Nikon F User manual

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B*l

English

Depth-of-field table-

Deutsch

Scharfentiefetabelle •

Fran$ais

Table de profondeur de champ-

Espafiol

-34H

- Page 10

- Page 34

-Seite 16

- Seite 34

- Page 22

- Page 34

Pagina 28

Tabla de profundidad de campo- Pagina 34

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9

NOMENCLATURE

1 Aperture Index

2 Distance Scale

3 Distance Index

4 Focusing Ring

5 Filter Selector Dial

6 Aperture Scale

7 Meter Coupling Shoe

FOREWORD

The Fisheye-Nikkor 8mm f/2.8 lens sees and records every object in a full

180° hemisphere—everything in front, above, below and to either side of the

lens.

Unlike other fisheye lenses, it fits the camera without any need to lock

up the reflex mirror and takes full advantage of the reflex viewing feature of

all Nikon cameras. The focusing range extends down to one foot to permit

pinpoint focusing on foreground objects while throwing the background out

of focus at large apertures, and the aperture diaphragm couples with the

TTL exposure meters for full-aperture exposure measurement. The wide

maximum aperture of f/2.8 means that the viewfinder image is extra-bright

for easy viewing and focusing even in dim light. A set of five filters is built

into the lens barrel.

FISHEYE LENS

Like most fisheye lenses, the Fisheye-Nikkor 8mm f/2.8 covers a 180° hemi-

sphere and produces a circular image on

film.

Barrel distortion is consider-

able,

since the circumference of the image circle corresponds to a straight

line.

The equidistant projection formula (y=C0) is used in order to accommodate

this extra-wide picture angle within a field of finite

size.

The zenith angle (6)

of any point in the image recorded on film is proportional to the distance

(y) from the center of the image (see Photogrammetry, Page 12).

Originally designed for scientific applications such as measuring the zenith

or azimuth of astronomical bodies, recording cloud distribution patterns in

the entire sky or surveying by photogrammetry, the lens is also suited for

many other unique requirements. It is used widely for creating special ef-

fects,

photographing the insides of inaccessible spaces, recording crowd

movements in large areas, etc.

8 EE Servo Coupling Post

9 Aperture-Direct-Readout Scale

10 Aperture Indexing Post

11 Meter Coupling Ridge

12 Aperture Ring

10

MOUNTING THE LENS A

Position the lens in the camera's bayonet mount, aligning the mounting

indexes on the camera and the lens. Twist the lens counterclockwise until it

clicks into place.

To remove, depress the lens release button on the camera and twist the lens

clockwise.

Note:

When mounting the lens on a camera with a lift-up meter coupling lever (Al

type),

make sure that the camera's meter coupling lever is correctly positioned; when

mounting on a camera without this lever (non-Al type), "manual" maximum aperture

indexing is required. In both cases, refer to the camera's instruction manual.

Caution:

Keep the accessory front lens cap in place when mounting or removing the

lens and when loading or unlocading

film.

Always replace this cap when the lens is not

in use to prevent damage to the lens surface.

AUTOMATIC APERTURE DIAPHRAGM B

The Fisheye-Nikkor's automatic diaphragm couples directly to the TTL

meter of all Nikon cameras for full aperture exposure measurement via a

meter coupling ridge for Al cameras or a meter coupling shoe for non-Al

cameras. The aperture ring has click-stop settings for each full f-stop from

f/2.8 to f/22 and can also be set to intermediate openings for more precise

exposure. An "aperture-direct-readout" scale is also engraved on the lens to

allow direct reading of the aperture setting in suitably equipped camera

finders. The procedure for exposure measurement is similar to that used

with other Nikkor lenses. For details see the instruction manual supplied

with your camera.

FOCUSING C

The Fisheye-Nikkor 8mm f/2.8 focuses all the way from infinity down to

one foot (0.3m). This means you can focus on foreground objects while

throwing the background out of focus or move in close to the subject

with-

out stopping down the lens.

To focus, look through the camera viewfinder and turn the focusing ring

until the image on the screen appears needle sharp. The automatic diaphragm

feature and wide f/2.8 maximum aperture guarantee the brightest possible

images for viewing and focusing, even in dim light. Depth of field can be

observed by simply pressing the camera's depth-of-field preview button or

by referring to the table on page 33.

