!
po
rt
!
deeper
!
t
han
!
16
!
mm
!
t
o
!
a
v
oid
!
da
m
age
!
t
o
!
bo
t
h
!
t
he
!
needle
!
and
!
t
he
!
in
t
e
r
nal
!
inje
ct
ion
!
po
rt.!
!
Pr
e
f
e
r
abl
y
!
inje
ct
!
onl
y
!
v
ola
t
ile
!
s
a
m
ple
s,
!
a
s
!
pu
r
e
!
a
s
!
po
ss
ible
.
!
I
nje
ct
ing
!
liquid
!
s
a
m
ple
s
!
m
a
y
!
pollu
t
e
!
t
he
!
inje
ct
ion
!
po
rt
!
wi
t
h
!
non
-v
ola
t
ile
!
c
o
m
ponen
ts.
!
T
he
!
inje
ct
ion
!
po
rt
!
will
!
need
!
t
o
!
be
!
c
leaned
!
r
egula
r
l
y
!
wi
t
h
!
pu
r
e
!
e
t
hanol
.
!
!
Use)of)the)sy
r
inge)
•
Handle
!
y
ou
r
!
m
i
cr
o
!
syr
inge
!
wi
t
h
!
c
a
r
e
.
!
A
!
ben
t
!
needle
!
o
r
!
pi
st
on
!
m
a
k
e
s
!
t
he
!
syr
inge
!
u
s
ele
ss.
!
•
Ne
v
e
r
!
u
s
e
!
needle
s
!
bigge
r
!
t
han
!
Ø!
0
.
5
!
×
!
16!
mm.
!
•
Conne
ct
!
t
he
!
needle
!
t
o
!
t
he
!
syr
inge
!
b
y
!
p
r
e
ss
ing
!
i
t
!
on
!
wi
t
h
!
t
he
!
p
r
o
t
e
ct
i
v
e
!
c
ap
.
!
Re
m
o
v
e
!
t
he
!
p
r
o
t
e
ct
i
v
e
!
c
ap
!
onl
y
!
s
ho
rt
l
y
!
be
f
o
r
e
!
inje
ct
ing
!
t
he
!
s
a
m
ple
.! T
he
!
needle
!
4!|!BT45i!Gas!Chromatograph!User’s!Guide!!
c
an
!
be
!
r
e
m
o
v
ed
!
fr
o
m
!
t
he
!
syr
inge
!
b
y
!
t
u
r
ning
!
t
he
!
p
r
o
t
e
ct
i
v
e
!
c
ap
!
and
!
pulling
!
a
t
!
t
he
!
s
a
m
e
!
t
i
m
e
.
!
!
The)injection)septum )
T
he
!
inje
ct
ion
!
s
ep
t
u
m
!
c
on
s
i
sts
!
o
f
!
a
!
s
ili
c
one
!
r
ubbe
r
!
di
sc!and!has!
a
!
li
f
e
t
i
m
e
!
o
f
!
50
!
t
o
!
100
!
inje
ct
ion
s.
!
If
!
t
he
!
s
ep
t
u
m
!
i
s
!
wo
r
n!out
,
!
i
t
!
m
a
y
!
st
a
rt
!
lea
k
ing
.
!
Y
ou
!
m
a
y
!
no
t
i
c
e
!
an
!
in
cr
ea
s
e
!
in
!
r
e
t
en
t
ion
!
t
i
m
e
s
!
and
!
sm
alle
r
!
pea
k
!
s
u
rf
a
c
e
!
a
r
ea’
s
!
due
!
t
o
!
lo
ss
!
o
f
!
s
a
m
ple
.!!
You!can!repla
c
e
!
t
he
!
s
ep
t
u
m
!
wi
t
h
!
t
he
!
s
upplied
!
s
pa
r
e
!
ty
pe
s.!Unscr
ew
!
t
he
!
inje
ct
ion
!
po
rt!
cap,!r
epla
c
e
!
t
he
!
s
ep
t
u
m!and!scr
ew
!
t
he
!
c
ap
!back!on!
b
y
!
hand
.
!
!
!
3.!Column!!
The! column! consists! of! a! rolled! up! piece! of! plastic! hose! filled! with! small! granules.! The!
injected!samp le!flows!into!the!column!together!with!the!carrier!gas.
!
