1 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09
Summary: Geometrical Tolerances
Sources:
ISO 1101: 2004
ISO 2692
ISO 5458
ISO 10578 and
ISO 10579
Status information:
As per: Jul. - 2006
Doc.-no.: 11006646
Author: I. Thomson
Change index: A
1 Marking the toleranced element
0.02
Tolerance frame
Indication arrow
Toleranced
element
Tolerance value
Tolerance symbol
0.2Ø0.1 0.2/100
3x
One-off specification
for several elements
Additional restriction of form
or the lenght of the tolerance zone
not convex
T
oleranced element is
line or surface
Toleranced element is
the axis of the middle plane
Toleranced element only
applies to the dimensioned length 95
95
0.1
0.1 CZ
Common toleranced element (Common Zone CZ)
All round (section)
2 Datum indication
Datum letter
Datum frame
Datum triangle
Datum element
B
B
Datum is an
element A
Datums are two
common elements A-B
Three datums with the
sequence 1. A, 2. B, 3. C
Two datums A, B
without any sequence
AA
BCA-B AB
Datum is a line
or a surface
AA
Datum is the axis
or middle plane
Copyright ISO 16016
2 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09
Summary: Geometrical Tolerances
3 Form tolerances; Symbol, property and application examples
Symbol/No./ Property
of toleranced element
Application examples
Drawing
specication
Tolerance
zone
Explanation
1 Straightness
Toleranced element:
surface line
0.1
t
The cylinder surface line
may be uneven by maximum
0.1 mm.
In the direction of the arrow,
every surface line of the
cylinder must be between
two parallel straight lines at a
distance of t = 0.1 mm apart.
2 Straightness
Toleranced element:
axis
Ø0.1
Øt
The extracted (actual) median
line of the cylinder to which
the tolerance applies shall be
contained within a cylindrical
zone of diameter 0.1 mm.
3 Flatness
Toleranced element:
surface
0.05
t
The surface may be uneven
by maximum 0.05 mm.
The toleranced surface must lie
between two parallel planes at
a distance of t = 0.05 mm apart.
4 Roundness
Toleranced element:
Peripheral line
0.02
t
The conical envelope may be
out-of-round by maximum
0.02 mm.
The toleranced peripheral line
of any axially vertical cross-
section must lie between two
concentric circles with a radial
distance of t = 0.02 mm apart.
5 Cylinder form
Toleranced element:
Cylinder envelope
surface
0.05
t
The cylinder may be
maximum 0.02 mm non-
cylindrical.
The toleranced cylinder surface
must lie between two coaxial
cylinders that are at a distance
of t = 0.05 mm apart.
6 Line prole
Toleranced element:
Section line
0.08
Øt
The toleranced prole must lie
between two enveloping lines
whose distance from each other
is limited by circles of diameter
t = 0.08 mm. The mid-points of
these circles are located on the
geometrically ideal line.
7 Surface prole
Toleranced element:
surface section
0.03
Sphere Ø t
The toleranced surface must
lie between two enveloping
surfaces, whose distance from
each other is limited by spheres
of diameter t = 0.03 mm. The
mid-points of these spheres are
located on the geometrically
ideal surface.
3 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09
4 Positional tolerances; Symbol, property and application examples
Symbol/No./ Property of
toleranced element
Application examples
Drawing
specication
Tolerance
zone
Explanation
8 Parallelism
Toleranced element:
axis
Datum: axis
Ø0.1 A
A
Øt
The toleranced axis may be
non-parallel to the reference axis
by a maximum of
Ø 0.1 mm.
The toleranced axis of the upper
hole must lie within a cylinder that
is located parallel to the reference
axis with Ø t = 0.1 mm.
9 Parallelism
Toleranced element:
surface
Datum: surface
A
0,01 A
t
The toleranced surface may be
non-parallel to the reference
surface by maximum 0.01 mm.
