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R&S®ESW
Spectrum Application
User Manual
1177630002
Version 11
(;ÛÍ02)
This manual describes the following R&S®ESW models:
●R&S®ESW8 (1328.4100K08)
●R&S®ESW8 (1328.4100K09)
●R&S®ESW26 (1328.4100K26)
●R&S®ESW26 (1328.4100K27)
●R&S®ESW44 (1328.4100K44)
●R&S®ESW44 (1328.4100K45)
The contents of this manual correspond to firmware version 3.10 and higher.
The Spectrum application is integral part of the R&S®ESW.
© 2023 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Muehldorfstr. 15, 81671 Muenchen, Germany
Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0
Email: [email protected]
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
1177.6300.02 | Version 11 | R&S®ESW
Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol , e.g. R&S®ESW is indicated as
R&S ESW.
Contents
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3User Manual 1177.6300.02 ─ 11
Contents
1 Preface.................................................................................................. 11
1.1 About this manual....................................................................................................... 11
1.2 Documentation overview............................................................................................11
1.2.1 Getting started manual..................................................................................................12
1.2.2 User manuals and help................................................................................................. 12
1.2.3 Service manual............................................................................................................. 12
1.2.4 Instrument security procedures.....................................................................................12
1.2.5 Basic safety instructions................................................................................................13
1.2.6 Data sheets and brochures........................................................................................... 13
1.2.7 Release notes and open source acknowledgment (OSA)............................................ 13
1.2.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.................................................13
1.3 Conventions used in the documentation..................................................................13
1.3.1 Typographical conventions............................................................................................13
1.3.2 Conventions for procedure descriptions........................................................................14
1.3.3 Notes on screenshots................................................................................................... 14
2 Welcome to the spectrum application............................................... 15
2.1 Starting the application.............................................................................................. 15
2.2 Understanding the display information.................................................................... 16
2.3 R&S multiview............................................................................................................. 17
3 Measurements and results..................................................................19
3.1 Basic measurements.................................................................................................. 20
3.1.1 Basic measurement types.............................................................................................20
3.1.2 How to perform a basic sweep measurement...............................................................21
3.1.3 Measurement examples - measuring a sinusoidal signal............................................. 22
3.1.4 Measurement example – measuring levels at low S/N ratios....................................... 25
3.1.5 Measurement examples - measuring signal spectra with multiple signals....................28
3.1.6 Measurement examples in zero span........................................................................... 34
3.2 Channel power and adjacent-channel power (ACLR) measurement..................... 40
3.2.1 About channel power measurements............................................................................40
3.2.2 Channel power results.................................................................................................. 41
3.2.3 Channel power basics...................................................................................................43
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3.2.4 Channel power configuration........................................................................................ 56
3.2.5 MSR ACLR configuration.............................................................................................. 64
3.2.6 How to perform channel power measurements............................................................ 79
3.2.7 Measurement examples................................................................................................84
3.2.8 Optimizing and troubleshooting the measurement........................................................87
3.2.9 Reference: predefined CP/ACLR standards................................................................. 88
3.2.10 Reference: predefined ACLR user standard XML files................................................. 89
3.3 Carrier-to-noise measurements.................................................................................90
3.3.1 About the measurement................................................................................................91
3.3.2 Carrier-to-noise results..................................................................................................91
3.3.3 Carrier-to-noise configuration........................................................................................92
3.3.4 How to determine the carrier-to-noise ratio...................................................................94
3.4 Occupied bandwidth measurement (OBW).............................................................. 94
3.4.1 About the measurement................................................................................................94
3.4.2 OBW results.................................................................................................................. 96
3.4.3 OBW configuration........................................................................................................ 97
3.4.4 How to determine the occupied bandwidth................................................................... 99
3.4.5 Measurement example................................................................................................100
3.5 Spectrum emission mask (SEM) measurement..................................................... 100
3.5.1 About the measurement..............................................................................................101
3.5.2 Typical applications..................................................................................................... 101
3.5.3 SEM results.................................................................................................................101
3.5.4 SEM basics................................................................................................................. 104
3.5.5 SEM configuration....................................................................................................... 115
3.5.6 How to perform a spectrum emission mask measurement......................................... 132
3.5.7 Measurement example: multi-sem measurement....................................................... 137
3.5.8 Reference: SEM file descriptions................................................................................ 138
3.6 Spurious emissions measurement..........................................................................145
3.6.1 About the measurement..............................................................................................145
3.6.2 Spurious emissions measurement results.................................................................. 146
3.6.3 Spurious emissions basics..........................................................................................147
3.6.4 Spurious emissions measurement configuration........................................................ 149
3.6.5 How to perform a spurious emissions measurement.................................................. 155
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3.6.6 Reference: ASCII export file format (spurious)........................................................... 157
3.7 Statistical measurements (APD, CCDF)..................................................................158
3.7.1 About the measurements............................................................................................ 158
