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MQX-Enabled MK30X256 Single-
Phase Electricity Meter Reference
Design
Using the MK30X256, MC1322x, and MAG3110
Document Number: DRM122
Rev. 0
MQX-Enabled MK30X256 Single-Phase Electricity Meter Reference Design, Rev. 0
2 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Contents
Section Number Title Page
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................................................................7
1.2 General platform features.................................................................................................................................................8
1.2.1 Hardware design features .....................................................................................................................................8
1.2.2 Software features of the design..............................................................................................................................9
1.3 MK30X256 microcontroller series...................................................................................................................................9
1.3.1 Peripheral application usage..................................................................................................................................11
1.4 1322x Low Power Node (LPN)........................................................................................................................................13
1.5 MAG3110 3-axis digital magnetometer...........................................................................................................................15
Chapter 2
Basic Theory
2.1 Definition of terms...........................................................................................................................................................17
2.1.1 Power.....................................................................................................................................................................17
2.1.2 Energy....................................................................................................................................................................19
2.1.3 Power factor...........................................................................................................................................................19
2.2 Electricity distribution......................................................................................................................................................20
2.3 Electricity meters..............................................................................................................................................................21
2.3.1 Electromechanical meters......................................................................................................................................22
2.3.2 Electronic meters...................................................................................................................................................22
2.4 Voltage and current measurement....................................................................................................................................24
2.4.1 Voltage divider......................................................................................................................................................25
2.4.2 Shunt resistor.........................................................................................................................................................26
2.4.3 Current transformer...............................................................................................................................................26
2.4.4 Rogowski coil........................................................................................................................................................28
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Section Number Title Page
Chapter 3
System Concept
3.1 Application description....................................................................................................................................................29
3.1.1 Metering board.......................................................................................................................................................30
3.1.2 Switch Mode Power Supply board connection......................................................................................................33
3.1.3 External current sensor connection........................................................................................................................34
3.1.4 1322x-LPN connection..........................................................................................................................................35
3.1.5 Power meter case...................................................................................................................................................35
3.2 Application usage.............................................................................................................................................................37
3.2.1 Power meter hardware configuration.....................................................................................................................37
Chapter 4
Hardware Design of the Metering Board
4.1 Introduction to hardware implementation........................................................................................................................39
4.2 Power supply section .......................................................................................................................................................39
4.3 Digital hardware ..............................................................................................................................................................41
4.3.1 MCU core..............................................................................................................................................................41
4.3.2 RS232 interface.....................................................................................................................................................41
4.3.3 Infrared interface (IEC1107).................................................................................................................................42
4.3.4 Open collector interface.........................................................................................................................................43
4.3.5 LED interface.........................................................................................................................................................43
4.3.6 SPI interface...........................................................................................................................................................44
4.3.7 Magnetometer interface.........................................................................................................................................44
4.3.8 I2C interface..........................................................................................................................................................45
4.3.9 MRAM interface....................................................................................................................................................45
4.4 Signal conditioning ..........................................................................................................................................................46
4.4.1 Voltage measurement............................................................................................................................................46
4.4.2 DC bias connection................................................................................................................................................47
4.4.3 Shunt resistor current measurement.......................................................................................................................48
4.4.4 Zero-cross detection circuit...................................................................................................................................49
MQX-Enabled MK30X256 Single-Phase Electricity Meter Reference Design, Rev. 0
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Section Number Title Page
Chapter 5
Application Set-Up
5.1 Setting-Up the Demo Hardware ......................................................................................................................................51
5.2 Setting up the software demo...........................................................................................................................................53
5.2.1 FreeMASTER data visualization ..........................................................................................................................53
5.2.2 ZigBee communication .........................................................................................................................................55
MQX-Enabled MK30X256 Single-Phase Electricity Meter Reference Design, Rev. 0
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Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview
This design reference manual describes the solution for a single-phase electricity meter
based on the MK30X256 microcontroller (MCU). The design demonstrates the
capabilities of this MCU for electricity metering applications. There are also additional
Freescale components used in this design, including the RF (ZigBee
®
) and magnetometer
solution (interface).
The reference design provides a high performance solution for power measurement in
single phase two-wire installations. The target market is residential metering. The
reference design has the ability to connect to a ZigBee network thanks to the integrated
1322x low power node, hence it can easily become part of the smart grid network.