11

COMPOSING

Composing with a fisheye lens requires much more thought and planning

than with a conventional lens. The lens not only produces wideangle distor-

tion but it also exaggerates the relative size of objects to conform to its

circular format. The 8mm f/2.8 offers the photographer the maximum pos-

sible control over picture composition with reflex viewing and focusing

control.

Be careful not to include in the picture unwanted objects such as the legs of

a tripod or the photographer's hands or feet. Also, try not to let too much

direct sunlight strike the lens as this may cause ghost images. One way to

prevent this is to create an artificial "eclipse" using a three-inch diameter

shield attached to a thin rod or wire. Hold the shield in front of the lens in

such a way that it blocks out the direct rays of the sun. The further you

hold the shield from the lens, the less conspicuous it will be in the final

photograph.

USING BUILT-IN FILTERS D

A set of five filters is built into the rear end of the lens mount: skylight

(L1BC), medium yellow (Y48), deep yellow (Y52), orange (056) and red

(R60). These filters are mounted on a revolving turret so they can be moved

into place quickly one after another. Turn the knurled filter selector dial on

the side of the lens mount until the desired filter designation on the rim of

the dial clicks into place.

The skylight filter (L1BC) is used in either black-and-white or color photo-

graphy. The others are normally used to subdue the effect of certain colors

or to increase image contrast in black-and-white photography. Contrast in-

creases progressively from yellow to orange to red.

The table below shows the filter factors for film rated at ASA/ISO 100. No

exposure compensation is necessary with Nikon cameras, since the built-in

meter reads only the light passing through the lens and compensates auto-

matically for loss of light. However, when using the R60 in tungsten lighting,

set the aperture one f/stop wider than the figure indicated by the exposure

meter.

Type of film

Black-and-white

and color

Black-and-white

only

Type of filter

Color and shade

Skylight

v

..

f

Medium

Ye

"

ow

{

D

eep

Orange

Red

Designation

L1BC

Y48

Y52

056

R60

Filter factor

Daylight

1

1.7

2

3.5

6

Tungsten light

1

1.2

1.4

2

5

12

PHOTOGRAMMETRY

The circular photographic image produced by the Fisheye-Nikkor is an

exact reproduction on a flat plane of all objects encompassed within the

180° hemispherical

field.

This feature enables the lens to be used in locating

astral bodies or recording cloud distribution. The center of the image cor-

responds to the zenith in the angle of view, and the distance of any point

in the image from this center is directly proportional to its angle from the

zenith,

expressed by the equation y=C0 where y is the distance of the point

from the image center, 6 is the zenith angle, and C is a constant (see below).

For example, a point in the image 4mm from the center represents an object

at an angle of 30° from the zenith in the angle of view. The table below

gives zenith angles for points at given distances from the center of the film

image.

Relation of Zenith Angle to Distance of Point from Image Center

0: Zenith angle

y: Distance of point

from image center

y

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

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5.0

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6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

10.5

11.0

11.5

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0.00

3.58

7.17

10.76

14.36

17.98

21.62

25.27

28.95

32.66

36.40

40.17

43.98

47.83

51.73

55.67

59.67

63.72

67.84

72.03

76.31

80.69

85.21

89.97

A0°

3.58

3.59

3.60

3.62

3.64

3.65

3.68

3.71

3.74

3.77

3.81

3.85

3.90

3.94

4.00

4.05

4.12

4.19

4.28

4.38

4.52

4.76

0°10

o

20

o

30

o

40

o

50

o

60

o

70°80 90

13

Recommended Focusing Screens

Various interchangeable focusing screens are available for F3- and F2-

series cameras to suit any type of lens or picture-tacking

situation.

Those

which are recommended for use with your lens are listed below. For

screens used with Nikon cameras other than F3-and F2-series cameras

(e.g.,

Nikon FA, FE2, FM2 and FE), refer to the coloumn for F3-series

cameras. For the K2, B2 and E2 focusing screens, refer to the columns

on the K, B and E screens, respectively. For details, also refer to the

specific focusing screen's instruction sheet. _^_^_____

---^^^ Screen

Camera ' --—^___

F3

F2

A/L

©

B

0

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c

•

D

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CO)

• When the Teleconverter TC-201 or TC-200 is attached to this lens, use the fol-

lowing table:

"""----^^^ Screen

Camera ^^~~~^~—-^_

F3

F2

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B

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m

u

• When the Teleconverter TC-14A is attached to this lens, use the following table:

~"~ ^^^ Screen

Camera ^~"-~-~-^^

F3

F2

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B

0

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c D

E

©

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G4

HI

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H4

J

©

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©

M

R

©

T

©

U

9= Acceptable focusing

The split-image rangefinder, microprism or cross-hair area is dim. Focus on the

surrounding matte area.

