Bosch KFN96VPEAL/02 Operating instructions

Category
Fridge-freezers
Type
Operating instructions

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KFN96V...
[he] ืฉืžืชืฉืžืœ ืšื™ืจื“ืž ืื™ืคืงืž ืืข ืจืจืงืž 5
[en] Information for Use Fridge-freezer 26
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ืฉืžืชืฉืžืœ ืšื™ืจื“ืžื‘ ืŸื™ื™ืข ,ืฃืกื•ื  ืขื“ื™ืž ืชืœื‘ืงืœ
.ื™ืœื˜ื™ื’ื™ื“
ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื” ืŸื›ื•ืช
1...................................... ืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘7๎€ž๎€ž....
1.1.......................... ืชื•ื™ืœืœื› ืชื•ื™ื—ื ื”7๎€ก.....
1.2........................... ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืขื™ื™7๎€ก.....
1.3.......ืื™ืฉืžืชืฉืž ืชืฆื•ื‘ืง ืœืข ื”ืœื‘ื’ื”7๎€ก.....
1.4........................... ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืœื‘ื•ื”7๎€ก.....
1.5.......................... ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ืงืชื”7๎€ก.....
1.6............................. ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉ8๎€ก.....
1.7........................... ืงื•ื–ื™ื ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื›ืž10๎€ก...
2.........................ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ืงื–ื  ืชืขื™ื ืž12๎€ž๎€ž..
3ืŸื•ื›ืกื™ื—ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืกื” ืœืข ื”ืจื™ืžืฉ
..................................... ื”ื™ื’ืจื ืื‘12๎€ž๎€ž..
3.1.........................ื”ื–ื™ืจืื” ืชื›ืœืฉื”12๎€ก...
3.2................ ืœืžืฉื—ื‘ ืŸื•ื›ืกื™ื—ืœ ืชื•ืฆืข12๎€ก...
4............................ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื—ื• ื”ื ืงืชื”13๎€ž๎€ž..
4.1.......................... ื”ื–ื™ืจืื” ืชืœื•ื›ืช13๎€ก...
4.2.......... ื”ื‘ืฆื”ื” ืื•ืงืžืœ ืื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื™ืจืง13๎€ก...
4.3........................ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ืงืชื”13๎€ก...
4.4... ืŸื•ืฉืืจื” ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื›ื”13๎€ก...
4.5............... ืœืžืฉื—ืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื—14๎€ก...
5.............................ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืจื›ื”14๎€ž๎€ž..
5.1..................................... ืจื™ืฉื›ืž14๎€ก...
5.2.................................ื”ืจืงื‘ ื—ื•ืœ14๎€ก...
6........................ ืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืค ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ื15๎€ž๎€ž..
6.1.........................................ืฃื“ืž15๎€ก...
6.2.................................ืŸื•ืกื—ื ืืช15๎€ก...
6.3ืชืกื• ืืข ืชื•ืงืจื™ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืค ืชืจื™ื’ืž
....................................... ืชื•ื—ืœ15๎€ก...
6.4....................ื”ื ื™ื‘ื’ืœื• ื”ืืžื—ืœ ืืช15๎€ก...
6.5..................................ืชืœื“ ืฃื“ืž15๎€ก...
6.6................................... ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ื15๎€ก...
7........................... ืชื™ืกื™ืกื‘ ื”ืœืขืคื”16๎€ž๎€ž..
7.1........................ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืงืœื“ื”16๎€ก...
7.2...........................ื”ืœืขืคื”ืœ ืชื•ืฆืข16๎€ก...
7.3...........................ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื›16๎€ก...
7.4................... ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชืขื™ื‘ืง16๎€ก...
7.5ืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘ ืชืœื™ืขื ) ืื™ื ืฆื—ืœ ืชืœื™ืขื 
.............................. (ืื™ื“ืœื™ ื™ื ืคื‘16๎€ก...
8........................ ืชื•ืคืกื•ื  ืชื•ื™ืฆืงื ื•ืค16๎€ž๎€ž..
8.1............................ ืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ืจื•ืจื™ืง16๎€ก...
8.2.........................ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื”17๎€ก...
8.3..................ื”ื™ื’ืจื ืื‘ ืŸื•ื›ืกื™ื— ื‘ืฆืž17๎€ก...
8.4................................. ืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืฆืž17๎€ก...