Besides this development, this design uses the MQX real time operating system, to
improve the code structure and to serve as a proof of concept for true real-time
applications, such as a power meter. Because of the MQX, this power meter is designed
for use in advanced markets.
In addition, two measurement methods are explored, implemented, and compared in this
reference design (FFT, filter-based method). This reference design manual describes only
the hardware solution for the power meter. Software solutions, mainly metering
algorithms, are described in associated documents, like application note AN4255, FFT-
based Algorithm for Metering Applications.
The power meter reference design is prepared for use in a real customer metering area, as
suggested by its implementation of a Human Machine Interface (HMI) and
communication interfaces for remote data collecting. Finally, it provides both hardware
and software solutions for customer applications.
MQX-Enabled MK30X256 Single-Phase Electricity Meter Reference Design, Rev. 0
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1.2 General platform features
This chapter describes the main hardware and software features of the MK30X256 Power
Meter Reference Design. See also Table D-1.
1.2.1 Hardware design features
• 5 (60) A current range, nominal current is 5 A, peak current is 60 A
• 120/230 V AC, 50/60 Hz operational range
• Active and reactive power (energy) measurement
• Accurate metering function for active and reactive energy: IEC50470-3 class B, 1%
• Meter constants (imp/kWh, imp/kVArh): 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000
• Four-quadrant measurement
• Line frequency measurement (for precision zero-cross detection)
• Cost-effective shunt resistor sensing circuit implementation without an external
OpAmp
• Voltage sensing is executed by an inexpensive resistor divider
• Cost-effective bill of materials (BOM) due to low-cost hardware configuration
• Low-power modes effectively implemented, including the use of a built-in real-time
clock (RTC)
• 3 V internal battery for proper RTC function
• 4 × 31 segment LCD, including charge pump. Values shown on the LCD: V, A, W,
VAr, VA, kWh, kVArh, cos , Hz, time, date
• Object identification system (OBIS) identifier on the LCD
• Tamper detection via:
• Two built-in hidden buttons
• 3-axis MAG3110 digital magnetometer (optional)
• Built-in user push-button
• LED pulse outputs (kWh, kVArh)
General platform features
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• Optically isolated open-collector pulse output
• IEC1107 infrared hardware interface
• Optically isolated RS232 interface (19200 Bd, 8 data bits, no parity)
• JTAG debug interface (non-optically isolated)
• 2.4 GHz RF interface through a 1322x low power node daughter card
• Powered by a 3.3 V SMPS open-frame module (3
rd
party solution)
• All components—board, sensors, and switch mode power supply (SMPS)—are built
into a plastic box with a transparent cover
• EMC proven design (EN61000-4-2, EN61000-4-4, EN6100-4-5, EN6100-4-6,
EN6100-4-8, EN6100-4-11)
1.2.2 Software features of the design
• Application C/ASM source code for IAR Embedded WorkBench is available.
• MQX-based design for advanced markets.
• Multiple advanced metering algorithms for precise energy measurements:
• Fast Fourier Transform
• Filter based method (optional only)
• ZigBee SE1.0 stack implemented in 1322x low power node for connection to a
ZigBee network.
• FreeMASTER visualization script for calibration, watching, and so on.
1.3 MK30X256 microcontroller series
The MK30X256 is a member of the 32-bit Kinetis family of MCUs. This family
represents the most scalable portfolio of ARM
®
Cortex
TM
-M4 MCUs in the industry.
Enabled by innovative 90nm Thin Film Storage (TFS) flash memory technology with
unique FlexMemory (configurable embedded EEPROM), Kinetis features the latest low-
power innovations and high performance, high precision mixed-signal capability with a
broad range of connectivity, human-machine interface, and safety & security peripherals.
The MK30X256 comes with a full suite of hardware and software tools to make
development quick and easy. There is a block diagram of this MCU in Figure 1-1.
