Danfoss Summary Geometrical Tolerances Installation guide

Brand: Danfoss

Model: Summary Geometrical Tolerances

Type: Installation guide

1 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09

Summary: Geometrical Tolerances

Sources:

ISO 1101: 2004

ISO 2692

ISO 5458

ISO 10578 and

ISO 10579

Status information:

As per: Jul. - 2006

Doc.-no.: 11006646

Author: I. Thomson

Change index: A

1 Marking the toleranced element

0.02

Tolerance frame

Indication arrow

Toleranced

element

Tolerance value

Tolerance symbol

0.2Ø0.1 0.2/100

One-off specification

for several elements

Additional restriction of form

or the lenght of the tolerance zone

not convex

oleranced element is

line or surface

Toleranced element is

the axis of the middle plane

Toleranced element only

applies to the dimensioned length 95

0.1

0.1 CZ

Common toleranced element (Common Zone CZ)

All round (section)

2 Datum indication

Datum letter

Datum frame

Datum triangle

Datum element

Datum is an

element A

Datums are two

common elements A-B

Three datums with the

sequence 1. A, 2. B, 3. C

Two datums A, B

without any sequence

BCA-B AB

Datum is a line

or a surface

Datum is the axis

or middle plane

2 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09

Summary: Geometrical Tolerances

3 Form tolerances; Symbol, property and application examples

Symbol/No./ Property

of toleranced element

Application examples

Drawing

specication

Tolerance

zone

Explanation

1 Straightness

Toleranced element:

surface line

0.1

The cylinder surface line

may be uneven by maximum

0.1 mm.

In the direction of the arrow,

every surface line of the

cylinder must be between

two parallel straight lines at a

distance of t = 0.1 mm apart.

2 Straightness

Toleranced element:

axis

Ø0.1

Øt

The extracted (actual) median

line of the cylinder to which

the tolerance applies shall be

contained within a cylindrical

zone of diameter 0.1 mm.

3 Flatness

Toleranced element:

surface

0.05

The surface may be uneven

by maximum 0.05 mm.

The toleranced surface must lie

between two parallel planes at

a distance of t = 0.05 mm apart.

4 Roundness

Toleranced element:

Peripheral line

0.02

The conical envelope may be

out-of-round by maximum

0.02 mm.

The toleranced peripheral line

of any axially vertical cross-

section must lie between two

concentric circles with a radial

distance of t = 0.02 mm apart.

5 Cylinder form

Toleranced element:

Cylinder envelope

surface

0.05

The cylinder may be

maximum 0.02 mm non-

cylindrical.

The toleranced cylinder surface

must lie between two coaxial

cylinders that are at a distance

of t = 0.05 mm apart.

6 Line prole

Toleranced element:

Section line

0.08

Øt

The toleranced prole must lie

between two enveloping lines

whose distance from each other

is limited by circles of diameter

t = 0.08 mm. The mid-points of

these circles are located on the

geometrically ideal line.

7 Surface prole

Toleranced element:

surface section

0.03

Sphere Ø t

The toleranced surface must

lie between two enveloping

surfaces, whose distance from

each other is limited by spheres

of diameter t = 0.03 mm. The

mid-points of these spheres are

located on the geometrically

ideal surface.

3 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09

4 Positional tolerances; Symbol, property and application examples

Symbol/No./ Property of

toleranced element

Application examples

Drawing

specication

Tolerance

zone

Explanation

8 Parallelism

Toleranced element:

axis

Datum: axis

Ø0.1 A

Øt

The toleranced axis may be

non-parallel to the reference axis

by a maximum of

Ø 0.1 mm.

The toleranced axis of the upper

hole must lie within a cylinder that

is located parallel to the reference

axis with Ø t = 0.1 mm.

9 Parallelism

Toleranced element:

surface

Datum: surface

0,01 A

The toleranced surface may be

non-parallel to the reference

surface by maximum 0.01 mm.

The toleranced surface must lie

between two planes parallel to the

reference surface at a distance of

t=0.01 mm from one another.

Perpendicularity

Toleranced element:

surface

Datum: surface

0.08 A

The toleranced element may

deviate from the right angle to

the reference surface by a

maximum of 0.08 mm.

The surface must lie between two

planes that are vertical to the

reference surface A and are at a

distance of t = 0.08 mm.

11 Inclination

(angularity)

Toleranced element:

axis

Datum: surface

60°

The toleranced axis may deviate,

with respect to the reference

surface, maximum in the range

of 0.1 mm from the 60º angle.

The toleranced axis must lie

between two planes that are

parallel to one another at a

distance of t = 0.1 mm, inclined at

the geometrically ideal angle of

60°.

12 Inclination

(angularity)

Toleranced element:

surface

Datum: surface

60°

The toleranced surface may

deviate, with respect to the

reference surface, maximum in

the range of 0.2 mm from the 30º

angle.

The toleranced surface must lie

between two planes that are

parallel to one another at a

distance of t = 0.2 mm, inclined at

the geometrically ideal angle of

30°.

