Kenwood HP 9000 User manual

HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide

HP 9000 Computers

B2355-90655

November 1997

2

Legal Notices

The information contained in this document is subject to change without

notice.

Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this

manual, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of

merchantability and ﬁtness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard

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Rights in Technical Data and Software clause in FAR 52.227-7013.

Rights for non-DOD U.S. Government Departments and Agencies are as

set forth in FAR 52.227-19(c)(1,2).

Use of this manual and ﬂexible disc(s), compact disc(s), or tape

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alterations, is expressly prohibited.

A copy of the speciﬁc warranty terms applicable to your Hewlett-Packard

product and replacement parts can be obtained from your local Sales and

Service Ofﬁce.

System V are registered trademarks of AT&T in the USA and other

countries.

3

UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other

countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Limited.

California. This software is based in part on the Fourth Berkeley

Software Distribution under license from the Regents of the University

of California.

1979

This document has been reproduced and modiﬁed with the permission of

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OSF/Motif is a trademark of the Open Software Foundation, Inc. in the

U.S. and other countries. Certiﬁcation for conformance with OSF/Motif

user environment pending.

4

Contents

5

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Printing History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

1. What's New in Recent Releases

PA-RISC Changes in Hardware Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

PA-RISC 2.0 Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

PA-RISC Architectures and Their System Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

64-bit Mode Linker Toolset Compatibility with De Facto Industry

Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

64-bit Mode ELF Object File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

New Features for 64-bit Mode Linking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

64-bit Mode Linker Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

64-bit Mode Linker-deﬁned Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

64-bit Mode Link-time Differences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

64-bit Mode Run Time Differences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Changes in Future Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Online Help for Linker and Libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Accessing Help with ld +help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Accessing Help with the HP CDE Front Panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Accessing Help with the dthelpview Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Accessing Help with the charhelp Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

2. What Happens When You Compile and Link a Program

Compiling Programs on HP-UX:

An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Looking “inside” a Compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

What is an Object File? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Local Deﬁnitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

6

Contents

Global Deﬁnitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

External References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Compiler-Linker Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Linking Programs on HP-UX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

The crt0.o Startup File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

The a.out File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

File Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Linking with Libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Library Naming Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Default Libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

The Default Library Search Path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Link Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Running the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Loading Programs: exec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Binding Routines to a Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Deferred Binding is the Default. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Linker Thread-Safe Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3. Linker Tasks

Using the Compiler to Link. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Changing the Default Library Search Path with -Wl, -L . . . . . . . . . . 53

Getting Verbose Output with -v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Passing Linker Options from the Compiler Command with -Wl . . . . 54

Renaming the Output File with -o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Specifying Libraries with -l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Suppressing the Link-Edit Phase with -c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Using Linker commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Linking with the 32-bit crt0.o Startup File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Changing the Default Library Search Path with -L and LPATH. . . . 57

Contents

7

Changing the Default Shared Library Binding with -B. . . . . . . . . . . .58

Improving Shared Library Performance with -B symbolic . . . . . . . . .60

Choosing Archive or Shared Libraries with -a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Dynamic Linking with -A and -R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Exporting Symbols with +e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Exporting Symbols with +ee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Exporting Symbols from main with -E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Hiding Symbols with -h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Moving Libraries after Linking with +b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Moving Libraries After Linking with +s and SHLIB_PATH. . . . . . . .86

Passing Linker Options in a ﬁle with -c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Passing Linker Options with LDOPTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Specifying Libraries with -l and l:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Stripping Symbol Table Information from the Output File with -s and

-x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Using 64-bit Mode Linker Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Using the 64-bit Mode Linker with +compat or +std. . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Linking Shared Libraries with -dynamic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Linking Archived Libraries with -noshared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Controlling Archive Library Loading with +[no]forceload. . . . . . . . . .93

Flagging Unsatisﬁed Symbols with +[no]allowunsats. . . . . . . . . . . . .94

Hiding Symbols from export with +hideallsymbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95

Changing Mapﬁles with -k and +nodefaultmap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95

Ignoring Dynamic Path Environment Variables with +noenvvar. . . .96

Linking in 64-bit Mode with +std . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Linking in 32-bit Mode Style with +compat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Controlling Output from the Unwind Table with +stripwind . . . . . . .96

Selecting Verbose Output with +vtype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

