Motorola AZ489FT5804 User manual

ASTRO

®

Digital XTS 2500

Model III User Guide

68P81094C06-O

Document Creation Date: 5/2/01

Document Modification Date: 8/27/01

Preface

Before operating your radio, please review the “Safety and

General Information” section in the front of this user guide. Also,

be sure to retain this publication for future reference.

Computer Software Copyrights

The Motorola products described in this manual may include

copyrighted Motorola computer programs stored in semiconductor

memories or other media. Laws in the United States and other

countries preserve for Motorola certain exclusive rights for

copyrighted computer programs, including, but not limited to, the

exclusive right to copy or reproduce in any form the copyrighted

computer program. Accordingly, any copyrighted Motorola computer

programs contained in the Motorola products described in this

manual may not be copied, reproduced, modified, reverse-

engineered, or distributed in any manner without the express written

permission of Motorola. Furthermore, the purchase of Motorola

products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or by implication,

estoppel, or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or

patent applications of Motorola, except for the normal non-exclusive

license to use that arises by operation of law in the sale of a product.

ASTRO Digital XTS 2500

Model III Radio

Quick Reference Card

Write your radio’s programmed features on the

dotted lines.

Select a Zone Using the Menu

Select a Channel

Method 1: Using the Select Knob

After selecting the desired zone, turn the 16-

position Select Knob to the desired channel.

Method 2: Using the Menu

Send an Emergency Alarm

Send Silent Emergency Alarm

Send an Emergency Call

Answer a Phone Call

Send a Phone Call

1 Press U until

2 Press D, E, or F directly below

.

3 Press U until the zone you desire is shown.

4 Press h to confirm, or press PTT to transmit.

16-Position

Select Knob

Speaker/Mic

Top Button

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

3-Position

Rotary Switch

_ _ _ _ _ _

Display

Home Button

Menu Select

Buttons

Top Side

Button

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

On/Off/

Volume Knob

Side Button 1

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

Side Button 2

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

PTT Button

4-Way

Navigation

Button

Alpha Button

(for future

use)

Keypad

1 Press U until

2 Press D, E, or F directly below

.

3 Press U until channel you desire is shown.

4 Press h to confirm, or press PTT to transmit.

1 Radio on and press Emergency button. You

see red LED; you hear short, medium-pitched

tone.

2 Display shows .

3 When acknowledgment is received, you hear

four beeps; alarm ends; radio exits

emergency.

1 Radio on and press Emergency button. You

see no LED; you hear no tone.

2 Press PTT.

3 Alarm continues until you exit by:

• Press and hold Emergency button

OR

• Press PTT again.

1 Radio on and press preprogrammed

Emergency button.

2 Press and hold PTT button. Announce your

emergency into the microphone.

3 Release PTT to end the call.

1 Phone-like ringing, LED flashes GREEN,

PHONE CALL and m are displayed

2 Press Call Response button.

3 Press PTT button to talk; release to listen

4Press

h to hang up.

1Press U until

2Press D, E, or F directly below

.

3Press U or V to scroll to phone number.

4 Press PTT (or Quick Access button, if

programmed) to talk, release to listen.

Display Status Symbols Menu Entries (Use With Menu Navigation)

HL

Power Level.

Power Level. H = high

power; L = low power

Call Received. Receiving an individual

call

View/Program Mode. The radio is in the

view or program mode; On Steady = view

mode; Flashing = program mode

s

Received Signal Strength Indication

(RSSI).

Received signal strength for the

current site (trunking only). The more

stripes in the symbol, the stronger the

signal.

b

Battery

• Conventional = Flashes when the

battery is low.

• Smart = The number of bars (0-3)

shown indicates the charge remaining

in your battery.

r Talkaround. You are talking directly to

another radio or through a repeater;

On = direct;

Off = repeater

C

Monitor (Carrier Squelch). This channel

is being monitored.