In!the!colum n ,!the!
substances!from!the!sample!will!constantly! co nd ense!on!the!grains,!causing!them!to!stop!
moving!and!evaporate!again!so!that!they!are! passed!through!the!column!with!the!carrier!
gas.! Substances! with! a! low! boiling! poin t! that! easily! evaporate! will! pass! through! the!
column!relatively!faster!because!they!are!more!often!gaseous.!The!time!th at!a!substance!
needs!to!go!through!the!column!is!the!retention!time!of!that!substance.!!
The! end! of! the! column! is! attached! to! a! connector! that! is! internally! connected! to! an!
outflow!opening!where!it!can!be!detected!by!the!gas!sensor.!!
A!non-polar!column,!needed!for!most!experiments,!is!delivered!with!the!GC!BT45i.!!
A! polar! column! and! a! short! (fast)! non-polar! column! are! not! supplied! and! can! be!
purchased!separately.!
!
4.!Detection!!
T
he
!GC’
s
!
de
t
e
ct
ion
!
syst
e
m
!
i
s
!
ba
s
ed
!
upon
!
a
!T
agu
c
hi
!
ty
pe
!
ga
s
!
s
en
s
o
r!TGS
813
.
! The!sensor!
is!fitted!in!a!socket!for!good!visibility!and!
c
an
!
ea
s
il
y
!
be
!
t
a
k
en
!
ou
t!for!
replacement
.!T
he
!
s
en
s
o
r
!
c
an
!
be
!
plugged
!
in
!
t
wo
!
po
ss
ible
!
wa
ys;! t
he
!
symm
e
tr
i
c
al
!
pin
!
la
y
ou
t
!
pe
rm
i
ts
!
bo
t
h
!
wa
ys.!T
he
!
s
en
s
o
r
’
s
!
v
en
t
ila
t
ion
!
g
r
id
!
s
hould
!
no
t
!
be
!
ob
str
u
ct
ed
.!
T
he
!
s
en
s
ing
!
ele
m
en
t
!
o
f
!
t
he
!
ga
s
!
s
en
s
o
r
!
i
s
!
a
!
t
in
!
dio
x
ide
!
(S
n
O
2
)
!
s
e
m
i
c
ondu
ct
o
r! m
a
t
e
r
ial
.
!
T
he
! gas!
s
en
s
o
r
!
i
s
!
onl
y
!
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
e
!
t
o
!
c
o
m
bu
st
ible
!
ga
ss
e
s
!
and
!
v
apou
rs
!
s
u
c
h
!
a
s
!
h
y
d
r
ogen
,
!
al
k
ane
s,
!
al
k
ene
s,
!
al
c
ohol
s,
! etc
.
!
T
he
s
e
!
v
apou
rs
!
will
!
be
!
o
x
idi
s
ed
!
b
y
!
t
he
!
o
xy
gen
,!
whi
c
h
!
i
s
!
pe
rm
anen
t
l
y
!
ad
s
o
r
bed
!
a
t
!
t
he
!
s
en
s
o
r
’
s
!
s
u
rf
a
c
e
.!
Con
t
a
ct
!
wi
t
h
!
deo
x
idi
s
ing
!
ga
ss
e
s
!
gene
r
a
t
e
s
!
a
!
sm
all
!
ele
ctr
i
c
!
c
u
rr
en
t.
! The! signal! from! the! detector! is! measured! via! the!
sensor!output.!!
!
5.!The!START!Button!
The! START! button! allows! to! remotely! start! the! measurement! by! using! the! Coach!
software.! Pressing! the! button! generates! a! voltage! signal! of! circa! 4.5! V! at! the! sensor!
output.!!
T
he
!
STA
R
T
!
bu
tt
on
!
will
!
onl
y
!
wo
rk
!
when
!
t
he
!
app
r
op
r
ia
t
e
!
tr
igge
r
!conditions!in !the!
software!
ha
v
e
!
been
!
s
e
t.
!
Measuring!with!GC!sensor!in!the!Coach!software!!
1.
Set-up!your!GC.!
!
•
Conne
ct
!
the
!
c
olu
m
n
!
t
o
!
t
he
!
t
wo
!column!
c
onne
ct
o
rs
!
on
!
t
op
!
o
f
!
t
he
!
GC
.
!
!
•
Conne
ct
!
t
he
!
ai
r
!
pu
m
p
!
t
o
!
t
he
!air!input!of!the!GC!by!using!the!provided!PVC!tubing.
!