Linking with the 64-bit crt0.o Startup File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Linker Compatibility Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

Linking to Archive Libraries with Unsatisﬁed Symbols . . . . . . . . . .100

8

Contents

4. Linker Tools

Changing a Program's Attributes with chatr(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Using chatr for 32-bit Program Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Using chatr for 64-bit Program Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Viewing Symbols in an Object ﬁle with nm(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Viewing the Contents of an Object File with elfdump(1). . . . . . . . . . . 111

Viewing library dependencies with ldd(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Viewing the Size of Object File Elements with size(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Reducing Storage Space with strip(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Improving Program Start-up with fastbind(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Finding Object Library Ordering Relationships with lorder(1). . . . . . 120

5. Creating and Using Libraries

Overview of Shared and Archive Libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

What are Archive Libraries? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

What are Shared Libraries? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

The Dynamic Loader dld.sl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Default Behavior When Searching for Libraries at Run Time. . . . . 127

Caution on Using Dynamic Library Searching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Example Program Comparing Shared and Archive Libraries. . . . . . . 128

Shared Libraries with Debuggers, Proﬁlers, and Static Analysis. . . . 130

Creating Archive Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Overview of Creating an Archive Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Contents of an Archive File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Example of Creating an Archive Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Replacing, Adding, and Deleting an Object Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Contents

9

Summary of Keys to the ar(1) Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

crt0.o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Archive Library Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Creating Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Creating Position-Independent Code (PIC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Creating the Shared Library with ld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

Shared Library Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Updating a Shared Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Shared Library Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Improving Shared Library Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Version Control with Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

When to Use Shared Library Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

Maintaining Old Versions of Library Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Library-Level Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Intra-Library Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

Switching from Archive to Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

Library Path Names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

Relying on Undocumented Linker Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

Absolute Virtual Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

Stack Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

Version Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

Debugger Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

Using the chroot Command with Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

Proﬁling Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

Summary of HP-UX Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

Caution When Mixing Shared and Archive Libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Example 1: Unsatisﬁed Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Example 2: Using shl_load(3X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Example 3: Hidden Deﬁnitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

Summary of Mixing Shared and Archive Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

10

Contents

Using Shared Libraries in 64-bit mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Internal Name Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Dynamic Path Searching for Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Shared Library Symbol Binding Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Mixed Mode Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

64-bit Mode Library Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

6. Shared Library Management Routines

Shared Library Management Routine Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

The shl_load Routine Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

The dlopen Routines Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Related Files and Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Shared Library Header Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Using Shared Libraries with cc and ld Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Initializers for Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Styles of Initializers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

32-bit Mode Initializers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

64-bit Mode Initializers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

The shl_load Shared Library Management Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

The shl_load and cxxshl_load Routines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

The shl_ﬁndsym Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

The shl_get and shl_get_r Routines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

The shl_gethandle and shl_gethandle_r Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

The shl_deﬁnesym Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

The shl_getsymbols Routine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

The shl_unload and cxxshl_unload Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

The dlopen Shared Library Management Routines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

The dlopen Routine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

The dlerror Routine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Contents

11

The dlsym Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245

The dlget Routine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

The dlmodinfo Routine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

The dlgetname Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252

The dlclose Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253

Dynamic Loader Compatibility Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

Unsupported Shared Library Management Routines . . . . . . . . . . . .256

Unsupported Shared Library Management Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

7. Position-Independent Code

What Is Relocatable Object Code? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260

What is Absolute Object Code?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261

What Is Position-Independent Code? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262

Generating Position-Independent Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263

For More Information: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

PIC Requirements for Compilers and Assembly Code. . . . . . . . . . . .264

Long Calls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265

Long Branches and Switch Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265

Assigned GOTO Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

Literal References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

Global and Static Variable References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

Procedure Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

8. Ways to Improve Performance

Linker Optimizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270

Invoking Linker Optimizations from the Compile Line. . . . . . . . . . .270

Incompatibilities with other Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271

Unused Procedure Elimination with +Oprocelim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271

Options to Improve TLB Hit Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273

12

Contents

Proﬁle-Based Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

General Information about PBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Using PBO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

When to Use PBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

How to Use PBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Instrumenting (+I/-I). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Proﬁling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Optimizing Based on Proﬁle Data (+P/-P). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Selecting an Optimization Level with PBO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Using PBO to Optimize Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Using PBO with ld -r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Restrictions and Limitations of PBO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Compatibility with 9.0 PBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Improving Shared Library Start-Up Time with fastbind . . . . . . . . . . 293