T

Scan. The radio is scanning a scan list

e The radio is in Emergency state

m

p

Entry Menu Selection Page

Smart Battery 26

Private Call 69

Radio Lock 43

Keypad Mute 45

Select a Channel 34

Repeater/Direct 77

Call Alert Page 71

Phone 65

Menu Navigation

U to find Menu Entry

D, or E, or F directly below

Menu Entry to select

h to exit

V or U to scroll through sub-list

D, or E, or F directly below

Menu Entry to select

Entry Menu Selection Page

3:5

TX Power Level 41

Scan On/Off 62

Site Lock 81

Status Call 75

Viewing a List 54

Select a Zone 33

ASTRO Digital XTS 2500 Model III i

Contents

Safety and General Information

Transmit and Receive Procedure ......................................................1

Exposure to Radio Frequency Energy ..............................................1

Two-Way Radio Operation .........................................................2

Body-Worn Operation .................................................................2

Antenna Care .............................................................................3

Approved Accessories ................................................................3

Electromagnetic Interference/Compatibility .......................................3

Facilities ......................................................................................3

Aircraft ........................................................................................3

Medical Devices .........................................................................3

Pacemakers......................................................................... 3

Hearing Aids......................................................................... 4

Other Medical Devices......................................................... 4

Use While Driving .............................................................................4

Operational Warnings .......................................................................5

For Vehicles With an Air Bag............................................... 5

Potentially Explosive Atmospheres...................................... 5

Blasting Caps and Blasting Areas........................................ 5

Operational Cautions ........................................................................6

Antennas.............................................................................. 6

Batteries............................................................................... 6

Intrinsically Safe Radio Information ...................................................7

FMRC Approved Equipment .......................................................7

Repair of FMRC Approved Products ..........................................9

Repair................................................................................... 9

Relabeling.......................................................................... 10

Do Not Substitute Options or Accessories......................... 10

Commercial, Government and Industrial

Solutions Sector

8000 W. Sunrise Blvd., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33322

User Guide

68P81094C06-O

A

, Motorola, ASTRO, XTS 2500 and Private Conversation are trademarks of

Motorola, Inc.

P25 radios contain technology patented by Digital Voice Systems, Inc.

ii

Contents

General Radio Operation

Notations Used in This Manual ........................................................11

XTS 2500 Model III Radio ...............................................................12

Physical Features of the Radio ........................................................13

Programmable Features ..................................................................14

Display .............................................................................................14

Backlight ..........................................................................................15

Status Symbols ................................................................................15

Menu Entry (Softkey) .......................................................................16

Menu Select Buttons .......................................................................17

Menu Selection Features ..........................................................18

Home Button (h) .............................................................................19

W@P™ Button ................................................................................19

4-Way Navigation Button (o) ..........................................................19

Keypad .............................................................................................20

LED Indicators .................................................................................21

Alert Tones ......................................................................................21

Standard Accessories ......................................................................24

Battery .......................................................................................24

Charge the Battery ............................................................. 24

Battery Charge Status........................................................ 24

Attach the Battery............................................................... 25

Smart Battery Condition ............................................................26

Use the Menu..................................................................... 26

Use the Preprogrammed Smart Battery Button (Smart Battery

Only)................................................................................ 26

Antenna .....................................................................................27

Attach the Antenna............................................................. 27

Remove the Antenna.......................................................... 27

Belt Clip .....................................................................................28

Attach the Belt Clip............................................................. 28

Remove the Belt Clip .......................................................................28

Universal Connector Cover ..............................................................29

Remove the Connector Cover............................................ 29

Attach the Connector Cover............................................... 29

Remote Speaker Microphone Adapter ............................................30

Remove the Adapter........................................................... 30

Attach the Adapter.............................................................. 30

Radio On and Off .............................................................................32

Turn the Radio On ....................................................................32

ASTRO Digital XTS 2500 Model III iii

Contents

Turn the Radio Off ....................................................................32

Zones and Channels .......................................................................33

Select a Zone ...........................................................................33

Use the Menu..................................................................... 33

Use the Preprogrammed Zone Switch............................... 34

Select a Channel ......................................................................34

Method 1: Use the Preprogrammed Channel Selector...... 34

Method 2: Use the Menu.................................................... 35

Receive / Transmit ...........................................................................36

Without Using the Volume Set and Monitor Buttons ................36

Use Preprogrammed Volume Set Button .................................37

Use the Preprogrammed Monitor Button ..................................38

Conventional Mode Operation ..................................................39

Common Radio Features

Selectable Power Level ...................................................................41