9.......................................ื”ืืจืชื”18๎€ž๎€ž..
9.1............................. ืชืœื“ ืชืืจืชื”18๎€ก...
9.2.................... ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ ืชืืจืชื”18๎€ก...
10..................................ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืืช18๎€ž๎€ž..
10.1ืืชื‘ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืŸื•ืกื—ืืœ ืชื•ืฆืข
...................................ืจื•ืจื™ืงื”18๎€ก...
10.2............. ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘ ืจื•ืง ื™ืจื•ื–ื18๎€ก...
11................................ื”ืืคืงื” ืืช19๎€ž๎€ž..
11.1......................... ื”ืืคืงื” ืชืœื•ื›ื™19๎€ก...
11.2ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืช ื—ืคื  ืœืฉ ื™ื‘ืจืž ืœื•ืฆื™ื 19๎€ก...
11.3ืืชื‘ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืŸื•ืกื—ืืœ ืชื•ืฆืข
................................ ื”ืืคืงื”ื”19๎€ก...
11.4ืื™ื™ืจื˜ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืชืืคืงื”ืœ ืชื•ืฆืข19๎€ก...
11.5ืืคืงื•ืž ืื•ื”ืฉื› ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ืชื•ื“ื™ืžืข
............................... โˆ’18ยฐC-ื‘20๎€ก...
11.6........ืื•ืคืง ืŸื•ื–ืž ืชืจืฉืคื”ืœ ืชื•ื˜ื™ืฉ20๎€ก...
12.....................................ื”ืจืฉืคื”20๎€ž๎€ž..
12.1................ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘ ื”ืจืฉืคื”20๎€ก...
12.2............. ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชื‘ ื”ืจืฉืคื”20๎€ก...
13.......................... ื”ืงื•ื–ื—ืชื• ื™ื•ืงื™ื 20๎€ž๎€ž..
13.1............... ื™ื•ืงื™ื ืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื›ื”20๎€ก...
13.2..........................ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืงื™ื 20๎€ก...
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13.3........................ ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ื ืชืจืกื”21๎€ก...
13.4................ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื™ืงืœื— ืงื•ืจื™ืค21๎€ก...
14.............................ืชื•ื™ืขื‘ ืŸื•ืจืชืค22๎€ž๎€ž..
14.1.........................ืœืžืฉื— ืชืงืกืคื”24๎€ก...
14.2ืœืฉ ืชื™ืžืฆืข ื”ืงื™ื“ื‘ ืขื•ืฆื™ื‘
................................. ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”24๎€ก...
15.............. ื”ืคืฉืืœ ื”ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืŸื•ืกื—ื24๎€ž๎€ž..
15.1.......... ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืืฆื•ื”24๎€ก...
15.2.............. ืŸืฉื™ื” ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื›ืœืฉื”24๎€ก...
16.......................... ืชื•ื—ื•ืงืœ ืชื•ืจื™ืฉ25๎€ž๎€ž..
16.1ืจืคืกืžื• (E-Nr.) ืจืฆื•ืž ืจืคืกืž
..............................(FD) ืจื•ืฆื™ื™25๎€ก...
17.........................ืื™ื™ื ื›ื˜ ืื™ื˜ืจืคืž25๎€ž๎€ž..
ืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘โ€ƒhe
7
ืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘โ€€1
.ืŸืœื”ืœ ืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘ื” ืชื•ืืจื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื™ืฉ
ืชื•ื™ืœืœื› ืชื•ื™ื—ื ื”โ€€1.1
ยก.ื”ืœืขืคื”ื” ืชื•ืืจื•ื” ืชื ื”ื“ื™ืคืงื‘ ื•ืืจืง
ยกื™ื“ื™ืชืข ืŸื•ื™ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ ืื•ืงืžื‘ ืจืฆื•ืžื” ื™ื›ืžืกืž ืœืข ืŸื›ื• ื”ืœืขืคื”ื” ืชื•ืืจื•ื” ืœืข ื•ืจืžืฉ
.ืื™ืื‘ื” ืื™ืœืขื‘ ืจื•ื‘ืข ื•ื
ยก.ื”ืœื‘ื•ื” ื™ืงื–ื  ื•ืœื’ืชื” ืื ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ืจื‘ื—ืช ืœื
ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืขื™ื™โ€€1.2
:ืงืจ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืฉืžืชืฉื”ืœ ืฉื™
ยก.ื—ืจืง ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืงื•ืคื™ื ืœื• ืŸื•ื–ืž ืชืืคืงื”ืœื• ืŸื•ื ื™ืฆืœ
ยก.ืชื™ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืกื‘ ืื™ืจื•ื’ืก ืื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื• ืื™ื™ื˜ืจืค ืื™ืงืฉืžื‘
ยก.ืื™ื” ื™ื ืค ืœืขืž ืจื˜ืž 2000 ืœืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืœ ื“ืข
ืื™ืฉืžืชืฉืž ืชืฆื•ื‘ืง ืœืข ื”ืœื‘ื’ื”โ€€1.3
ื•ื ืชื•ื™ืฉื•ื— ,ืชื•ื™ื–ื™ืค ืชื•ืœื•ื›ื™ ื™ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืฉื ืืœื• ื”ืœืขืžื• 8 ื™ืืœื™ื’ื‘ ืื™ื“ืœื™ืœ ืจืชื•ืž
,ื”ื– ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืฉืžืชืฉื”ืœ ,ืื™ืžื™ืืชืž ืขื“ื™ ื•ื/ื• ืŸื•ื™ืกื  ืืœืœ ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื•ืžื  ืชื•ื™ืœื˜ื ืž
ืŸืคื•ืื‘ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉื‘ ื•ื›ืจื“ื•ืชื™ ืื”ืฉ ื•ื ื—ื•ืงื™ืค ืชื—ืช ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื”ืฉ ื™ืื ืชื‘
.ื•ืชืœืขืคื”ื‘ ืชื•ื›ื•ืจื›ื” ืชื•ื ื›ืกื” ืชื ื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืืข ืงื—ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ืœื™ืœ ืจืฉืคืืœ ืŸื™ื
ืื” ืŸื› ืื ืืœื ,ืื™ื“ืœื™ ื™ื“ื™-ืœืข ืขื•ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื“ืขื•ื™ืž ืื ื™ื ืฉืžืชืฉืžื” ืชืงื–ื•ื—ืชื• ื™ื•ืงื™ื 
.ื”ื—ื’ืฉื” ืชื—ืช ืื™ืืฆืžื 
ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืœื‘ื•ื”โ€€1.4
!ื”ืขื™ืฆืค ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
.ื”ืžืจื”ื” ืŸืžื–ื‘ ืชื•ืขื™ืฆืคืœ ืื•ืจื’ืœ ืœื•ืœืข ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืฉ ื”ื•ื‘ื’ื” ื•ืœืงืฉืž
โ—€.ื“ื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ืื™ืจื”ืœ ืจื•ืกื
ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ืงืชื”โ€€1.5
!ืชื•ืœืžืฉื—ืชื” ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
.ืชื ื›ื•ืกืž ืื™ื” ืชื™ืขื•ืฆืงืž ืืœ ื”ื ืงืชื”