•
Plug!the!air!
pu
m
p
!
t
o
!an!outlet
.
!
!
•
Plug!
t
he
!round!plug!of!the!9!V!power!supply!into!the!
9
V-port!
of!the!GC!and!plug!it!
BT45i!Gas!Chromatograph!User’s!Guide! |!5!
into!the!outlet.
!
• Y
ou
r
!
GC!is!now!ready!
f
o
r
!
u
s
e
.!
Typically!the!GC!is!used!horizontally!on!the!table!to!
make!injection!easier.!For!a!better!view!during!classroom!demonstrations!it!can!be!
placed!vertically.!
!
2. Setup!your!measurement!in!the!Coach!software.!
•
Connect!the!GC!with!your!interface.!Use
!the!sensor!cable!(not!delivered!with!the!
GC)!and!connect!
t
he
!GC!sensor!
ou
t
pu
t
!with!
an
!
analog
!
inpu
t
!
o
f
!
y
ou
r
!
in
t
e
rf
a
c
e
.
!
!
•
The!GC!has!a!memory!chip!(EEPROM)!with!information!about!the!sensor:!its!name,!
measured!quantity,!unit!and!calibration.!By!default!this!information!is!used!and!the!
sensor!measures!voltage!between!0!..!5V.!When!your!GC!is!properly!connected!to!
an!interface!then!it!is!automatically!recognized!in!the!Coach!software!and!the!
measured!values!are!shown!on!the!icon!displayed!on!the!screen!panel!in!Coach.!If!
your!GC!is!not!automatically!detected!by!an!interface!yo u!h ave!to !ma nu ally!set!it!
up!by!selecting!it!from!the!Coach!Sensor!Library.!
!
•
T
he
!
GC’
s
!gas!
s
en
s
o
r
!
p
r
odu
c
e
s
!
a
!
m
ini
m
u
m
!
ou
t
pu
t
!
o
f
!
abou
t
!
0
.1
5!
V
!
when
!
no
t
hing
!
i
s
!
de
t
e
ct
ed
.!
To!set!this!“base!signal”!to!0!V!you!have!to!shift!this!signal.!Right-click!
the!GC!icon!on!the!interface!panel!in!Coach!and!select!the!option!Set!to!Zero.!!!!
•
To! use! t
he
!
STA
R
T
!
bu
tt
on
! you! have! to! select!
app
r
op
r
ia
t
e
!
tr
igge
r
! conditions
.!
Set!
the!trigger!level!to !4!V!and!the!trigger!direction!to!up.!!
• Set! the! proper!
measurement!
t
i
m
e,! this! time! interval! depend
s
!
on
!
t
he
!
e
x
pe
ct
ed
!
r
e
t
en
t
ion
!
t
i
m
e
s
!
o
f
!
t
he
!
s
a
m
ple
!
t
o
!
be
!
in
v
e
st
iga
t
ed
!e.g.!measurement!time!of!
350
!
s
e
c
ond
s
!
i
s
!
app
r
op
r
ia
t
e
!
f
o
r
!
in
v
e
st
iga
t
ing
!
c
iga
r
e
tt
e
-
ligh
t
e
r
!
ga
s.!The!sampling!rate!of!
5!measurements!per!second!is!sufficient.!!
3. Perform!your!measurement.!!
• Fill!the!syringe!with!a!sample!(see!details!given!under!‘2.!Injection!of!samples’).!!
•
Start! your! measurement! in! Coach.!
Remember! to! enable! triggering! with! the!
conditions!given!above.!
Then!the!data! collection!will! start! au tomatically!when!the!
START!button!on!the!GC!is!pressed.
!
•
Inject!the! sample!and!at!the!same!moment!press!the! START! button.
!
F
o
r
!the!
be
st
!
sy
n
c
h
r
oni
s
a
t
ion
! the! person! who! injects! the! sample! should! do! this
.! T
he
!
STA
R
T
!
bu
tt
on!i
s
!
po
s
i
t
ioned
!
c
lo
s
e
!
t
o
!
t
he
!
inje
ct
ion
!
po
rt
!
f
o
r
!
ea
sy
!
a
cc
e
ss.
!
• Determine!the!retention!times!from!your!chroma togra m.!
!
The!table! below! d is pla ys! r
etention! times!with! the!non-pola
r
!column.!