3.7.2 Typical applications..................................................................................................... 159
3.7.3 APD and CCDF results............................................................................................... 159
3.7.4 APD and CCDF basics - gated triggering................................................................... 161
3.7.5 APD and CCDF configuration..................................................................................... 162
3.7.6 How to perform an APD or CCDF measurement........................................................ 168
3.7.7 Examples.................................................................................................................... 169
3.7.8 Optimizing and troubleshooting the measurement......................................................172
3.8 Time domain power measurement.......................................................................... 172
3.8.1 About the measurement..............................................................................................173
3.8.2 Time domain power results......................................................................................... 173
3.8.3 Time domain power basics - range definition using limit lines.................................... 174
3.8.4 Time domain power configuration............................................................................... 174
3.8.5 How to measure powers in the time domain............................................................... 176
3.8.6 Measurement example................................................................................................177
3.9 Harmonic distortion measurement..........................................................................178
3.9.1 About the measurement..............................................................................................178
3.9.2 Harmonic distortion basics.......................................................................................... 179
3.9.3 Harmonic distortion results..........................................................................................181
3.9.4 Harmonic distortion configuration................................................................................182
3.9.5 How to determine the harmonic distortion...................................................................184
3.10 Third order intercept (TOI) measurement............................................................... 184
3.10.1 About the TOI measurement.......................................................................................185
3.10.2 TOI basics................................................................................................................... 185
3.10.3 TOI results...................................................................................................................189
3.10.4 TOI configuration.........................................................................................................190
3.10.5 How to determine the third order intercept..................................................................191
3.10.6 Measurement example – measuring the R&S ESW's intrinsic intermodulation..........192
3.11 AM modulation depth measurement....................................................................... 194
3.11.1 About the measurement..............................................................................................194
3.11.2 AM modulation depth results.......................................................................................195
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3.11.3 AM modulation depth configuration.............................................................................195
3.11.4 Optimizing and troubleshooting the measurement......................................................196
3.11.5 How to determine the AM modulation depth............................................................... 197
3.12 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurement................................................ 197
3.12.1 About the EMI measurement...................................................................................... 198
3.12.2 EMI measurement results........................................................................................... 198
3.12.3 EMI measurement basics............................................................................................200
3.12.4 EMI measurement configuration................................................................................. 206
3.12.5 EMI result analysis...................................................................................................... 214
3.12.6 How to perform EMI measurements........................................................................... 215
3.12.7 Measurement example: measuring radio frequency interference............................... 217
3.12.8 Optimizing and troubleshooting EMI measurements.................................................. 219
4 Common measurement settings...................................................... 221
4.1 Measurement basics.................................................................................................221
4.1.1 IF and video signal output........................................................................................... 221
4.2 Configuration overview............................................................................................ 221
4.3 Data input and output............................................................................................... 223
4.3.1 Receiving data input and providing data output.......................................................... 223
4.3.2 Input source settings................................................................................................... 227
4.3.3 Configuring the preselector......................................................................................... 229
4.3.4 Optional external generator control.............................................................................229
4.3.5 Optional external mixers............................................................................................. 257
4.3.6 Output settings............................................................................................................ 280
4.4 Frequency and span configuration......................................................................... 283
4.4.1 Impact of the frequency and span settings................................................................. 284
4.4.2 Frequency and span settings...................................................................................... 285
4.4.3 Keeping the center frequency stable - signal tracking................................................ 289
4.4.4 How to define the frequency range............................................................................. 290
4.4.5 How to move the center frequency through the frequency range............................... 291
4.5 Amplitude and vertical axis configuration..............................................................291
4.5.1 Impact of the vertical axis settings.............................................................................. 292
4.5.2 Amplitude settings.......................................................................................................294
4.5.3 Scaling the Y-Axis....................................................................................................... 297
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4.5.4 How to optimize the amplitude display........................................................................299
4.6 Bandwidth, filter and sweep configuration.............................................................299
4.6.1 Impact of the bandwidth, filter and sweep settings..................................................... 300
4.6.2 Bandwidth, filter and sweep settings...........................................................................306
4.6.3 Reference: list of available RRC and Channel filters.................................................. 314
4.7 Trigger and gate configuration................................................................................ 316
4.7.1 Triggering.................................................................................................................... 316
4.7.2 Gating..........................................................................................................................326
4.8 Adjusting settings automatically.............................................................................331
5 Common analysis and display functions........................................ 334
5.1 Result display configuration....................................................................................334
5.1.1 Basic evaluation methods........................................................................................... 334