Use the Menu ...........................................................................41

Use the Preprogrammed Transmit Power Level Switch .... 42

Radio Lock ......................................................................................43

Unlock Your Radio ....................................................................43

Change Your Password ............................................................44

Mute or Unmute Keypad Tones .......................................................45

Use the Menu ...........................................................................45

Using the Preprogrammed Side Button ....................................45

Conventional Squelch Options ........................................................46

Analog Squelch ........................................................................46

Digital Squelch ..........................................................................46

PL Defeat ........................................................................................47

Time-out Timer ................................................................................48

Emergency ......................................................................................49

Send an Emergency Alarm .......................................................50

Send a Silent Emergency Alarm ...............................................51

Send an Emergency Call ..........................................................51

Emergency Keep-Alive .............................................................53

Lists .................................................................................................54

View a List ................................................................................54

Scan List Empty ........................................................................55

Edit a Call, Page, or Phone List Number ........................................55

Use the Menu ...........................................................................55

Use the Preprogrammed Number Select Button ......................57

iv

Contents

Edit a Call, Page, or Phone List Name .....................................59

Use the Menu..................................................................... 59

Use the Preprogrammed Text Select Button...................... 60

Scan ................................................................................................62

Turn Scan On and Off ...............................................................62

Using the Menu .................................................................. 62

Use the Preprogrammed Scan On/Off Switch.................... 63

Individual Calls ................................................................................64

Telephone Calls ........................................................................64

Answer a Phone Call ................................................................64

Use the Preprogrammed Call Response Button ................ 64

Use the Menu..................................................................... 65

Use the Keypad.................................................................. 66

Phone Call Display and Alert Prompts ......................................67

Enhanced Private-Conversation Calls

(Trunked Channels Only) .......................................................68

Answer a Private Call......................................................... 68

Use the Menu..................................................................... 69

Use the Keypad.................................................................. 70

Call Alert Paging .......................................................................71

Answer a Call Alert Page.................................................... 71

Make a Call Alert .......................................................................72

Use the Menu..................................................................... 72

Use the Keypad.................................................................. 73

Conventional Talkgroup Calls (Conventional Operation Only) .........74

Select Talkgroup .......................................................................74

Status Calls (Trunked Radios Only) .................................................75

Send a Status Call ....................................................................75

Use the Menu..................................................................... 75

Send a Status Call ....................................................................76

Use the Preprogrammed Status Button............................. 76

Repeater or Direct Operation ..........................................................77

Select Repeater or Direct Operation .........................................77

Use the Menu..................................................................... 77

Use the Preprogrammed Repeater/Direct Switch .............. 78

Special Radio Features

PTT ID .............................................................................................79

Receive .....................................................................................79

Transmit ....................................................................................79

ASTRO Digital XTS 2500 Model III v

Contents

View Your Radio’s ID Number ..................................................79

Use the Menu..................................................................... 79

Use the Preprogrammed Call or Page Button.................... 79

Trunking System Controls ...............................................................80

Failsoft ......................................................................................80

Out-of-Range ............................................................................80

Site Lock ...................................................................................81

Lock or Unlock a Site......................................................... 81

Site Trunking ............................................................................82

Site View and Change ..............................................................82

View the Current Site......................................................... 82

Change the Current Site .................................................... 82

Real Time Clock ..............................................................................84

Program Time and Date ...........................................................84

Helpful Tips

Radio Care ......................................................................................87

Cleaning ...................................................................................87

Handling ...................................................................................87

Service ............................................................................................88

Battery .............................................................................................89

Battery Life ...............................................................................89

Charging the Battery .................................................................89

Battery Charge Status........................................................ 89

Battery Recycling and Disposal ................................................90

Antenna ...........................................................................................91

Radio Operating Frequencies ...................................................91

Accessories

Antennas .........................................................................................93

Audio ...............................................................................................93

Headsets ..................................................................................93

Remote Speaker Microphones .................................................93

Batteries ..........................................................................................94

Belt Clips .........................................................................................95

Body-Worn ......................................................................................95

Chargers .........................................................................................95

Enhanced and Multi-Unit Line Cords ........................................96

vi

Contents

Glossary

Commercial Warranty

Index

ASTRO Digital XTS 2500 Model III 1

Safety and General Information

IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON SAFE AND EFFICIENT

OPERATION

READ THIS INFORMATION BEFORE USING YOUR MOTOROLA

TWO-WAY RADIO

The information provided in this document supersedes the general

safety information contained in user guides published prior to June

2001. For information regarding radio use in a hazardous atmosphere

please refer to the Factory Mutual (FM) Approval Manual Supplement

or Instruction Card, which is included with radio models that offer this

capability.