โ—€.ื’ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืชื™ื—ื•ืœื‘ ืŸื™ื•ืฆืžื” ื˜ืจืคืžืœ ืืืชื”ื‘ ืงืจ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ืœื™ืขืคื”ื• ื•ืจื‘ื—
heโ€ƒืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘
8
โ—€ืŸืงืชื•ืžื” ืขืงืฉ ืšืจื“ ืงืจ ื™ืคื•ืœื— ืืจื– ืืข ืœืžืฉื— ืชืงืคืกืืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ืจื‘ื—
.ื”ืงืจืื” ืืข ื”ื›ืœื”ื›
โ—€ืชื™ืœืžืฉื—ื” ื”ื ืงืชื”ื” ืœืฉ ื”ื ื’ื”ื” ืšื™ืœื•ืž ืชื›ืจืขืž ืชื ื”ื›ืœื”ื› ืŸื™ืงืชื”ืœ ืฉื™
.ืชื™ืชื™ื‘ื”
โ—€.ืงื•ื—ืจ ื˜ืœืฉ ื•ื ืจืžื™ื™ื˜ ,ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ,ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื— ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื› ืŸืงืชื”ื‘ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื“ื™ื™ืฆืœ ืŸื™ื
โ—€ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื ื•ื ,ืฉื™ื’ื  ืชื•ื™ื”ืœ ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื› ืœืฉ ืขืงืชื” ืœืข ,ื‘ื›ืจื•ื” ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืจืฉืื›
ื“ื•ื“ื™ื‘ ืงืกืคืž ื”ืขื•ื‘ืงื” ืชื™ืœืžืฉื—ื” ื”ื ืงืชื”ื‘ ื‘ืœืฉืœ ืฉื™ ,ืชื™ืจืฉืคื ื™ืชืœื‘ ืชื™ืฉืคื•ื—
.ื”ื ืงืชื”ื” ื™ืœืœื›ืœ ืืืชื”ื‘
โ—€.ืงื•ื–ื™ื  ืืœ ื•ื ืกืคืชื  ืืœ ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื›ืฉ ื•ืงื“ื‘ ,ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ืงืชื” ืชืขื‘
.ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื•ื•ื”ืž ื™ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื›ื” ืœืฉ ืื•ื’ืค ื“ื•ื“ื™ื‘
โ—€.ืื•ื— ืชื•ืจื•ืงืž ืืข ืขื’ืžื‘ ื™ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื›ื” ืชื ืื™ื‘ื”ืœ ืŸื™ื
!ืชื•ืฆืฆื•ืคืชื” ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
ื”ืœื•ืœืข ื”ืงื™ืœื“ ืจื™ื•ื•ื-ื–ื’ ืชื‘ื•ืจืขืช ,ืื™ืจื•ื’ืก ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืฉ ืจื•ืจื•ื•ืื” ื™ื—ืชืค ืจืฉืื›
.ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืœื’ืขืžื‘ ื”ืคื™ืœื“ ืฉื™ ืื ื—ืชืคืชื”ืœ
โ—€.ื”ื ืงืชื”ื” ืชื—ืžื•ื’ื‘ ื•ื ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืฃื•ื’ื‘ ืจื•ืจื•ื•ืื” ื™ื—ืชืค ืชื ืจื•ื’ืกืœ ืŸื™ื
!ื”ืคื™ืจืฉ ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
.ื”ื ื›ืก ืื™ื•ื•ื”ืž ื”ืฉืจื•ืž ืืœ ืืืชืžื• ืšืจืื•ืž ื™ืœืžืฉื— ืœื‘ื›
โ—€.ื’ืœืคืžื‘ ื•ื ืšื™ืจืืž ืœื‘ื›ื‘ ืฉืžืชืฉื”ืœ ืŸื™ื
โ—€.ืŸืจืฆื™ื” ื™"ืข ืื™ืฉืจื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉื— ื™ืœื‘ื›ื‘ื• ืืืชืžื‘ ืงืจ ืฉืžืชืฉื”ืœ ืจืชื•ืž
โ—€ืืข ืจืฉืง ื•ืจืฆ ,ืจืชื•ื™ ืšื•ืจื ืœืžืฉื— ืœื‘ื› ืŸื™ืื• ื™ื“ืž ืจืฆืง ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื› ืจืฉืื›
.ืชื™ื‘ื‘ ื”ื ืงืชื”ื” ืชื ืื™ืืชื”ืœ ื™ื“ื› ื™ืืœืžืฉื—
ืื•ืจื’ืœื• ืืžื—ืชื”ืœ ืื™ืœื•ืœืข ืœืžืฉื— ืชืงืคืกืืœ ืชื•ื“ื™ื™ื  ืชื•ื“ื™ื—ื™ ื•ื ืื™ืขืงืฉ ืœืฆืคืž