5.1.2 Laying out the result display with the smartgrid.......................................................... 337
5.2 Zoomed displays.......................................................................................................341
5.2.1 Single zoom versus multiple zoom..............................................................................342
5.2.2 Zoom functions............................................................................................................343
5.2.3 How to zoom into a diagram....................................................................................... 345
5.3 Configuring traces.................................................................................................... 348
5.3.1 Basic information about traces....................................................................................348
5.3.2 Trace configuration......................................................................................................369
5.3.3 How to configure traces.............................................................................................. 385
5.3.4 References..................................................................................................................391
5.4 Marker usage............................................................................................................. 394
5.4.1 Basics on markers.......................................................................................................395
5.4.2 Marker settings............................................................................................................398
5.4.3 Marker search settings and positioning functions....................................................... 403
5.4.4 Marker (measurement) functions................................................................................ 409
5.4.5 How to work with markers........................................................................................... 431
5.4.6 Measurement example: measuring harmonics using marker functions...................... 433
5.5 Display and limit lines.............................................................................................. 435
5.5.1 Display lines................................................................................................................ 435
5.5.2 Limit lines.................................................................................................................... 438
6 Remote commands in the spectrum application............................ 455
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6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 455
6.1.1 Conventions used in descriptions............................................................................... 455
6.1.2 Long and short form.................................................................................................... 456
6.1.3 Numeric suffixes..........................................................................................................456
6.1.4 Optional keywords.......................................................................................................457
6.1.5 Alternative keywords................................................................................................... 457
6.1.6 SCPI parameters.........................................................................................................457
6.2 Common suffixes...................................................................................................... 460
6.3 Application selection................................................................................................ 460
6.4 General window commands.....................................................................................463
6.5 Screen layout.............................................................................................................465
6.6 Preset......................................................................................................................... 472
6.7 Measurement configuration..................................................................................... 473
6.7.1 Measurement control.................................................................................................. 473
6.7.2 Power measurements................................................................................................. 475
6.7.3 Channel power and ACLR.......................................................................................... 480
6.7.4 Carrier-to-noise ratio................................................................................................... 521
6.7.5 Occupied bandwidth....................................................................................................522
6.7.6 Spectrum emission mask (SEM).................................................................................524
6.7.7 Spurious emissions..................................................................................................... 560
6.7.8 Statistics......................................................................................................................573
6.7.9 Time domain power.....................................................................................................583
6.7.10 Harmonic distortion..................................................................................................... 593
6.7.11 Third order intercept point (TOI)..................................................................................596
6.7.12 AM modulation depth.................................................................................................. 599
6.7.13 List evaluations........................................................................................................... 602
6.7.14 Measuring the pulse power......................................................................................... 606
6.7.15 EMI measurements..................................................................................................... 610
6.7.16 Programming example: EMI measurement.................................................................618
6.7.17 Programming example: carrier-to-noise ratio..............................................................620
6.7.18 Programming example: performing a basic frequency sweep.................................... 621
6.8 Configuration.............................................................................................................624
6.8.1 Inputs and output configuration...................................................................................624
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6.8.2 Frequency configuration..............................................................................................656
6.8.3 Amplitude configuration...............................................................................................663
6.8.4 Y-Axis scaling..............................................................................................................667
6.8.5 Bandwidth configuration..............................................................................................669
6.8.6 Sweep configuration....................................................................................................673
6.8.7 Trigger configuration................................................................................................... 679
6.8.8 Automatic configuration...............................................................................................686
6.9 Analysis..................................................................................................................... 689
6.9.1 Zoom........................................................................................................................... 689
6.9.2 Trace configuration......................................................................................................693
6.9.3 Marker configuration................................................................................................... 717
6.9.4 Lines............................................................................................................................774
List of commands.............................................................................. 792
Index....................................................................................................805
Contents
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10User Manual 1177.6300.02 ─ 11
Preface
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1 Preface
1.1 About this manual
This User Manual provides all the information specific to RF measurements in the
Spectrum application. All other operating modes and applications are described in
the specific application manuals.