13 Inclination

(angularity)

Toleranced element:

surface

Datum: axis

0.1A

75°

The toleranced surface may

deviate, with respect to the

reference axis, maximum in the

range of 0.1 mm from the 75º

angle.

The toleranced surface must lie

between two planes that are parallel

to one another at a distance of

t = 0.1 mm, inclined at the

geometrically ideal angle of 75°.

Summary: Geometrical Tolerances

4 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09

Summary: Geometrical Tolerances

Symbol/No./ Property

toleranced element/

Reference

Application examples

Drawing

specication

Tolerance

zone

Explanation

14 Coaxiality

(concentricity),

Toleranced element:

axis

Datum: axis

Ø0.03 A

Øt

The axis of the left cylinder must

be coaxial to the axis of the

right cylinder within the range

of Ø0.03.

The toleranced axis must lie within

a cylinder that is coaxial to the

reference cylinder of Ø0.03.

15 Symmetry,

Toleranced element:

middle plane

Datum: middle

plane

0.08 A

The middle plane of the groove

relative to the middle plane of

the part must be symmetrical

within 0.08 mm.

The toleranced middle plane of the

groove must lie within two parallel

planes, have a distance of t = 0.08

mm and be symmetrical to the

reference middle plane.

16 Concentric

run-out,

Radial deviation

Peripheral line

Datum: common

axis

0.1

A-B

Toleranced

sur

face

Measurement

plane

In case of rotation about the

reference axis A-B, a concentric

run-out deviation of 0.1 mm

about the reference axis A-B is

the maximum permissible value.

In case of rotation around the

reference axis A-B, the toleranced

peripheral line of every cross-

section of the middle cylinder must

lie between two concentric circles

with a radial distance of t=0.1 mm.

17 Axial run-out,

Toleranced element:

Circumference

Datum: axis

0.02

Measurement

cylinder

In case of rotation around the

reference axis A, the toleranced

circumference of every

measurement cylinder must

lie between the two planes

perpendicular to the reference

axis at a distance of t=0.02 mm to

each other.

18 Total run-out,

Toleranced element:

cylindrical body

surface

Datum: common

axis

0.1

A-B

In case of multiple rotation

about the reference axis A-B with

displacement of the measurement

plane parallel to the reference axis,

all the points of the toleranced

cylinder body surface must lie

between coaxial cylinders at a

distance of t=0.1 mm apart.

19 Total axial

run-out,

Toleranced element:

Plane surface

Datum: axis

0.1

In case of multiple rotation

around the reference axis A and

displacement of the measurement

point vertical to the reference axis,

all the points of the toleranced

plane surface must lie between two

parallel planes at a distance of

t=0.1 mm apart.

5 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09

Summary: Geometrical Tolerances

Symbol/No./ Property

toleranced element/

Datum

Application examples

Drawing

specication

Tolerance

zone

Explanation

20 Position

Toleranced element:

points

Datum: 2 points to

one another

Ø0.5

t = Ø0.5

The toleranced intersection

point must lie within a circle

of diameter t=0.5 mm, whose

mid-point is located at the

geometrically ideal location

(determined by the framed

dimensions).

21 Position

Toleranced element:

axes

Datum: contact

surface (primary),

axis (secondary)

Ø0.5

t = Ø0.5

Every axis of the 4 holes

must lie within a cylinder of

diameter t=0.5 mm, whose

axis is located normal to the

reference surface B (primary)

and at the theoretically exact

location of the hole being

considered with respect to the

axis of the centering projection

A (secondary)

22 Position

Toleranced element:

surface

Datum: surface

0.2

513618

t = 0.2

The 3 toleranced surfaces

may deviate by a maximum

of 0.2 mm from their ideal

position.

Each of the 3 ring surfaces must

lie between 2 parallel planes at

a distance of t-0.2 mm, which

are located at a geometrically

ideal location (marked by

framed dimensions)

23 Position

with additional

projected tolerance

zone.

Toleranced element:

Projection of the

axis

Ø0.2 P

P 30

t = Ø0.2

The entered position tolerance

of Ø0.2 mm for the length that

is after the symbol

P applies

from the workpiece surface in

the direction of the relevant

counter-piece (projected

tolerance zone).

24 Position

with additional

maximum material

principal.

Toleranced element:

axes

Datum: axis

Ø0.2 M A

2020

Workpiece

Gaug

Every axis of the 2 holes

must lie within a cylinder of

diameter t=0.2 mm, whose axis

is located at the theoretically

exact location of the hole being

considered, with respect to the

axis of the central hole. The

maximum-material condition

applies for the positioning

tolerance (see section 6.

6 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09

Reference elements: Marking according to DIN ISO 5459 and application examples

Symbol und

Benennung

Examples

Drawing

specication

Type Explanation

Datum point

Contact point

Resting point

Point-form, contact, locating

or measurement point

Datum surface

Ø4

Contact

surfac

Plane-form contact or

locating surface

Datum line

×× ×

ntact

line

Line-form contact or locating

surface.

6 Additional symbols

The element marked with

an E is subject to a t.

Form variations may not

exceed the dimensions of the

envelope.