T
he
!
r
e
t
en
t
ion
!
t
i
m
e
s
!
c
an
!
v
a
ry
!
due
!
t
o
!
di
ff
e
r
en
c
e
s
!
in
!
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
!
ga
s-f
low
!
(
pu
m
p
!
p
r
e
ss
u
r
e
)
!
and
!
pa
ck
ing
!
den
s
i
ty.
!
T
he
!
e
m
p
ty
!
f
ield
s
!
in
!
t
he
!
t
able
!
c
an
!
be
!
u
s
ed
!
t
o
!
no
t
e
!
c
o
rr
e
ct
ed
!
v
alue
s.!
!
!
Substance!
Retention!
time!(s)!
!
!
!
h
y
d
r
ogen!
44
.
5!
!
!
!
m
e
t
hane!
46
.
4!
!
!
!
e
t
hene!
50
.
0!
!
!
!
e
t
hane!
52
.
5!
!
!
!
p
r
opene!
65
.
6!
!
!
!
p
r
opane!
68
.
5!
!
!
!
m
e
t
h
y
lp
r
opane!
95
.
1!
!
!
!
6!|!BT45i!Gas!Chromatograph!User’s!Guide!!
1
-
bu
t
ene!
105!
!
!
!
n
-
bu
t
ane!
119!
!
!
!
2
,
2
-
di
m
e
t
h
y
lp
r
opane!
138!
!
!
!
2
-m
e
t
h
y
lbu
t
ane!
207!
!
!
!
1
-
pen
t
ene!
219!
!
!
!
m
e
t
h
y
l
m
e
t
hanoa
t
e!
223!
!
!
!
n
-
pen
t
ane!
257!
!
!
!
2
,
2
-
di
m
e
t
h
y
lbu
t
ane!
383!
!
!
!
e
t
h
y
l
m
e
t
hanoa
t
e!
440!
!
!
!
m
e
t
h
y
le
t
hanoa
t
e!
450!
!
!
!
2
,
3
-
di
m
e
t
h
y
lbu
t
ane!
455!
!
!
!
2
-m
e
t
h
y
lpen
t
ane!
506!
!
!
!
3
-m
e
t
h
y
lpen
t
ane!
562!
!
!
!
1
-
he
x
ene!
583!
!
!
!
n
-
he
x
ane!
680!
!
!
!
e
t
h
y
le
t
hanoa
t
e!
899!
!
!
!
ben
z
ene!
968!
!
!
!
2
,
2
-
di
m
e
t
h
y
lpen
t
ane!
970!
!
!
!
2
,
3
-
di
m
e
t
h
y
lpen
t
ane!
970!
!
!
!
3
-
e
t
h
y
lpen
t
ane!
1567!
!
!
!
n
-
hep
t
ane!
1900!
!
!
!
m
e
t
h
y
lben
z
ene!
3080!
!
!
!
n
-
o
ct
ane!
5470!
!
!
!
The! image! shows! examples! of!
chromatograms!of!gases!used!in!
two! different! cigarette! lighters!
of! brand! "FLAME"! and! "BIC".! In!
both! cases! 0.2! mL! of! gas! was!
injected.! The! measured!
retention! times! can! be! read!
from! the! chromatogram! and!
compared! with! the! reference!
table! to! see! which! substances!
are!in!the!gas!mixture.!From!the!
height!of!the!peaks!one!can!see!
how! much! of! that! substance! is!
present.!!
!
Note:!If
!
your!GC!
ha
s
!
no
t
!
been
!
u
s
ed
!
f
o
r
!
a
!
longe
r
!
pe
r
iod
!
o
f
!
t
i
m
e
!
i
t
!
i
s
!
ad
v
i
s
able
!
t
o
!
‘bu
r
n
!
in’
!
t
he
!
s
en
s
o
r
!
f
o
r
!
24
!
hou
rs
!
p
r
io
r
!
t
o
!
u
s
e
.
!
T
he
!
ai
r
!
pu
m
p
!
does
!
no
t
!
need
!
t
o
!
be
!
c
onne
ct
ed
.
!
J
u
st
!
power! the! GC! with!
its
! power! adapter
.
!
B
u
r
ning
!
in
!
t
he
!
s
en
s
o
r
!
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
!
t
he
!
s
en
s
o
r
’
s
!
r
ep
r
odu
c
ibili
ty
!
and
!
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
i
ty.
!
Suggested!experiments!!