The main focus in this manual is on the measurement results and the tasks required to
obtain them. The following topics are included:
●Welcome to the R&S ESW
Introduction to and getting familiar with the instrument
●Measurements
Descriptions of the individual measurements in the Spectrum application, including
result types and configuration settings.
●Common Measurement Settings
Description of the measurement settings common to all measurement types with
their corresponding remote control commands
●Common Measurement Analysis and Display Functions
Description of the settings and functions provided to analyze results independently
of the measurement type with their corresponding remote control commands
●Remote Commands
Remote commands required to configure and perform measurements in a remote
environment, sorted by tasks
Remote commands required to set up the environment and to perform common
tasks on the instrument, sorted by tasks
Programming examples demonstrate the use of many commands and can usually
be executed directly for test purposes
●List of Commands
Alphabetical list of all remote commands described in the manual
●Index
1.2 Documentation overview
This section provides an overview of the R&S ESW user documentation. You find it on
the product page at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/esw
Documentation overview
Preface
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12User Manual 1177.6300.02 ─ 11
1.2.1 Getting started manual
Introduces the R&S ESW and describes how to set up and start working with the prod-
uct. Includes basic operations, typical measurement examples, and general informa-
tion, e.g. safety instructions, etc.
A printed version is delivered with the instrument. A PDF version is available for down-
load on the Internet.
1.2.2 User manuals and help
Separate user manuals are provided for the base unit and the firmware applications:
●Base unit manual
Contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also provides an
introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control com-
mands with programming examples, and information on maintenance, instrument
interfaces and error messages. Includes the contents of the getting started manual.
●Manuals for (optional) firmware applications
Contains the description of the specific functions of a firmware application, includ-
ing remote control commands. Basic information on operating the R&S ESW is not
included.
The contents of the user manuals are available as help in the R&S ESW. The help
offers quick, context-sensitive access to the complete information for the base unit and
the firmware applications.
All user manuals are also available for download or for immediate display on the Inter-
net.
1.2.3 Service manual
Describes the performance test for checking the rated specifications, module replace-
ment and repair, firmware update, troubleshooting and fault elimination, and contains
mechanical drawings and spare part lists.
The service manual is available for download for registered users on the global
Rohde & Schwarz information system (GLORIS):
https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com
1.2.4 Instrument security procedures
Deals with security issues when working with the R&S ESW in secure areas. It is avail-
able for download on the Internet.
Documentation overview
Preface
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13User Manual 1177.6300.02 ─ 11
1.2.5 Basic safety instructions
Contains safety instructions, operating conditions and further important information.
The printed document is delivered with the instrument.
1.2.6 Data sheets and brochures
The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S ESW. It also lists the
options and their order numbers, and optional accessories.
The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific char-
acteristics.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/brochure-datasheet/esw
1.2.7 Release notes and open source acknowledgment (OSA)
The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current
firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.
The open source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the
used open source software.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/esw
1.2.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.
These documents deal with special applications or background information on particu-
lar topics.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/esw
1.3 Conventions used in the documentation
1.3.1 Typographical conventions
The following text markers are used throughout this documentation:
Convention Description
"Graphical user interface ele-
ments"
All names of graphical user interface elements on the screen, such as
dialog boxes, menus, options, buttons, and softkeys are enclosed by
quotation marks.
[Keys] Key and knob names are enclosed by square brackets.