For elements that are

marked with E , the

dimension tolerances apply

independently of one

another.

Envelope

Ø40

Ø30h6

Tolerancing per ISO 8015

Dimensional

tolerance range

Maximum

material condition

– for toleranced

element,

– for datum

element,

– for both

elements

Ø0.2 M A

Ø0.2 M

Ø0.2

A M

See no. 24 for

an example

In the case of an element

marked with an M , the

tolerance value may be

exceeded by the amount

that is not exploited by the

dimensional tolerance.

The component is checked

using a gage.

Theoretically

exact dimension

See no. 11, 12,

13, 20, 21, 22,

24 for examples

Dimension without tolerance

when positional tolerance is

specied.

Projected

tolerance zone

P 90

See no. 24 for

an example

Tolerance zone extends

90 mm into the counter-part.

Summary: Geometrical Tolerances

7 Datums

7.1 Examples of functionally correct datums and datum systems

Drawing specication Datum examples

Mating surface, joint surface A and B of

the parts to be joined.

Holes for screws must be perpendicular to

the mating surfaces.

Common axis A – B

Corresponding to the bearing seats of

a shaft.

Wheel seats, spigots etc. must run

concentrically with reference to the

common axis of the bearing seats.

Contact surface (xed bearing) C

Thread axis A

The screw head must be perpendicular to

the thread axis.

Center planes A and B for symmetrical

parts, mate when reversed.

Parts to be joined are mirror images.

Edges, surfaces A and B

Datum surfaces A and B are identical on

each mating part, deviations act in the

opposite direction.

Hole axis A

– for hole pattern sub-system,

– for pipe ange

Hole A mates with the hole in the counter-

part.

Summary: Geometrical Tolerances

8 Workpiece Positional Deviations

Workpiece Variation / Cause Workpiece Variation / Cause

1 Skewed housing.

Angularity and

Perpendicularity error.

8 Skewed and non-

aligned holes.

Holes not coaxial.

2 Twisted plane.

Unevenness and

parallelism error with

reference to the

supporting surface.

9 Tilted ange joint

surface.

Axial run-out with respect

to the bearing seat

3 Shaft with wobbling

end face.

Axial run-out with respect

to the bearing seat.

10 Hole pattern

displaced.

Positional error with

reference to the central

hole.

4 Shaft with skewed

bearing seats.

Coaxial- and straightness

deviation of the bearing

seat.

11 Slot displaced.

Symmetry error with

reference to the shaft axis.

5 Impacting wheel seat.

Radial run-out with

reference to the bearing

seats.

12 Skewed stud screw.

Perpendicularity error

(positional error) of the

thread with reference

to the contact

surface.

6 Eccentric, badly

supporting shaft seat.

Overall concentricity

deviation with

reference to the

bearing seats.

13 Skewed key groove.

Symmetry

deviation with

reference to the

shaft axis.

7 Bent shaft.

coaxial deviation of the

bearing seats, straightness

deviation from the

common

axis.

14 Imbalanced wheel.

Concentricity deviation

and axial run-out with

reference to the hub.

Summary: Geometrical Tolerances

Symbols for geometrical characteristics

Tolerances Characteristics Symbol Datum needed Subclause

Form

Straightness

no 18.1

Flatness

no 18.2

Roundness

no 18.3

Cylindricity

no 18.4

Prole any line

no 18.5

Prole any surface

no 18.7

Orientation

Parallelism

yes 18.9

Perpendicularity

yes 18.10

Angularity

yes 18.11

Prole any line

yes 18.6

Prole any surface

yes 18.8

Location

Position

yes or no 18.12

Concentricity (for centre points)

yes 18.13

Coaxiality (for axes)

yes 18.13

Symmetry

yes 18.14

Prole any line

yes 18.6

Prole any surface

yes 18.8

Run-out

Circular run-out

yes 18.15

Total run-out

yes 18.16

Ref: ISO 1101

Summary: Geometrical Tolerances

Additional symbols

Description Symbol Reference

Toleranced feature indication

Clause 7

Datum feature indication

Clause 9 and ISO 5459

Datum target indication

Ø 2

ISO 5459

Theoretically exact dimension

Clause 11

Projected tolerance zone

Clause 13 and ISO 10578

Maximum material requirement

Clause 14 and ISO 2692

Least material requirement

Clause 15 and ISO 2692

Free state condition (non-rigid parts)

Clause 16 and ISO 10579

All around (prole)

Subclause 10.1

Envelope requirement

ISO 8015

Common zone CZ Subclause 8.5

Minor diameter LD Subclause 10.2

Major diameter MD Subclause 10.2

Pitch diameter PD Subclause 10.2

Line element LE Subclause 18.9.4

Not convex NC Subclause 6.3

Any cross-section ACS Subclause 18.13.1

Ref: ISO 1101

Former Practice: Not for new documents

0,2

0,1

common zone

Summary: Geometrical Tolerances

Danfoss Summary Geometrical Tolerances Installation guide

Danfoss Summary Geometrical Tolerances Installation guide

Danfoss Summary Geometrical Tolerances Installation guide

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