Chapter 1 Introduction
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The MK30X256 MCU provides the following main features:
• Up to 100 MHz ARM Cortex-M4 core delivering 1.25 DMIPS/MHz with DSP
instructions
• Voltage range of 1.71̶3.6 V
• 256 KB of program flash memory
• 256 KB of FlexNVM and 4 KB FlexRAM
• 64 KB of SRAM
• 16 independently-selectable DMA channels
• Integrated high-precision 16-bit successive approximations register (SAR) analog-to-
digital converters (ADCs) with programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs)
• Two integrated 12-bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs)
• Programmable 1.2 V voltage reference
• High-speed analog comparator with 6-bit DAC
• Timers: FlexTimer, PDB, PIT, LPT, CMT, RTC
• Hardware CRC module to support fast cyclic redundancy check
• Hardware random-number generator
• 128-bit unique identification number per chip
• Human-Machine Interfaces: segment LCD, touch-sensing interface, and GPIO
• Communication interfaces: CAN, SPI, I
2
C, UART, SDHC, I
2
S
• –40° C to +105° C operating temperature range
Typical target applications of this MCU are:
• Smart meters
• Thermostats
• Heart rate monitors
• Blood gas analyzers
MK30X256 microcontroller series
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Figure 1-1. Kinetis MK30 family block diagram
1.3.1 Peripheral application usage
The power meter concept benefits greatly from plenty of integrated internal peripherals in
the MK30X256 MCU.
In this application, the Analog-to-Digital Controller (ADC):
• Employs two channels: one is differential with an internal PGA (x32) for shunt
resistor current measurement, the second is single-ended for voltage measurement.
• Includes a linear successive approximation algorithm with a 16-bit resolution.
• Allows high-speed conversion (up to 128 samples per one period).
• Provides a 12-MHz module clock (with 48 MHz bus clock).
• Creates a proper ADC result with 16 hardware-averaged samples.
In this application, the General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO):
• Directly controls some peripherals such as LEDs, open-collector, and so on.
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In this application, the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I
2
C):
• Primarily provides a method for internal communication between the meter (slave)
and the 1322x-LPN daughter card (master)—prepared for ZigBee communication.
• Secondarily, allows internal communication with the 3-axis digital magnetometer
MAG3110 (optional only)—prepared for tamper detection.
• Drives interrupts with byte-by-byte data transfer.
• Communicates at up to 100 kbit/s with software selectable-slave address.
In this application, the Low-Leakage Wake-up Unit (LLWU):
• Allows button and tamper pins to wake the MCU from low-power mode.
In this application, the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) controller:
• Allows up to 320 segments (4 × 31 is currently used).
• Displays data.
In this application, the 16-bit FlexTimer Module (FTM):
• Allows a free-running mode with interrupt.
• Generates precision time marks for zero-crossing.
In this application, the Comparator Module (CMP):
• Compares the input voltage signal with a bias voltage (reference).
• Allows interrupts on rising edges.
• Generates capture flags for zero-cross voltage signal detection. Due to this, a variable
time window for the PDB is generated.
• Measures line frequency.
In this application, the Programmable Delay Block (PDB):
• Allows hardware triggering of the ADC channels.
• Provides two individually-controlled trigger conditions (one for each ADC channel)
depending on the phase shift of the sensors.
In this application, the Real-Time Clock (RTC):
• Provides an ultra-low power independent real-time clock with calendar features
(iRTC).
In this application, the Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART):
• Provides a communication interface with an external PC (for calibration, watching).
Communication settings are 19200 Bd, 8 data bits, one stop bit, and no parity.
• Provides communication interface for the IEC1107 infrared communication port
(optional).
MK30X256 microcontroller series
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In this application, the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI):
• Provides a communication interface with the MRAM (optional).
In this application, the Voltage Reference (VREF):
• Provides a reference voltage for internal analog peripherals such as the ADC and
CMP.
• Uses a low-power buffer mode.