Conventions used in the documentation
Preface
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14User Manual 1177.6300.02 ─ 11
Convention Description
Filenames, commands,
program code
Filenames, commands, coding samples and screen output are distin-
guished by their font.
Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics.
Links Links that you can click are displayed in blue font.
"References" References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by quota-
tion marks.
1.3.2 Conventions for procedure descriptions
When operating the instrument, several alternative methods may be available to per-
form the same task. In this case, the procedure using the touchscreen is described.
Any elements that can be activated by touching can also be clicked using an addition-
ally connected mouse. The alternative procedure using the keys on the instrument or
the on-screen keyboard is only described if it deviates from the standard operating pro-
cedures.
The term "select" may refer to any of the described methods, i.e. using a finger on the
touchscreen, a mouse pointer in the display, or a key on the instrument or on a key-
board.
1.3.3 Notes on screenshots
When describing the functions of the product, we use sample screenshots. These
screenshots are meant to illustrate as many as possible of the provided functions and
possible interdependencies between parameters. The shown values may not represent
realistic usage scenarios.
The screenshots usually show a fully equipped product, that is: with all options instal-
led. Thus, some functions shown in the screenshots may not be available in your par-
ticular product configuration.
Conventions used in the documentation
Welcome to the spectrum application
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15User Manual 1177.6300.02 ─ 11
2 Welcome to the spectrum application
The Spectrum application is a firmware application that adds functionality to perform
signal and spectrum analysis to the R&S ESW. The application is part of the R&S ESW
firmware.
This user manual contains a description of the functionality that the application pro-
vides, including remote control operation.
Functions that are not discussed in this manual are the same as in the Receiver appli-
cation and are described in the R&S ESW User Manual. The latest versions of the
manuals are available for download at the product homepage.
http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/product/ESW.html.
Installation
Find detailed installing instructions in the Getting Started or the release notes of the
R&S ESW.
●Starting the application............................................................................................15
●Understanding the display information....................................................................16
●R&S multiview.........................................................................................................17
2.1 Starting the application
Access: [MODE] > "Spectrum"
Multiple Measurement Channels and Sequencer Function
When you enter an application, a new measurement channel is created which deter-
mines the measurement settings for that application. The same application can be acti-
vated with different measurement settings by creating several channels for the same
application.
The number of channels that can be configured at the same time depends on the avail-
able memory on the instrument.
Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently
active channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecu-
tively, a Sequencer function is provided.
If activated, the measurements configured in the currently active channels are per-
formed one after the other in the order of the tabs. The currently active measurement is
indicated by a symbol in the tab label. The result displays of the individual channels
are updated in the tabs (as well as the "MultiView") as the measurements are per-
formed. Sequential operation itself is independent of the currently displayed tab.
For details on the Sequencer function see the R&S ESW User Manual.
Starting the application
Welcome to the spectrum application
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2.2 Understanding the display information
The following figure shows the display as it looks for measurements in spectrum mode.
All different information areas are labeled. They are explained in more detail in the fol-
lowing sections.
142 3 5 6
Figure 2-1: Screen layout of the noise figure measurement application
1 = Toolbar
2 = Channel bar
3 = Diagram header
4 = Result display
5 = Status bar
6 = Softkey bar
Channel bar information
The channel bar contains information about the current measurement setup, progress
and results.
Figure 2-2: Channel bar of the Spectrum application
Ref Level Reference level of the R&S ESW.
Att Attenuation of the R&S ESW.
Input Input and input coupling
Understanding the display information
Welcome to the spectrum application
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SWT Sweep time
PS Preselector state
RBW Resolution bandwidth
VBW Video bandwidth
Mode Currently selected measurement mode, including the sweep count.
Frequency Center frequency
Window title bar information
For each diagram, the header provides the following information:
1 2 3 4
Figure 2-3: Window title bar information for the Noise Figure application
1 = Window number
2 = Window type
3 = Trace color and number
4 = Trace mode and detector
Status bar information
Global instrument settings, the instrument status and any irregularities are indicated in
the status bar beneath the diagram. Furthermore, the progress of the current operation
is displayed in the status bar.
2.3 R&S multiview
Each application is displayed in a separate tab. An additional tab ("MultiView") provides
an overview of all currently active channels at a glance. In the "MultiView" tab, each
individual window contains its own channel bar with an additional button. Select this
button to switch to the corresponding channel display quickly.