.ื”ืงื™ืœื“ืœ
โ—€.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื‘ื’ื‘ ืœืžืฉื— ืชืงืคืกืืœ ืชื•ื“ื™ื™ื  ืชื•ื“ื™ื—ื™ ื•ื ืื™ืขืงืฉ ืœืฆืคืž ืืงืžืœ ืŸื™ื
ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉโ€€1.6
!ืชื•ืœืžืฉื—ืชื” ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
.ืชื•ืœืžืฉื—ืชื”ืœ ืื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืœื•ืœืข ืชื•ื—ืœ ืชืจื™ื“ื—
โ—€.ืื™ืจื•ื’ืก ืื™ืจื“ื—ื‘ ืงืจ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืฉืžืชืฉื”ืœ ืจืชื•ืž
โ—€.ืื™ื”ื•ื‘ื’ ืชื•ื—ืœืœื• ืื•ื—ืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ืฃื•ืฉื—ืœ ืŸื™ื
โ—€.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืงื™ื ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื’ ืฅื—ืœื‘ ื•ื ืื™ื“ืื‘ ื™ื•ืงื™ื  ื™ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืฉืžืชืฉื”ืœ ืŸื™ื
ืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘โ€ƒhe
9
!ืงื ื— ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
ืื”ื‘ ืืžืฆืข ืชื ืฃื•ื˜ืขืœ ื•ื ืื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืขืž ื”ื–ื™ืจื ื™ืจืžื•ื— ื—ื™ื ื”ืœ ืื™ื™ื•ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืœื™
.ืงื ื—ื™ื”ืœื•
โ—€.ืื™ื“ืœื™ืž ื”ื–ื™ืจืื” ื™ืจืžื•ื— ืชื ื•ืงื™ื—ืจื”
โ—€.ื”ื–ื™ืจืื” ื™ืจืžื•ื— ืืข ืงื—ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ืœื™ืœ ืจืฉืคืืœ ืŸื™ื
.ืงื ื—ื™ื”ืœื• ืื™ื ื˜ืง ืื™ืงืœื— ืขื•ืœื‘ืœ ื•ื ืฃื•ืืฉืœ ืื™ืœื•ืœืข ืื™ื“ืœื™
โ—€.ืื™ื“ืœื™ืž ืื™ื ื˜ืง ืื™ืงืœื— ืงื™ื—ืจื”ืœ ืฉื™
โ—€.ืื™ื ื˜ืง ืื™ืงืœื—ื‘ ืงื—ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ืœื™ืœ ืจื™ืชื”ืœ ืŸื™ื
!ืชื•ืฆืฆื•ืคืชื” ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
.ืฅื•ืฆื™ืคืœื• ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืจืžื•ื— ืชืคื™ืœื“ืœ ืื•ืจื’ืœ ืœื•ืœืข ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืœื’ืขืž ืชื›ืจืขืžื‘ ืงื–ื 
โ—€ืื™ืฆืœืžื•ืžื” ื”ืœืืž ืื™ืจื—ื ืื™ื™ื ื›ืž ืื™ืขืฆืžืื‘ ื•ื ืื™ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืฉืžืชืฉื”ืœ ืŸื™ื
.ื”ืจืฉืคื”ื” ืšื™ืœื”ืช ืชื ืฅื™ืื”ืœ ื™ื“ื› ืŸืจืฆื™ื” ื™ื“ื™-ืœืข
โ—€.ืฅืข ืฃื› ืœืฉืžืœ ,ืื™ื”ืง ืื™ืจื™ืฉื›ืž ืชืจื–ืขื‘ ื•ืขืงืชื ื• ื•ืืคืงืฉ ืœื›ื•ื ื™ืจื‘ื“ ืฅืœื—ืœ ืฉื™
ื™ืœื›ื™ืž ืœืฉืžืœ ,ืฅืฆื•ืคืชื”ืœ ืื™ืœื•ืœืข ืื™ืฆื™ืคื  ื•ื ืื™ืงื™ืœื“ ืื™ืจืžื•ื— ืื™ืœื™ื›ืžื” ืื™ืจืฆื•ืž
.ืกื™ืกืจืช
โ—€.ืื™ืฆื™ืคื  ืื™ืจืžื•ื—ื• ืื™ืงื™ืœื“ ืื™ื–ื’ ืื™ืœื™ื›ืžื” ืื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืŸืกื—ืืœ ืŸื™ื
!ื”ืคื™ืจืฉ ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
ื•ื ืื•ืžื™ื— ื™ืจื•ื ืช ืœืฉืžืœ ,ื”ืงื™ืœื“ืœ ืื•ืจื’ืœ ืื™ืœื•ืœืข ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืšื•ืชื‘ ืœืžืฉื— ื™ืจื™ืฉื›ืž