The toleranced surface must lie
between two planes parallel to the
reference surface at a distance of
t=0.01 mm from one another.
10
Perpendicularity
Toleranced element:
surface
Datum: surface
A
0.08 A
t
The toleranced element may
deviate from the right angle to
the reference surface by a
maximum of 0.08 mm.
The surface must lie between two
planes that are vertical to the
reference surface A and are at a
distance of t = 0.08 mm.
11 Inclination
(angularity)
Toleranced element:
axis
Datum: surface
A
0.
1A
60°
The toleranced axis may deviate,
with respect to the reference
surface, maximum in the range
of 0.1 mm from the 60º angle.
The toleranced axis must lie
between two planes that are
parallel to one another at a
distance of t = 0.1 mm, inclined at
the geometrically ideal angle of
60°.
12 Inclination
(angularity)
Toleranced element:
surface
Datum: surface
A
0.
1A
60°
t
α
The toleranced surface may
deviate, with respect to the
reference surface, maximum in
the range of 0.2 mm from the 30º
angle.
The toleranced surface must lie
between two planes that are
parallel to one another at a
distance of t = 0.2 mm, inclined at
the geometrically ideal angle of
30°.
13 Inclination
(angularity)
Toleranced element:
surface
Datum: axis
A
0.1A
75°
t
α
The toleranced surface may
deviate, with respect to the
reference axis, maximum in the
range of 0.1 mm from the 75º
angle.
The toleranced surface must lie
between two planes that are parallel
to one another at a distance of
t = 0.1 mm, inclined at the
geometrically ideal angle of 75°.
t
α
Summary: Geometrical Tolerances
4 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09
Summary: Geometrical Tolerances
Symbol/No./ Property
toleranced element/
Reference
Application examples
Drawing
specication
Tolerance
zone
Explanation
14 Coaxiality
(concentricity),
Toleranced element:
axis
Datum: axis
A
Ø0.03 A
Øt
The axis of the left cylinder must
be coaxial to the axis of the
right cylinder within the range
of Ø0.03.
The toleranced axis must lie within
a cylinder that is coaxial to the
reference cylinder of Ø0.03.
15 Symmetry,
Toleranced element:
middle plane
Datum: middle
plane
A
0.08 A
t
The middle plane of the groove
relative to the middle plane of
the part must be symmetrical
within 0.08 mm.
The toleranced middle plane of the
groove must lie within two parallel
planes, have a distance of t = 0.08
mm and be symmetrical to the
reference middle plane.
16 Concentric
run-out,
Radial deviation
Peripheral line
Datum: common
axis
0.1
A-B
BA
t
Toleranced
sur
face
Measurement
plane
In case of rotation about the
reference axis A-B, a concentric
run-out deviation of 0.1 mm
about the reference axis A-B is
the maximum permissible value.
In case of rotation around the
reference axis A-B, the toleranced
peripheral line of every cross-
section of the middle cylinder must
lie between two concentric circles
with a radial distance of t=0.1 mm.
17 Axial run-out,
Toleranced element:
Circumference
Datum: axis
0.02
A
A
t
Measurement
cylinder
In case of rotation around the
reference axis A, the toleranced
circumference of every
measurement cylinder must
lie between the two planes
perpendicular to the reference
axis at a distance of t=0.02 mm to
each other.
18 Total run-out,
Toleranced element:
cylindrical body
surface
Datum: common
axis
0.1
A-B
B
A
t
In case of multiple rotation
about the reference axis A-B with
displacement of the measurement
plane parallel to the reference axis,
all the points of the toleranced
cylinder body surface must lie
between coaxial cylinders at a
distance of t=0.1 mm apart.
19 Total axial
run-out,
Toleranced element:
Plane surface
Datum: axis
A
A
0.1
t
In case of multiple rotation
around the reference axis A and
displacement of the measurement
point vertical to the reference axis,
all the points of the toleranced
plane surface must lie between two
parallel planes at a distance of
t=0.1 mm apart.