T
he! GC! BT45i! i
s
!
v
e
ry
!
well
!
s
ui
t
ed
!
f
o
r
!
t
he
!
de
m
on
str
a
t
ion
!
o
f
!
t
he
!
p
r
in
c
iple
s
!
o
f
!
ga
s
!
c
h
r
o
m
a
t
og
r
aph
y.
!
Its
!
s
i
m
ple
!
c
on
str
u
ct
ion
!
and
!
r
oo
m
!
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
!
ope
r
a
t
ion
!
will
!
r
equi
r
e
!
onl
y
!
s
ho
rt
!
p
r
epa
r
a
t
ion
!
t
i
m
e
s.
!It!can!be!
used!in!a!variety!of!experiments:!!
BT45i!Gas!Chromatograph!User’s!Guide! |!7!
• C
ig
are
tt
e
!
light
er
!
g
as:!
G
a
s
!
fr
o
m
!
a
!
c
iga
r
e
tt
e
!
ligh
t
e
r
!
c
on
t
ain
s
!
p
r
opane
,
!
m
e
t
h
y
lp
r
opane
!
and
!
bu
t
ane
.
!
Sm
all
!
a
m
oun
ts
!
o
f
!
e
t
hane
!
and
!pentane!
a
r
e
!
al
s
o
!
o
ft
en
!
de
t
e
ct
ed
.
!
V
a
r
iou
s
!
b
r
and
s
!
c
on
t
ain
!
di
ff
e
r
en
t
!
c
o
m
po
s
i
t
ion
s.
!
By
!
c
o
m
pa
r
ing
!
t
he
!
c
h
r
o
m
a
t
og
r
a
ms
!
o
f
!
t
wo
!
di
ff
e
r
en
t
!
ligh
t
e
rs,
!
t
he
!
quali
t
a
t
i
v
e
!
a
s
!
well
!
a
s
!
t
he
!
quan
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
!
a
s
pe
cts
!
o
f
!
ga
s
!
c
h
r
o
m
a
t
og
r
aph
y
!
c
an
!
be
!
di
sc
u
ss
ed
.
!
• Na
tu
ra
l
!
g
as:!
T
he
!
f
i
rst
!
pea
k
!
in
!
t
he
!
c
h
r
o
m
a
t
og
r
a
m
!
ob
t
ained
!
fr
o
m
!
na
t
u
r
al
!
ga
s
!
i
s
!
fr
o
m
!
m
e
t
hane
.
!
Ot
he
r
!
c
o
m
ponen
ts
!
s
u
c
h
!
a
s
!
p
r
opane
!
and
!
bu
t
ane
!
c
an
!
al
s
o
!
be
!
de
t
e
ct
ed
.!
Na
t
u
r
al
!
ga
s
!
c
on
t
ain
s
!
abou
t
!
14
%
!
ni
tr
ogen
.
!
T
he
!
de
t
e
ct
ion
!
s
en
s
o
r
!
i
s
!
no
t
!
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
e
!
t
o
!
ni
tr
ogen
!
ga
s.
!
•
Na
tu
ra
l
!
oil:! T
he
!
ligh
t
e
st
!
c
o
m
ponen
ts
!
o
f
!
cr
ude
!
oil
!
c
an
!
be
!
f
ound
!
di
ss
ol
v
ed
!
in
!
t
he
!
oil
,
!
bu
t
!
al
s
o
!
in
!
t
he
!
v
apou
r
!
abo
v
e
!
t
he
!
oil
!
in
!
a
!
ba
rr
el
.
!
T
he
!
v
apou
r
!
abo
v
e
!
t
he
!
oil
!
c
an
!
be
!
in
v
e
st
iga
t
ed
!
u
s
ing
!
t
he
!GC!BT45i
.
!
O
il
!
fr
o
m
!
ano
t
he
r
!
s
i
t
e
!
c
on
t
ain
s
!
t
he
!
s
a
m
e
!
ga
ss
e
s
!
in
!
a
!
di
ff
e
r
en
t
!
r
ela
t
i
v
e
!
abundan
c
e
.!
Du
r
ing
!
t
he
!
di
st
illa
t
ion
!
o
f
!
cr
ude
!
oil
,
!
ga
s
!
s
a
m
ple
s
!
c
an
!
be
!
t
a
k
en
!
fr
o
m
!
t
he
!
c
onden
s
e
r
!
a
t
!
di
ff
e
r
en
t
!