1.4 1322x Low Power Node (LPN)
The 1322x-LPN is one of the Freescale 1322x development kits designed for connecting
to a ZigBee network. The 1322x low power node is designed as a stand-alone
development board, including an MC1322x, two LEDs, two push buttons, a GPIO
connector, header pins, and a programming and debug port. Note that the ZigBee
capabilities of this board are only used in the MK30X256 metering concept; because of
this feature, the power meter can easily become part of the smart grid. The Low Power
Node board is internally connected to an MK30X256 metering board through an I
2
C
interface. Here are the main features of the 1322x low power node board:
• 2.4 GHz wireless nodes compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
• Based on the MC13224V Platform in a Package (PiP)
• Hardware acceleration for both the IEEE
®
802.15.4 MAC and AES security
• Printed F antenna
• Over-the-air data rate of 250 kbit/s
• Typical range (outdoors, line of sight) is 300 meters
• Onboard expansion capabilities for external application-specific development
activities
• Programmable flash memory
• JTAG port for reprogramming and in-circuit hardware debugging
• Buttons and LEDs for demonstration and control
• Connections for battery or external power supply
The core of the 1322x low power node is the Freescale MC1322x 99-pin LGA Platform-
in-Package (PiP) solution that can be used for wireless applications ranging from simple
proprietary point-to-point connectivity to complete ZigBee mesh networking. The
MC1322x is designed to provide a highly-integrated, total solution, with premier
processing capabilities and very low power consumption. A full 32-bit ARM7TDMI-S
core operates up to 26 MHz. The RF radio interface provides for low cost and high
density as shown in Figure 1-2.
Chapter 1 Introduction
MQX-Enabled MK30X256 Single-Phase Electricity Meter Reference Design, Rev. 0
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Figure 1-2. MC1322x RF interface
As described above, the 1322x low power node is used for connecting an MK30X256
power meter to a ZigBee network. ZigBee, an IEEE 802.15.4 standards-based solution, as
defined by ZigBee Alliance, was developed specifically to support sensing, monitoring,
and control applications. The ZigBee solution offers significant benefits, such as low
power, robust communication, and a self-healing mesh network. The ZigBee solution
frequencies are typically in the 868/915 MHz or 2.4 GHz spectrums.
The ZigBee data rate for technology solutions is 250 Kbps. ZigBee technology
theoretically supports up to 65,000 nodes. Common applications in sensing, monitoring,
and control, which are best supported by a ZigBee technology solution include:
• Personal and medical monitoring
• Security, access control, and safety monitoring
• Process sensing and control
• Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) sensing and control
• Home, building, and industrial automation
• Asset management, status, and tracking
• Fitness monitoring
• Energy management
NOTE
For connection of the power meter to a ZigBee network via the
1322x-LPN daughter card, it is necessary to program the
1322x-LPN with the correct firmware. That description is
beyond the scope of this design reference manual.
1322x Low Power Node (LPN)
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1.5 MAG3110 3-axis digital magnetometer
The MAG3110 is a small, low-power, digital 3-axis magnetometer. It features a standard
I
2
C serial interface output and smart embedded functions. The device can be used in
conjunction with a 3-axis accelerometer to produce orientation-independent, accurate
compass heading information.
The MK30X256 metering concept is prepared for tamper detection or any illegal opening
of the power meter's cover. However, the tamper function using a 3-axis I
2
C
magnetometer is optional.
The MAG3110 provides the main following features:
• 1.95–3.6 V supply voltage (VDD)
• 1.62 V–VDD IO voltage (VDDIO)
• Ultra small 2 × 2 × 0.85 mm DFN 10-pin package
• Full scale range ±1000 μT
• Sensitivity of 0.1 μT
• Noise down to 0.25 μT rms
• Output Data Rates (ODR) up to 80 Hz
• I
2
C digital output interface (operates up to 400 kHz fast mode)
• 7-bit I
2
C address = 0x0E
• Sampled low power mode
• RoHS compliant
Typical applications for this magnetometer are:
• Electronic compass
• Dead-reckoning assistance for GPS backup
• Location-based services
There is a simplified magnetometer functional block diagram in Figure 1-3.
Chapter 1 Introduction
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Figure 1-3. Simplified magnetometer functional block diagram
MAG3110 3-axis digital magnetometer
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Chapter 2
Basic Theory
2.1 Definition of terms
This section defines basic terms of electricity metering theory.
2.1.1 Power
AC power flow has three components: real power (P) measured in watts (W), apparent
power (S) measured in volt-amperes (VA), and reactive power (Q) measured in reactive
volt-amperes (VAr).
Active power (P), also known as real or working power, is the power that actually powers
the equipment. As a rule, true power is a function of a circuit's dissipative elements,
usually resistances (R).