5 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09
Summary: Geometrical Tolerances
Symbol/No./ Property
toleranced element/
Datum
Application examples
Drawing
specication
Tolerance
zone
Explanation
P
M
20 Position
Toleranced element:
points
Datum: 2 points to
one another
2x
Ø0.5
70
50
60
t = Ø0.5
The toleranced intersection
point must lie within a circle
of diameter t=0.5 mm, whose
mid-point is located at the
geometrically ideal location
(determined by the framed
dimensions).
21 Position
Toleranced element:
axes
Datum: contact
surface (primary),
axis (secondary)
4x
Ø0.5
AB
B
A
t = Ø0.5
Every axis of the 4 holes
must lie within a cylinder of
diameter t=0.5 mm, whose
axis is located normal to the
reference surface B (primary)
and at the theoretically exact
location of the hole being
considered with respect to the
axis of the centering projection
A (secondary)
22 Position
Toleranced element:
surface
Datum: surface
3x
3
0.2
513618
18
t = 0.2
The 3 toleranced surfaces
may deviate by a maximum
of 0.2 mm from their ideal
position.
Each of the 3 ring surfaces must
lie between 2 parallel planes at
a distance of t-0.2 mm, which
are located at a geometrically
ideal location (marked by
framed dimensions)
23 Position
with additional
projected tolerance
zone.
Toleranced element:
Projection of the
axis
Ø0.2 P
P 30
30
t = Ø0.2
The entered position tolerance
of Ø0.2 mm for the length that
is after the symbol
P applies
from the workpiece surface in
the direction of the relevant
counter-piece (projected
tolerance zone).
24 Position
with additional
maximum material
principal.
Toleranced element:
axes
Datum: axis
Ø0.2 M A
2x
2020
A
Workpiece
Gaug
e
Every axis of the 2 holes
must lie within a cylinder of
diameter t=0.2 mm, whose axis
is located at the theoretically
exact location of the hole being
considered, with respect to the
axis of the central hole. The
maximum-material condition
applies for the positioning
tolerance (see section 6.
6 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09
5.
Reference elements: Marking according to DIN ISO 5459 and application examples
Symbol und
Benennung
Examples
Drawing
specication
Type Explanation
Datum point
×
A1
Contact point
Resting point
Point-form, contact, locating
or measurement point
Datum surface
A1
Ø4
Contact
surfac
e
Plane-form contact or
locating surface
Datum line
×× ×
Co
ntact
line
Line-form contact or locating
surface.
6 Additional symbols
The element marked with
an E is subject to a t.
Form variations may not
exceed the dimensions of the
envelope.
For elements that are
marked with E , the
dimension tolerances apply
independently of one
another.
E
Envelope
Ø40
Ø30h6
E
Tolerancing per ISO 8015
Dimensional
tolerance range
M
Maximum
material condition
– for toleranced
element,
– for datum
element,
– for both
elements
Ø0.2 M A
Ø0.2 M
Ø0.2
A M
A M
See no. 24 for
an example
In the case of an element
marked with an M , the
tolerance value may be
exceeded by the amount
that is not exploited by the
dimensional tolerance.
The component is checked
using a gage.
50
Theoretically
exact dimension
30
50
See no. 11, 12,
13, 20, 21, 22,
24 for examples
Dimension without tolerance
when positional tolerance is
specied.
P
Projected
tolerance zone
P 90
See no. 24 for
an example
Tolerance zone extends
90 mm into the counter-part.
Summary: Geometrical Tolerances
7 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09
7 Datums
7.1 Examples of functionally correct datums and datum systems
Drawing specication Datum examples
A
B
Mating surface, joint surface A and B of
the parts to be joined.
Holes for screws must be perpendicular to
the mating surfaces.
AB
C
Common axis A – B
Corresponding to the bearing seats of
a shaft.
Wheel seats, spigots etc. must run
concentrically with reference to the
common axis of the bearing seats.