0= Acceptable focusing

Slight vignetting or moire phenomenon affects the screen image. But the image

on film shows no trace of this.

A= Acceptable focusing

The in-focus image in the central spot may prove to be slightly out of focus

on

film.

Focus on the surrounding matte area.

•= Exposure measurement not possible

Lens/screen combination permits only focusing operation.

()= Indicates degree of exposure compensation.

Blank means not usable.

FEATURES/SPECIFICATIONS

Focal length/Aperture: 8mm f/2.8

Picture

angle:

180°

Effective picture field: 23mm0 on film

Lens construction: 10 elements in 8 groups

Projection formula: Equidistant

Diaphragm: Automatic

Aperture scale: f/2.8 ~ f/22 on both standard and aperture-direct-readout

scales

Exposure measurement: Via full-aperture method; meter coupling ridge

provided for Al cameras and meter coupling shoe for non-AI cameras

Distance scale: Graduated in both feet and meters from 0.3m (1ft) to

infinity (°°)

Mount: Nikon F bayonet mount

Filter:

Built-in

L1

BC, Y48, Y52, 056 & R60

Dimensions: Approx. 123mm0 x 128mm extension from flange; approx.

139mm long (total)

Weight: Approx. 110Og

Accessories

Supplied Optional

Front lens cap

Rear lens cap LF-1

Hard lens case CL-11

Teleconverter TC-201

Teleconverter TC-14A

IS

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SCHARFENT1EFETABELLE

TABLE DE PROFONDEUR DE CHAMP

TABLAS DE PROFUNDIDAD DE CAMPO

\ f/

m \

0.3

0.4

0.5

1.0

»

2.8

0.283-0.322

0.358-0.462

0.425-0.630

0.668-2.473

1.513—

4

0.277-0.333

0.344-0.499

0.401-0.720

0.593-8.945

1.102—

5.6

0.269-0.350

0.328-0.563

0.376-0.909

0.521 —

0.828—

8

0.260-0.383

0.308-0.720

0.345-1.647

0.448—

0.622—

11

0.249-0.442

0.289-1.221

0.317—

0.389—

0.491 —

16

0.236-0.651

0.265—

0.284—

0.328—

0.382

—

22

0.223-3.208

0.244—

0.258—

0.286—

ftfttt*

Abbildungs-

maKstab

Rapport de

reproduction

Relation de

reproduction

1/19.7

1/32.2

1/44.7

1/107.3

0.317— 1/«

DEPTH-OF-FIELD TABLE

1.0

1.5

2.0

5.0

-

2.8

11-5/16"-

1'1-5/16"

1

'3-11/16"-

1'9-13/16"

1

"7-1/4"—

2'9-3/4"

2'8-5/8"-

4'11-9/16"-

4

11-1/16"-

1'1-3/8"

V2-7/8"-

2--5/16"

1'5-7/8"-

3'6-H16"

2'3-13/16"-

3'7-3/S"-

5.6

10-3/4"-

1'2-1/8"

13"-

2'5-1/16"

1'4-7/16"-

5'5-5/8"

1'11-9/16"-

2'8-9/16"-

8

10-5/16"-

1'3-l/2"

I'l"-

3'7-l/2"

1

'2-13/16"—

163'-3/4"

17-9/16"-

2'-1/2"-

11

9-7/8"-

l'6-l/8"

1

'-1/16"—

14'3-5/16"

1'1-3/8"-

1'4-1/2"-

l'7-5/16"-

16

9-3/8"-

2'3-5/8"

10-7/8"-

11-3/4"-

1'1-5/S"-

V3-1/16"-

22

8-13/16"-

22'9-5/8"

9-15/16"-

10-9/16"-

11-11/16"-

r-7/16"-

Reproduction

ratio

1/20.3

1/39.4

1/58.4

1/172.8

1/-

34

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