.ืื™ื™ืœืžืฉื— ื—ืจืง ื™ืจืฆื™ื™ืž
โ—€.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืšื•ืชื‘ ืœืžืฉื— ื™ืจื™ืฉื›ืž ืœื™ืขืคื”ืœ ืŸื™ื
!ื”ืขื™ืฆืค ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
.ืฅืฆื•ืคืชื”ืœ ืื™ืœื•ืœืข ืื™ื–ื’ื•ืž ืชื•ืืงืฉืž ืื”ื‘ืฉ ืื™ืœื›ื™ืž
โ—€.ืื™ื–ื’ื•ืž ืชื•ืืงืฉืž ืืข ืื™ืœื›ื™ืž ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชื‘ ืŸืกื—ืืœ ืŸื™ื
.ืื™ืœื™ืขืจ ืื™ื–ื’ื• ืงื™ืœื“ ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืจืžื•ื— ืœืฉ ื”ืคื™ืœื“ ื‘ืงืข ืื™ื™ื ื™ืข ืชื•ืขื™ืฆืคืœ ืชื ื›ืก
โ—€.ื“ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืœ ื•ื ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืœื’ืขืž ืœืฉ ืชื•ืจื•ื ื™ืฆืœ ืงื–ื  ืื•ืจื’ืœ ืŸื™ื
.ืšืคื”ืชื”ืœ ืœื•ืœืข ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
โ—€.ืชื•ืชืœื“ื” ื•ื ืชื•ืจื™ื’ืžื” ,ืกื™ืกื‘ื” ืœืข ืŸืขืฉื™ื”ืœ ื•ื ืšื•ืจื“ืœ ืŸื™ื
!ืจื•ืง ืชื•ื™ื•ื•ื› ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
.ืจื•ืง ืชื•ื™ื•ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื’ืœ ืœื•ืœืข ืื™ืื•ืคืง ืื™ื—ื˜ืฉืžื• ืื•ืคืง ืŸื•ื–ืž ืืข ืขื’ืž
โ—€.ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชืž ืืฆื•ื”ืฉ ืจื—ืืœ ื“ื™ืž ืื•ืคืง ืŸื•ื–ืž ื”ืคืœ ืกื™ื ื›ื”ืœ ืŸื™ื
โ—€ืืชื‘ ืื™ื—ื˜ืฉืžื‘ื• ื—ืจืงื‘ ,ืื•ืคืงื” ืŸื•ื–ืžื‘ ืจื•ืขื” ืœืฉ ืšืฉื•ืžืž ืขื’ืžืž ื•ืขื ืžื™ื”
.ื”ืืคืงื”ื”
heโ€ƒืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘
10
!ื™ืชื•ืื™ืจื‘ ืงื–ื ืœ ื”ื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žืชื•ืจื™ื”ื–
.ืŸืœื”ืœืฉ ืชื•ืืจื•ื”ื” ื™ืคืœ ื•ืœืขืค ,ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ืื•ื”ื™ื–ืž ืขื ืžื™ื”ืœ ื™ื“ื›
โ—€ืชื•ืœืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืœืข ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื™ืืชื‘ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ,ื‘ืจ ืŸืžื– ื”ื—ื•ืชืค ืชืจืืฉื  ืชืœื“ื” ืื
.ืชื™ืชื•ืขืžืฉืž
โ—€ืื•ื‘ืœ ืื™ืœื•ืœืขื” ืชื•ืฉื™ื’ื ื” ื–ื•ืงื™ื ื” ืชื•ื›ืจืขืžื• ืื™ื—ื˜ืฉืžื” ืชื ืขื•ื‘ืง ืŸืคื•ืื‘ ื•ืงื 
.ืŸื•ื–ืž ืืข ืขื’ืžื‘
โ—€ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืžื‘ ื•ืขื’ื™ ืืœ ืื”ืฉ ืšื› ืื™ืžื™ืืชืž ืื™ืœื›ื‘ ืื™ื’ื“ื• ืจืฉื‘ ืจืจืงืžื‘ ื•ื ืกื—ื
.ืื”ื™ืœืข ื•ืคื˜ืคื˜ื™ ื•ื ืื™ืจื—ื
โ—€ื•ืจื™ืฉืคื” ,ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ื‘ื› ,ื‘ืจ ืŸืžื– ืšืฉืžื‘ ืงื™ืจ ื“ืžื•ืข ืื™ืคืงืžื”/ืจืจืงืžื” ืื
.ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืชื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื” ืขื•ื ืžืœ ื™ื“ื› ื”ื—ื•ืชืค ืชืœื“ื” ืชื ื•ืจื™ืืฉื”ื• ื•ืชื•ื ื•ืงื  ,ื•ืชื•ื
ืœื™ื›ื”ืœ ืื™ื™ื•ืฉืข ื™ืชื›ืชืž ื”ืืจืž ื™ืœืขื‘ ื•ื ืชื›ืชืž ืื™ื™ื•ืฉืขื” ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืื™ืงืœื—