Contact surface (xed bearing) C
A
Thread axis A
The screw head must be perpendicular to
the thread axis.
B
A
Center planes A and B for symmetrical
parts, mate when reversed.
Parts to be joined are mirror images.
B
A
Edges, surfaces A and B
Datum surfaces A and B are identical on
each mating part, deviations act in the
opposite direction.
A
Hole axis A
– for hole pattern sub-system,
– for pipe ange
Hole A mates with the hole in the counter-
part.
Summary: Geometrical Tolerances
8 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09
8 Workpiece Positional Deviations
Workpiece Variation / Cause Workpiece Variation / Cause
1 Skewed housing.
Angularity and
Perpendicularity error.
8 Skewed and non-
aligned holes.
Holes not coaxial.
2 Twisted plane.
Unevenness and
parallelism error with
reference to the
supporting surface.
9 Tilted ange joint
surface.
Axial run-out with respect
to the bearing seat
OR
3 Shaft with wobbling
end face.
Axial run-out with respect
to the bearing seat.
10 Hole pattern
displaced.
Positional error with
reference to the central
hole.
4 Shaft with skewed
bearing seats.
Coaxial- and straightness
deviation of the bearing
seat.
11 Slot displaced.
Symmetry error with
reference to the shaft axis.
5 Impacting wheel seat.
Radial run-out with
reference to the bearing
seats.
12 Skewed stud screw.
Perpendicularity error
(positional error) of the
thread with reference
to the contact
surface.
6 Eccentric, badly
supporting shaft seat.
Overall concentricity
deviation with
reference to the
bearing seats.
13 Skewed key groove.
Symmetry
deviation with
reference to the
shaft axis.
7 Bent shaft.
coaxial deviation of the
bearing seats, straightness
deviation from the
common
axis.
14 Imbalanced wheel.
Concentricity deviation
and axial run-out with
reference to the hub.
OR
Summary: Geometrical Tolerances
9 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09
Symbols for geometrical characteristics
Tolerances Characteristics Symbol Datum needed Subclause
Form
Straightness
no 18.1
Flatness
no 18.2
Roundness
no 18.3
Cylindricity
no 18.4
Prole any line
no 18.5
Prole any surface
no 18.7
Orientation
Parallelism
yes 18.9
Perpendicularity
yes 18.10
Angularity
yes 18.11
Prole any line
yes 18.6
Prole any surface
yes 18.8
Location
Position
yes or no 18.12
Concentricity (for centre points)
yes 18.13
Coaxiality (for axes)
yes 18.13
Symmetry
yes 18.14
Prole any line
yes 18.6
Prole any surface
yes 18.8
Run-out
Circular run-out
yes 18.15
Total run-out
yes 18.16
Ref: ISO 1101
Summary: Geometrical Tolerances
10 11006646_Rev. BA_Sep 2013 © Danfoss, 2013-09
Additional symbols
Description Symbol Reference
Toleranced feature indication
Clause 7
Datum feature indication
AA
Clause 9 and ISO 5459
Datum target indication
A1
Ø 2
ISO 5459
Theoretically exact dimension
50
Clause 11
Projected tolerance zone
P
Clause 13 and ISO 10578
Maximum material requirement
M
Clause 14 and ISO 2692
Least material requirement
L
Clause 15 and ISO 2692
Free state condition (non-rigid parts)
F
Clause 16 and ISO 10579
All around (prole)
Subclause 10.1
Envelope requirement
E
ISO 8015
Common zone CZ Subclause 8.5
Minor diameter LD Subclause 10.2
Major diameter MD Subclause 10.2
Pitch diameter PD Subclause 10.2
Line element LE Subclause 18.9.4
Not convex NC Subclause 6.3
Any cross-section ACS Subclause 18.13.1
Ref: ISO 1101
Former Practice: Not for new documents
0,2
0,2
0,1
common zone
Summary: Geometrical Tolerances
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