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
s.!
• Whit
e
!
s
pi
r
it:!A
n
!
in
v
e
st
iga
t
ion
!
o
f
!
whi
t
e
!
s
pi
r
i
t
!
s
how
s
!
t
ha
t
!
whi
t
e
!
s
pi
r
i
t
!
c
on
s
i
sts
!
o
f
!
m
o
r
e
!
t
han
!
ju
st
!
m
e
t
hanol
!
and
!
e
t
hanol
.
!
A
!
pola
r
!
c
olu
m
n
!
i
s
!
needed
!
f
o
r
!
t
he
!
in
v
e
st
iga
t
ion
!
o
f
!
pola
r
!
c
o
m
ponen
ts
!
s
u
c
h
!
a
s
!
al
c
ohol
s.!
• B
iog
as:!
G
a
s
!
fr
o
m
!
a
!
di
tc
h
!
o
r
!
fr
o
m
!
a
!
(s
el
f-m
ade
)
!
bioga
s
!
in
st
alla
t
ion
!
c
an
!
be
!
in
v
e
st
iga
t
ed
.
!
•
Hy
d
r
og
e
n:!
H
y
d
r
ogen
!
c
an
!
v
e
ry
!
ea
s
il
y
!
be
!
ob
t
ained
!
in
!
a
!
pu
r
e
!
f
o
rm
!
(
ele
ctr
ol
ys
i
s
!
o
r
!
t
he
!
r
ea
ct
ion
!
o
f
!
a
!
m
e
t
al
!
wi
t
h
!
an
!
a
c
id
).
!
H
y
d
r
ogen
!
ha
s
!
a
!
v
e
ry
!
s
ho
rt
!
r
e
t
en
t
ion
!
t
i
m
e
.
!
T
hi
s
!
m
a
k
e
s
!
h
y
d
r
ogen
!
v
e
ry
!
s
ui
t
able
!
f
o
r
!
m
ea
s
u
r
ing
!
t
he
!
de
t
e
ct
o
rs
!
p
r
ope
rt
ie
s.
!
S
in
c
e
!
h
y
d
r
ogen
!
i
s
!
ha
r
dl
y
!
ad
s
o
r
bed
!
b
y
!
t
he
!
st
a
t
iona
ry
!
pha
s
e
!
o
f
!
t
he
!
c
olu
m
n
,
!
i
t
!
c
an
!
be
!
u
s
ed
!
t
o
!
de
t
e
rm
ine
!
t
he
!
f
low
!
o
f
!
t
he
!
c
a
rr
ie
r-
ga
s.
!
T
he
!
r
e
t
en
t
ion
!
t
i
m
e
!
o
f
!
h
y
d
r
ogen
!
i
s
!
al
m
o
st
!
equal
!
t
o
!
t
he
!
c
a
rr
ie
r!
ga
s
!
r
e
t
en
t
ion
!
t
i
m
e
.
!
•
Aer
o
s
ol
!
p
r
op
e
lling
!
a
g
e
nt:!
C
F
C
!
p
r
opelling
!
ga
s
!
ha
s
!
been
!
u
s
ed
!
in
!
ae
r
o
s
ol
!
c
an
s
!
f
o
r
!
a
!
long
!
t
i
m
e
.
!
S
in
c
e
!
1989
!
t
he
y
!
a
r
e
!
banned
!
be
c
au
s
e
!
t
he
y
!
a
r
e
!
ha
z
a
r
dou
s
!
t
o
!
t
he
!
en
v
i
r
on
m
en
t.
!
W
ha
t
!
k
ind
!
o
f
!
p
r
opelling
!
agen
ts
!
a
r
e
!
u
s
ed
!
t
oda
y
!
in
!
a
!
c
an
!
o
f
!
deodo
r
an
t
!
s
p
r
a
y
?
!
•
In
ves
tig
a
ting
!
th
e
!
d
e
t
ec
to
r:!
T
he
!
de
t
e
ct
o
rs
!
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
i
ty
!
t
o
!
h
y
d
r
ogen
!
c
an
!
be
!
in
v
e
st
iga
t
ed
.
!