Using fastbind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Invoking the fastbind Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Invoking fastbind from the Linker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

How to Tell if fastbind Information is Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Removing fastbind Information from a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Turning off fastbind at Run Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

For More Information: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

A. Using Mapﬁles

Controlling Mapﬁles with the -k Option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Mapﬁle Example: Using -k ﬁlename (without +nodefaultmap Option)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Changing Mapﬁles with -k ﬁlename and +nodefaultmap . . . . . . . . . . 298

Mapﬁle Example: Using -k mapﬁle and +nodefaultmap . . . 298

Simple Mapﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Default HP-UX Release 11.0 Mapﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Contents

13

Deﬁning Syntax for Mapﬁle Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303

Deﬁning Mapﬁle Segment Declarations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304

Segment Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304

Mapﬁle Segment Declaration Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306

Deﬁning Mapﬁle Section Mapping Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307

Internal Map Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309

Placement of Segments in an Executable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309

Mapping Input Sections to Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309

Interaction between User-deﬁned and Default Mapﬁle Directives. .312

Mapﬁle Option Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

Fatal Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

Warnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

14

Contents

15

Preface

This Guide covers the following topics:

• Chapter 1, “What's New in Recent Releases,” lists new features added

in recent releases.

• Chapter 2, “What Happens When You Compile and Link a Program,”

provides details on compiling and linking programs.

• Chapter 3, “Linker Tasks,” lists many ways you can specify how you

want your program linked.

• Chapter 4, “Linker Tools,” list the tools available in the linker toolset.

• Chapter 5, “Creating and Using Libraries,” discusses all aspects of

both archive and shared libraries.

• Chapter 6, “Shared Library Management Routines,” explains how to

explicitly load libraries at run time using shared library management

routines.

• Chapter 7, “Position-Independent Code,” describes how to write

position-independent assembly code.

• Chapter 8, “Ways to Improve Performance,” discusses several ways to

optimize your program.

• Appendix A, “Using Mapﬁles,” describes mapﬁles.

• Glossary contains deﬁnitions of important terms in this manual.

Printing History

New editions of this manual will incorporate all material updated since

the previous edition. The manual printing date and part number indicate

its current edition. The printing date changes when a new edition is

printed. The manual part number changes when extensive technical

changes are incorporated.

• November 1997, Edition 1, part number B2355-90655. This manual

supersedes HP-UX Linker and Libraries User’s Guide part number

B2355-90655. The main reason for this new edition is to document

new functionality for the HP-UX 11.00 release:

16

• Add the +ee linker option to export symbols.

• Add 64-bit linker toolset support for linker options.

• Add 64-bit mode linker tools and describe the enhancements to the

32-bit mode toolset.

• Describe 32-bit and 64-bit mode behavior differences.

• Add 64-bit mode dynamic path searching mechanisms.

• Add 64-bit mode symbol binding semantics.

• Add the dl* shared library management routines for 64-bit mode

support and describe enhancement to the shl_load routines for

shared libraries.

• Add init/ﬁni style initializers for 64-bit mode support for shared

libraries.

• Add the BIND_BREADTH_FIRST ﬂag to the shl_load routine to

control search path behavior.

• Add description of support for ELF object ﬁle format.

• April 1997, Edition 1, part number B2355-90654. This manual

supersedes Programming on HP-UX part number B2355-90652. The

main reason for this new edition is to document new functionality for

the HP-UX 10.30 release:

• Announce linker thread-safe features for ld, dld.sl, crt0.o,

and libdld.sl.

• Add the +pd size linker option to set the virtual memory page size

for program data.

• Add the +pi size linker option to set the virtual memory page size

for program instructions.

• Add the +k linker option (see ld(1)) to only create an executable if

no errors are found at link time.

• Add the chatr +k option to enable or disable kernel-assisted

branch prediction.

• Add the chatr +pd size and +pi size virtual memory page setting

options.

17

• July 1996, Edition 1, part number B2355-90653. This manual

supersedes Programming on HP-UX part number B2355-90652. The

main reason for this new edition is to document new functionality for

the HP-UX 10.20 release and to describe what's ahead in a future

release of the linker toolset:

• Add a -B symbolic option to help improve shared library

performance.