Transmit and Receive Procedure

Your two-way radio contains a transmitter and a receiver. To

transmit (talk) you must push the Push-To-Talk button; to

receive (listen) you must release the Push-To-Talk button.

Exposure to Radio Frequency Energy

Your Motorola radio is designed to comply with the following national

and international standards and guidelines regarding exposure of

human beings to radio frequency electromagnetic energy (EME):

• United States Federal Communications Commission, Code of

Federal Regulations; 47 CFR part 2 sub-part J

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / Institute of

Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) C95. 1-1992

• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) C95.1-1999

Edition

• National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP) of the United States, Report 86, 1986

• International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

(ICNIRP) 1998

• Ministry of Health (Canada) Safety Code 6. Limits of Human

Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in the

Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, 1999

2

Safety and General Information

• Australian Communications Authority Radiocommunications

(Electromagnetic Radiation - Human Exposure) Standard 1999

(applicable to wireless phones only)

• ANATEL, Brasil Regulatory Authority, Resolution 256 (April 11,

2001) “additional requirements for SMR, cellular and PCS product

certification.”

To assure optimal radio performance and make sure human exposure

to radio frequency electromagnetic energy (EME) is within the

guidelines set forth in the above standards, always adhere to the

following procedures:

Two-Way Radio Operation

When using your radio as a traditional two-way radio,

hold the radio in a vertical position with the

microphone 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5.0 cm) away

from your lips.

Body-Worn Operation

To maintain compliance with FCC RF exposure guidelines, if you

wear a radio on your body when transmitting, always place the radio

in a Motorola approved clip, holder, holster, case, or body

harness for this product. Use of non-Motorola-approved

accessories may exceed FCC RF exposure guidelines. If you do not

use a Motorola approved body-worn accessory and are not

using the radio in the intended use positions along side of the

head in the phone mode or in front of the face in the two-way

radio mode, then ensure the antenna and radio is kept the

following minimum distances from the body when transmitting:

• Phone or Two-way radio mode: one inch (2.5 centimeters)

• Data operation using any data feature with or without an

accessory cable: one inch (2.5 centimeters)

MAN WITH RAD

I

ASTRO Digital XTS 2500 Model III 3

Safety and General Information

Antenna Care

Use only the supplied or an approved replacement antenna.

Unauthorized antennas, modifications, or attachments could damage

the radio and may violate FCC regulations.

DO NOT hold the antenna when the radio is “IN USE.” Holding the

antenna affects call quality and may cause the radio to operate at a

higher power level than needed.

Approved Accessories

For a list of approved Motorola accessories look in the appendix or

accessory section of this manual.

Electromagnetic Interference/Compatibility

Note: Nearly every electronic device is susceptible to

electromagnetic interference (EMI) if inadequately shielded,

designed, or otherwise configured for electromagnetic

compatibility.

Facilities

To avoid electromagnetic interference and/or compatibility conflicts,

turn off your radio in any facility where posted notices instruct you to

do so. Hospitals or health care facilities may be using equipment that

is sensitive to external RF energy.

Aircraft

When instructed to do so, turn off your radio when on board an

aircraft. Any use of a radio must be in accordance with applicable

regulations per airline crew instructions.

Medical Devices

Pacemakers

The Health Industry Manufacturers Association recommends that a

minimum separation of 6 inches (15 centimeters) be maintained

between a handheld wireless radio and a pacemaker. These

4

Safety and General Information

recommendations are consistent with those of the U.S. Food and

Drug Administration.

Persons with pacemakers should:

• ALWAYS keep the radio more than 6 inches (15 centimeters)

from their pacemaker when the radio is turned ON.

• not carry the radio in the breast pocket.