Reactive power (Q) is a concept used by engineers to describe the loss of power in a
system arising from the production of electric and magnetic fields. Although reactive
loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate no power, they drop voltage and draw
current, creating the impression that they actually do. This imaginary power or non-
working power is called reactive power (Q). If the load is purely inductive or capacitive,
then the voltage and current are 90 degrees out of phase (for a capacitor, current leads
voltage; for an inductor, current lags voltage) and there is no net power flow. This energy
flowing backwards and forwards is known as reactive power. Reactive power is thus
produced for system maintenance and not for end-use consumption. By convention, a
"lagging," or inductive load, such as a motor, will have positive reactive power. A
"leading," or capacitive load, has negative reactive power. Reactive power is a function
of a circuit's reactance (X).
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Apparent power (S) is the vector summation of active and reactive power. It is the
product of a circuit's voltage and current, without reference to phase angle. Apparent
power is a function of a circuit's total impedance (Z).
These three types of power—true, reactive, and apparent—relate to one another in a
trigonometric form. This is called a power triangle (see Figure 2-1). The opposite angle is
equal to the circuit's impedance (Z) phase angle. Apparent power is often computed from
this power triangle using the Pythagorean Theorem as:
Figure 2-1. Power triangle
A common utility system is often based on total apparent power (S
tot
) measured also in
volt-amperes (VA). Total apparent power is a product of the RMS voltage and RMS
current, and is defined as:
Definition of terms
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This a general proposition:
In a pure sinusoidal system with no higher harmonics, the apparent power (S) equals S
tot
.
If there are some higher harmonics in the line, apparent power is not the same as total
apparent power, because the simple vector sum in apparent power computing is less
accurate. Therefore, S
tot
is often used because it is more precise in these situations.
2.1.2 Energy
Energy is the accumulated power over a period of one hour.
Active energy means the electrical energy produced, flowing, or supplied by an electric
circuit during a time interval, being integral with respect to time of the instantaneous
active power and measured in units of watt-hours (Wh). For practical use in power
meters, a higher unit called a kilowatt-hour (kWh) is used, which is 1000 watt-hours
(Wh).
Apparent energy means the integral with respect to time of the apparent power. Kilovolt-
ampere-hour (kVAh) is the unit for total (apparent) energy.
Reactive energy means the integral with respect to time of the reactive power. Kilovolt-
ampere-reactive-hour (kVArh) is the unit for reactive (non-working) energy.
2.1.3 Power factor
The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of real power
flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit, and is a dimensionless number
between 0 and 1 (frequently expressed as a percentage, that is 0.5 pf = 50% pf). Real
power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent
power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the
load and returned to the source, or due to a nonlinear load that distorts the wave shape of
the current drawn from the source, the apparent power will be greater than the real power.
In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a
load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The
higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system and require larger wires
and other equipment. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy,
Chapter 2 Basic Theory
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electrical utilities usually charge a higher rate to industrial or commercial customers
where there is a low power factor. Therefore, a modern electronic smart power meter
must also measure the power factor.
Power factor is defined as:
is the phase angle between voltage and current.
When power factor is equal to 0, the energy flow is entirely reactive. Stored energy in the
load returns to the source on each cycle. When the power factor is 1, all the energy
supplied by the source is consumed by the load. Power factors are usually stated as
leading or lagging to show the sign of the phase angle. It is often desirable to adjust the
power factor of a system to near 1.0.
2.2 Electricity distribution
Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users. A
distribution system's network carries electricity from the transmission system and
delivers it to consumers. Part of what determines the design of the electricity meter is the
transmission supply design, the most common residential arrangements being:
• 1-phase, 2 wire (1P2W) — Europe and Asia 220 V-240 V, US 2-wire 110 V
• 1-phase, 3 wire (1P3W) — US 3-wire, sometimes called 2-phase
• 3-phase, 4 wire (3P4W)
The 1-phase 2-wire installation is the most common form of electricity distribution in the
world. Finally, more than 80% of the population in the world uses a 1-phase 2-wire
installation of 230 V/50 Hz (see at Figure 2-2). Much of the US installation is 110 V/60
Hz 1-phase 2-wire. The electricity meter described in this design reference manual is
designed for use in 1P2W installations.
Electricity distribution
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