W
ha
t
!
i
s
!
t
he
!
m
ini
m
u
m
!
a
m
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in
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e
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t
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t
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b
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and
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pe
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(
no
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die
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el
)
!
and
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t
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r
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ul
ts
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wi
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t
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a
m
ple
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c
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m.!A
!
m
u
c
h
!
f
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!
t
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!
c
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e
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ga
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s
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s
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t
h
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ff
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!
b
r
and
s
!
o
f
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c
iga
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tt
e
!
ligh
t
e
rs.!
•
M
e
th
a
nol
!
in
!
whit
e
!
win
e:!
W
hi
t
e
!
wine
!
o
ft
en
!
c
on
t
ain
s
!
sm
all
!
a
m
oun
ts
!
o
f
!
poi
s
onou
s
!
m
e
t
hanol
.
!
W
i
t
h
!
a
!
pola
r
!
c
olu
m
n
!
m
e
t
hanol
!
c
an
!
be
!
de
t
e
ct
ed
.
!
F
i
rst
!
t
he
!
wine
!
s
hould
!
be
!
di
st
illed
.
!
T
o
!
p
r
e
v
en
t
!
non
-
v
ola
t
ile
!
c
o
m
ponen
ts
!
t
o
!
r
ea
c
h
!
t
he
!
c
olu
m
n
!
t
he
!
di
st
illa
t
e
!
s
hould
!
be
!
inje
ct
ed
.
!
!
Check!the!Teaching!Resources!provided!on!the!CMA!website!(https://cma-science.nl)!to !
find!the!ready-to-go!lessons!for!the!Gas!Chromatograph !BT 45i.!
8!|!BT45i!Gas!Chromatograph!User’s!Guide!!
Technical!Specifications! !
!
Sensor!kind!
Analog,!!
generates!an!output!voltage!between!0 and 5 V !
Measuring!range!!
0!..!5!V!
Resolution!using!!
12-!bits!5V!AD!converter!!
1.25!mV!
Gas!detector!!
TGS
813
!gas!
s
en
s
o
r!
Optional!TGS
822
!
s
en
s
o
r!can!be!used!which!is!s
ligh
t
l
y
!
m
o
r
e
!
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
e
!
t
o
!
al
c
ohol
!
v
apou
rs!(
www
.f
iga
r
o
s
en
s
o
r.c
o
m)!
Carried!Gas!!
Air!
Carrier!Gas!Pressure!
150!mbar!
Supply!Voltage!!
9!V!(external!mains!adapter!included)!
Current!!
170!mA!
Start!button!
+4.5!V!pulse!!
Operating!temperature!!
20°C
!
-
!
50°C
!
Non-polar!column:!
Suitable!for!separation!of!
ga
s
eou
s
!
and
!
v
ola
t
ile
!
liquid
!
non
-
pola
r
!
s
a
m
ple
s
!!
r
ed
!
wi
r
e
!
w
r
ap
s!!
di
m
en
s
ion
s:
!
Ø!
4
!
×
!
1500!
mm
!!
st
a
t
iona
ry
!
pha
s
e
:
!
s
ili
c
on
!
oil
!
15
%
!!
s
uppo
rt:
!
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
r
b
!
W
!
60!
-!
80
!
Inje
ct
ion
!
s
ep
t
u
m
!
a
!
s
ili
c
one
!
r
ubbe
r
!
di
sc,
!
Ø!
12
!
×
!
2!
mm!(three!included)!
Injection!syringe!!
1!mL!volume!(three!included)!
Injection!needle!!
Ø!
0
.
5
!
×
!
16!
mm
!
m
a
x
i
m
u
m!
(three!included)!
PVC!tubing!
4!×!6!×!400!mm!
Connection!
IEEE1394!connector!for!BT-IEE E1 3 94 !sen s or!c ab l e.!!
Sensor!cable!not!delivered!with!the!sensor.!!
!
Note:!A!polar!column! and!a!short! (fast)!non-polar!column!are! not! supplied!and!can! be!
purchased!separately.!
!
!
Warranty:!!
The! Gas! Chromatograph! BT45i! is! warranted! to! be! free! from! defects! in! materials! and!
workmanship!for!a!period!of!24!months!from!the!date!of!purchase!provided!that!it!has!
been!used! under!normal!laboratory!conditions.!This!warranty!does!not!apply!if!the!sensor!
has!been!damaged!by!accident!or!misuse.!!
!
Note:! This!product!is!to!be!used!for!educational!purposes!only.!It!is!not!appropriate!for!
industrial,!medical,!research!or!commercial!applications.!! ! ! ! !
Rev. 03/12/2019
/