• use the ear opposite the pacemaker to minimize the potential

for interference.

• turn the radio OFF immediately if you have any reason to

suspect that interference is taking place.

Hearing Aids

Some digital wireless radios may interfere with some hearing aids. In

the event of such interference, you may want to consult your hearing

aid manufacturer to discuss alternatives.

Other Medical Devices

If you use any other personal medical device, consult the

manufacturer of your device to determine if it is adequately shielded

from RF energy. Your physician may be able to assist you in obtaining

this information.

Use While Driving

Check the laws and regulations on the use of radios in the area

where you drive. Always obey them.

When using your radio while driving, please:

• Give full attention to driving and to the road.

• Use hands-free operation, if available.

• Pull off the road and park before making or answering a call if

driving conditions so require.

ASTRO Digital XTS 2500 Model III 5

Safety and General Information

Operational Warnings

For Vehicles With an Air Bag

Do not place a portable radio in the area over an air

bag or in the air bag deployment area. Air bags

inflate with great force. If a portable radio is placed

in the air bag deployment area and the air bag

inflates, the radio may be propelled with great

force and cause serious injury to occupants of the

vehicle.

Potentially Explosive Atmospheres

Turn off your radio prior to entering any area with a

potentially explosive atmosphere, unless it is a

radio type especially qualified for use in such

areas as “Intrinsically Safe” (for example, Factory

Mutual, CSA, UL, or CENELEC). Do not remove,

install, or charge batteries in such areas. Sparks in

a potentially explosive atmosphere can cause an

explosion or fire resulting in bodily injury or even

death.

Note: The areas with potentially explosive

atmospheres referred to above include

fueling areas such as below decks on

boats, fuel or chemical transfer or storage

facilities, areas where the air contains

chemicals or particles, such as grain, dust

or metal powders, and any other area where

you would normally be advised to turn off

your vehicle engine. Areas with potentially

explosive atmospheres are often but not

always posted.

Blasting Caps and Blasting Areas

To avoid possible interference with blasting

operations, turn off your radio when you are near

electrical blasting caps, in a blasting area, or in

areas posted: “Turn off two-way radio.” Obey all

signs and instructions.

!

W A R N I N G

!

6

Safety and General Information

Operational Cautions

Antennas

Do not use any portable radio that has a damaged

antenna. If a damaged antenna comes into contact

with your skin, a minor burn can result.

Batteries

All batteries can cause property damage and/or

bodily injury such as burns if a conductive

material such as jewelry, keys, or beaded chains

touches exposed terminals. The conductive

material may complete an electrical circuit (short

circuit) and become quite hot. Exercise care in

handling any charged battery, particularly when

placing it inside a pocket, purse, or other container

with metal objects.

!

C a u t i o n

ASTRO Digital XTS 2500 Model III 7

Safety and General Information

Intrinsically Safe Radio Information

FMRC Approved Equipment

Anyone intending to use a radio in a location where hazardous

concentrations of flammable materials exist (hazardous

atmosphere) is advised to become familiar with the subject of

intrinsic safety and with the National Electric Code NFPA 70

(National Fire Protection Association) Article 500 (hazardous

[classified] locations).

An Approval Guide, issued by Factory Mutual Research

Corporation (FMRC), lists manufacturers and the products

approved by FMRC for use in such locations. FMRC has also

issued a voluntary approval standard for repair service (“Class

Number 3605”).

FMRC Approval labels are attached to the radio to

identify the unit as being FM Approved for specified

hazardous atmospheres. This label specifies the

hazardous Class/Division/Group along with the part

number of the battery that must be used. Depending

on the design of the portable unit, this FM label can

be found on the back or the bottom of the radio

housing. The FM Approval mark is shown here.

FM

APPROVED

MAEPF-24560-O

8

Safety and General Information

Radios must ship from the Motorola manufacturing facility with the

hazardous atmosphere capability and FM Approval labeling. Radios

will not be “upgraded” to this capability and labeled in the field.

A modification changes the unit’s hardware from its original design

configuration. Modifications can only be made by the original product

manufacturer at one of its FMRC-audited manufacturing facilities.

• Do not operate radio communications

equipment in a hazardous atmosphere unless it

is a type especially qualified (for example,

FMRC Approved) for such use. An explosion or

fire may result.