ืื•ื™ื ื™ืžื•ืœื ื™ื ื•ื™ ,ืื•ื™ื ื™ืžื•ืœื ืืข ืขื’ืžื‘ ืื™ืื‘ ืื™ื™ืฆืžื•ื— ืชื•ื ื•ื–ืž ืจืฉืื› .ืื•ื™ื ื™ืžื•ืœื
.ืŸื•ื–ืžืœ ืจื•ื“ื—ืœ ืื™ืœื•ืœืข
โ—€.ืื”ื•ื–ืž ืŸื•ื–ืž ืšื•ืจืฆืœ ืŸื™ื
ืงื•ื–ื™ื ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžโ€€1.7
!ืชื•ืœืžืฉื—ืชื” ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
.ืŸื›ื•ืกืž ืจื‘ื“ื” ,ืื™ืžื•ื’ืค ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื› ื•ื ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืื
โ—€.ืื•ื’ืค ืจื™ืฉื›ืž ืœื™ืขืคื”ืœ ืŸื™ื ืืœื•ืขืœ
โ—€ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื“ื™ืžืช ื•ืงืชื  .ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ืงืชื ืœ ื™ื“ื› ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื› ืชื ืšื•ืฉืžืœ ืŸื™ื
.ืœืžืฉื—ื”ืž
โ—€ื•ื ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื› ืชื ื™ื“ื™ื™ืž ืŸืคื•ืื‘ ื•ืงืชื  ,ืื™ืžื•ื’ืค ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื› ื•ื ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืื
.ืื™ื›ื™ืชื ื” ืชื‘ื™ืชื‘ ืšื™ืชื ื” ืชื ื•ื‘ื›
โ—€
25 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ .ืชื•ื—ื•ืงืœื” ืชื•ืจื™ืฉ ืืข ืจืฉืง ื•ืจืฆ
.ืื™ื ื›ื•ืกืž ืชื•ื™ื”ืœ ืื™ืœื•ืœืข ืื™ื™ืขื•ืฆืงืž ืืœ ืื™ื ื•ืงื™ืช
โ—€.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืื™ื ื•ืงื™ืช ืขืฆื‘ืœ ืื™ื ืžื•ื™ืž ืื™ืื ื›ื˜ืœ ืงืจื• ืšื ืจืฉืคืืœ ืฉื™
โ—€.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืŸื•ืงื™ืช ืชืขื‘ ืื™ื™ืจื•ืงืž ืฃื•ืœื™ื— ื™ืงืœื—ื‘ ืงืจื• ืšื ื•ืฉืžืชืฉื”
โ—€ืฉื™ ,ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืฉ ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื›ืœ ื•ื ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื— ืœื‘ื›ืœ ืงื–ื  ืœืฉ ื”ืจืงืžื‘
ื’ื™ืฉื”ืœ ืŸืชื™ื  ื•ืชื•ื ,ื“ื—ื•ื™ืž ืœืžืฉื— ืจื•ื‘ื™ื— ืœื‘ื›ื‘ ื•ื ืœืžืฉื— ืจื•ื‘ื™ื— ืœื‘ื›ื‘ ื•ืคื™ืœื—ื”ืœ
.ื•ืœืฉ ืชื•ื—ื•ืงืœื” ืชื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœืฆื ื•ื ืŸืจืฆื™ื” ืœืฆื
!ื”ืคื™ืจืฉ ืชื ื›ืก๎€žโ€’๎€žื”ืจื”ื–ื
.ื—ืงืœืชื”ืœื• ื˜ืœืคื™ื”ืœ ืื™ืœื•ืœืข ืื™ืœื™ืขืจ ืื™ื–ื’ื• ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืจืžื•ื— ,ืชื•ืจื•ื ื™ืฆืœ ืงื–ื  ืœืฉ ื”ืจืงืžื‘
โ—€.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”ืž ืฉื ืชื•ืจื•ืงืžื• ื”ื™ื•ืœื’ ืฉื ื•ืงื™ื—ืจื”
ืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘โ€ƒhe
11
โ—€.ืจื“ื—ื” ืชื ื•ืจืจื•ื•ื
โ—€
16 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ .ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ื‘ื›
โ—€.ืื™ื›ื™ืชื ื” ืชื‘ื™ืชื‘ ืšื™ืชื ื” ืชื ื•ื‘ื› ื•ื ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืชืฉืจืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ืงืชื 