• Introduce the fastbind tool to improve the start up time of

programs that use shared libraries.

• Introduce the Linker and Libraries Online User Guide.

• Announce changes in PA-RISC hardware compatibility—PA-RISC

1.1 systems, by default, generate PA-RISC 1.1 code; PA-RISC 2.0

systems generate 2.0 code.

• Describe compatibility warnings generated by the linker and

dynamic loader for HP 9000 architecture issues and linker toolset

features that may change in a future release.

• Describe what's changing in a future release of the linker toolset.

• Add the +Ostaticprediction option to use with proﬁle-based

optimization.

• January 1995, Edition 1, part number B2355-90652. This manual

supersedes Programming on HP-UX part number B2355-90026. The

main reason for this new edition is to document new functionality for

the HP-UX 10.0 release:

• Update path names to reﬂect the new System V Release 4 ﬁle

system. Some of the changes are:

• Most ﬁles in /lib are now in /usr/lib.

• Most optional products are in /opt. For example, HP C is in

/opt/ansic, HP C is in /opt/CC, HP FORTRAN/9000 is in

/opt/fortran, and HP/DDE is in /opt/langtools/dde.

• Caution against mixing shared and archive libraries.

• Describe a new library-level versioning scheme for shared

libraries.

• Update the chapter on proﬁle-based optimization.

• Describe changes in optimization levels 3 and 4.

18

• Describe thread-safe interfaces shl_get_r and

shl_gethandle_r.

• Add a new BIND_TOGETHER ﬂag to the shl_load routine.

• Add a new chapter "Porting Applications to HP-UX."

Chapter 1 19

What's New in Recent Releases

1 What's New in Recent Releases

This section contains information about recent releases of the HP-UX

linker toolset:

For This Release

The HP-UX 11.00 linker toolset contains new features:

If you use the 32-bit mode linker toolset, see the following items:

• “PA-RISC Changes in Hardware Compatibility” updated in this

chapter.

• “Exporting Symbols with +ee” on page 81.

• “Changes in Future Releases” updated in this chapter.

If you use the 64-bit mode linker toolset, see the following items:

• “PA-RISC Changes in Hardware Compatibility” updated in this

chapter.

• “64-bit Mode Linker Toolset Compatibility with De Facto Industry

Standards” described in this chapter.

• “64-bit Mode ELF Object File Format” described in this chapter.

• “Dynamic Path Searching for Shared Libraries” on page 177

describes differences in the run time searching of shared libraries.

• “Shared Library Symbol Binding Semantics” on page 178 describes

differences in shared library binding semantics.

• New 64-bit mode linker options, symbols, and features, described

in“New Features for 64-bit Mode Linking” in this chapter.

• Unsupported 32-bit mode features, behavior, and linker options,

described in “64-bit Mode Link-time Differences” and“64-bit Mode

Run Time Differences” in this chapter.

• “64-bit Mode Initializers” on page 210 describes the init/ﬁni support

for 64-bit mode shared libraries.

20 Chapter 1

What's New in Recent Releases

• “The dlopen Shared Library Management Routines” on page 240

describes the dl* family of shared library management routines for

64-bit mode.

• “BIND_BREADTH_FIRST Modiﬁer” on page 222 describes the ﬂag

added to the shl_load routine to modify search behavior.

• “Changes in Future Releases” updated in this chapter.

For Previous Releases

The following items were added in the HP-UX 10.30 release:

• “Linker Thread-Safe Features” on page 50.

• “Options to Improve TLB Hit Rates” on page 273.

• The +k linker option (see ld(1)) to remove an executable if the link

fails.

• The +k chatr option (see chatr(1)) to improve branch prediction on

PA-RISC 2.0.

The following items were added in the HP-UX 10.20 release:

• “Improving Shared Library Performance with -B symbolic” on page

60.

• “Improving Shared Library Start-Up Time with fastbind” on page

293.

• “Online Help for Linker and Libraries” described in this chapter.

• “PA-RISC Changes in Hardware Compatibility” described in this

chapter.

• “Linker Compatibility Warnings” on page 99.

• “Dynamic Loader Compatibility Warnings” on page 256.

• The +Ostaticprediction linker option described in the ld(1) man

page to use with proﬁle-based optimization

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Kenwood HP 9000 User manual

Kenwood HP 9000 User manual

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