• Do not operate an FMRC Approved Product in a

hazardous atmosphere if it has been physically

damaged (for example, cracked housing). An

explosion or fire may result.

• Do not replace or charge batteries in a

hazardous atmosphere. Contact sparking may

occur while installing or removing batteries and

cause an explosion or fire.

• Do not replace or change accessories in a

hazardous atmosphere. Contact sparking may

occur while installing or removing accessories

and cause an explosion or fire.

• Do not operate an FMRC Approved Product unit

in a hazardous location with the accessory

contacts exposed. Keep the connector cover in

place when accessories are not used.

• Turn a radio off before removing or installing a

battery or accessory.

• Do not disassemble an FMRC Approved

Product unit in any way that exposes the

internal electrical circuits of the unit.

!

W A R N I N G

!

ASTRO Digital XTS 2500 Model III 9

Safety and General Information

Repair of FMRC Approved Products

REPAIRS FOR MOTOROLA PRODUCTS WITH FMRC APPROVAL

ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE USER.

You should not repair or relabel any Motorola- manufactured

communication equipment bearing the FMRC Approval label (“FMRC

Approved Product”) unless you are familiar with the current FMRC

Approval standard for repairs and service (“Class Number 3605”).

You may want to consider using a repair facility that operates under

3605 repair service approval.

FMRC’s Approval Standard Class Number 3605 is subject to change

at any time without notice to you, so you may want to obtain a current

copy of 3605 from FMRC. Per the December 1994 publication of

3605, some key definitions and service requirements are as follows:

Repair

A repair constitutes something done internally to the unit that would

bring it back to its original condition—Approved by FMRC. A repair

should be done in an FMRC Approved facility.

• Failure to use an FMRC Approved Product unit

with an FMRC Approved battery or FMRC

Approved accessories specifically approved for

that product may result in the dangerously

unsafe condition of an unapproved radio

combination being used in a hazardous

location.

• Unauthorized or incorrect modification of an

FMRC Approved Product unit will negate the

Approval rating of the product.

• Incorrect repair or relabeling of any FMRC

Approved Product unit could adversely affect

the Approval rating of the unit.

• Use of a radio that is not intrinsically safe in a

hazardous atmosphere could result in serious

injury or death.

!

W A R N I N G

!

W A R N I N G

!

10

Safety and General Information

Items not considered as repairs are those in which an action is

performed on a unit which does not require the outer casing of the

unit to be opened in a manner which exposes the internal electrical

circuits of the unit. You do not have to be an FMRC Approved Repair

Facility to perform these actions.

Relabeling

The repair facility shall have a method by which the replacement of

FMRC Approval labels are controlled to ensure that any relabeling is

limited to units that were originally shipped from the Manufacturer with an

FM Approval label in place. FMRC Approval labels shall not be stocked

by the repair facility. An FMRC Approval label shall be ordered from the

original manufacturer, as needed, to repair a specific unit. Replacement

labels may be obtained and applied by the repair facility, provided there

is satisfactory evidence that the unit being relabeled was originally an

FMRC Approved unit. Verification may include, but is not limited to: a unit

with a damaged Approval label, a unit with a defective housing displaying

an Approval label, or a customer invoice indicating the serial number of

the unit and purchase of an FMRC Approved model.

Do Not Substitute Options or Accessories

The Motorola communications equipment certified by Factory Mutual is

tested as a system and consists of the FM Approved portable, FM Approved

battery, and FM Approved accessories or options, or both. This FM

Approved portable and battery combination must be strictly observed. There

must be no substitution of items, even if the substitute has been previously

Approved with a different Motorola communications equipment unit.

Approved configurations are listed in the FM Approval Guide published by

FMRC, or in the product FM Supplement. This FM Supplement is shipped

from the manufacturer with the FM Approved radio and battery combination.

The Approval Guide, or the Approval Standard Class Number 3605

document for repairs and service, can be ordered directly from Factory

Mutual Research Corporation located in Norwood, Massachusetts.

Page is loading ...

Motorola AZ489FT5804 User manual

This manual is also suitable for

Motorola AZ489FT5804 User manual

Related papers

Other documents