R&S multiview
Measurements and results
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19User Manual 1177.6300.02 ─ 11
3 Measurements and results
Access: "Overview" > "Select Measurement"
Or: [MEAS]
In the Spectrum application, the R&S ESW provides a variety of different measurement
functions.
●Basic measurements - measure the spectrum of your signal or watch your signal
in time domain
●Power measurements - calculate the powers involved in modulated carrier signals
●Emission measurements - detect unwanted signal emission
●Statistic measurements - evaluate the spectral distribution of the signal
●Further measurements - provide characteristic values of the signal
●EMI measurements - detect electromagnetic interference in the signal
The individual functions are described in detail in the following chapters.
The measurement function determines which settings, functions and evaluation meth-
ods are available in the R&S ESW. The various measurement functions are described
in detail here.
When you select a measurement function, the measurement is started with its default
settings immediately and the corresponding measurement configuration menu is dis-
played. The measurement configuration menu can be displayed at any time by press-
ing the [MEAS CONFIG] key.
The easiest way to configure measurements is using the configuration "Overview", see
Chapter 4.2, "Configuration overview", on page 221.
In addition to the measurement-specific parameters, the general parameters can be
configured as usual, see Chapter 4, "Common measurement settings", on page 221.
Many measurement functions provide special result displays or evaluation methods;
however, in most cases the general evaluation methods are also available, see Chap-
ter 5, "Common analysis and display functions", on page 334.
The remote commands required to retrieve measurement results are described in
Chapter 6.9.2.1, "Trace data retrieval", on page 693.
●Basic measurements...............................................................................................20
●Channel power and adjacent-channel power (ACLR) measurement......................40
●Carrier-to-noise measurements.............................................................................. 90
●Occupied bandwidth measurement (OBW).............................................................94
●Spectrum emission mask (SEM) measurement....................................................100
●Spurious emissions measurement........................................................................145
●Statistical measurements (APD, CCDF)............................................................... 158
●Time domain power measurement........................................................................172
●Harmonic distortion measurement........................................................................ 178
●Third order intercept (TOI) measurement............................................................. 184
●AM modulation depth measurement..................................................................... 194
●Electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurement................................................197
Measurements and results
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20User Manual 1177.6300.02 ─ 11
3.1 Basic measurements
Basic measurements are common sweeps in the time or frequency domain which pro-
vide an overview of the basic input signal characteristics.
If no other measurement function is selected, or if all measurement functions are
switched off, the R&S ESW performs a basic frequency or time sweep.
Use the general measurement settings to configure the measurement, e.g. via the
"Overview" (see Chapter 4, "Common measurement settings", on page 221).
3.1.1 Basic measurement types
Frequency Sweep......................................................................................................... 20
Zero Span..................................................................................................................... 20
All Functions Off............................................................................................................21
Frequency Sweep
A common frequency sweep of the input signal over a specified span. Can be used for
general purposes to obtain basic measurement results such as peak levels and spec-
trum traces. The "Frequency" menu is displayed. This is the default measurement if no
other function is selected.
Various other measurements are based on the common frequency sweep, but require
additional configuration of sweep spans or amplitude limits, for example.
Examples for frequency sweep measurements are:
●Adjacent channel power (ACP)
●Carrier-to-noise (C/N)
●Occupied bandwidth (OBW)
●Spectrum emission mask (SEM)
●Spurious emissions
●Third order intercept (TOI)
●AM modulation depth
●Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Use the general measurement settings to configure the measurement, e.g. via the
"Overview" (see Chapter 4, "Common measurement settings", on page 221).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:STARt on page 659, [SENSe:]FREQuency:STOP
on page 660
INITiate<n>[:IMMediate] on page 473
INITiate<n>:CONTinuous on page 474
Zero Span
A sweep in the time domain at the specified (center) frequency, i.e. the frequency span
is set to zero. The display shows the time on the x-axis and the signal level on the y-
axis, as on an oscilloscope. On the time axis, the grid lines correspond to 1/10 of the
current sweep time.
Use the general measurement settings to configure the measurement, e.g. via the
"Overview" (see Chapter 4, "Common measurement settings", on page 221).
Basic measurements
/