โ—€
25 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ .ืชื•ื—ื•ืงืœื” ืชื•ืจื™ืฉ ืืข ืจืฉืง ื•ืจืฆ
heโ€ƒืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ืงื–ื  ืชืขื™ื ืž
12
ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื™ืงื–ื  ืชืขื™ื ืžโ€€2
!ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื™ืฉ
ื™ืœื’ืœื’ ืชื™ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืฉ ื“ื‘ื›ื” ื•ืœืงืฉืž
ืชื–ื–ื” ืชืขื‘ ื”ืคืฆืจืœ ืงื™ื–ื”ืœ ืื™ืœื•ืœืข ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
โ—€ืชืœื’ืข ืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ืœื™ื‘ื•ื”ืœ ืฉื™
.ืŸืขื˜ืž ืชืœื‘ื•ื”ืœ ื“ื™
โ—€ืœืื• ื”ืคืฆืจื” ืœืข ื•ื ื’ื” ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื–ื–ื” ืชืขื‘
.ื’ื–ื’ื™ื– ืชืขื•ื ืชื‘ ื•ืชื•ื ื•ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช
ืชืœื™ืกืž ืื’ ,ื”ืจื•ื’ืก ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืœื“ ืจืฉืื›
ื”ืฆืงืœ ืชืจืฉื•ื™ืž) ื”ืจื•ื’ืก ืชื•ื™ื”ืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื ืชืœื“ื”
.ืงื–ื  ืืจื’ื™ื”ืœ ืœื•ืœืข ืชืจื—ื ,(ืชืœื“ื”
โ—€ืชืœื™ืกืž ืชื ืชื™ื ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืชืคืœ ืŸื™ื ืืœื•ืขืœ
.ืชืœื“ื”
โ—€ื”ืชื•ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืก ,ืชื—ืชืคื  ืชืœื“ื” ืชืœื™ืกืž ืื
ื™ื ืคืœ (ืชืœื“ื” ื”ืฆืงืœ ืชืจืฉื•ื™ืž) ืจื’ืกื™ืชืฉ ื™ื“ื›
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืœื“ ืชืจื™ื’ืก
ื•ื ืชื•ืจื™ื’ืžื‘ ,ืกื™ืกื‘ื‘ ,ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉ
ืœื•ืœืข ืกื•ืคื™ื˜ ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื—ื˜ืฉืžื› ืชื•ืชืœื“ื‘
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžืœ ืงื–ื  ืื•ืจื’ืœ
โ—€,ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืข ืŸืขืฉื™ื”ืœ ื•ื ืšื•ืจื“ืœ ืŸื™ื
.ืชื•ืชืœื“ื” ื•ื ืชื•ืจื™ื’ืžื” ,ืกื™ืกื‘ื”
ืงื™ื˜ืกืœืค ื™ืงืœื— ืœืข ืŸืžื•ืฉ ื•ื ืŸืžืฉ ืœืฉ ืšื•ืœื›ืœ
ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืชื”ืœ ืื”ืœ ืื•ืจื’ืœ ืœื•ืœืข ืชื•ืชืœื“ ื™ืžื˜ืื•
.ืจืจื•ืคืชื”ืœื•
โ—€ืชืœื“ื” ื™ืžื˜ืื• ืงื™ื˜ืกืœืคื” ื™ืงืœื— ืœืข ื•ืจืžืฉ
.ืŸืžื•ืฉืžื• ืŸืžืฉืž ืื™ื™ืงื 
ื”ืืจืžื‘ ื•ื ืชื›ืชืž ืื™ื™ื•ืฉืขื” ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืื™ืงืœื—
ืื•ื™ื ื™ืžื•ืœื .ืื•ื™ื ื™ืžื•ืœื ืœื™ื›ื”ืœ ืื™ื™ื•ืฉืข ืชื›ืชืž
.ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืืข ืขื’ืžื‘ ื‘ื™ื’ืž
โ—€ืืœ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืŸืกื—ืืœ ืŸื™ื
.ืื™ื–ื•ืจื
ื—ื™ื“ืžื‘ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืฉ ืื™ืงืœื—ื• ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ื ื™ื•ืงื™ื 
ืชื•ื ืฉืœ ื•ื ืชื•ื•ืขืชื”ืœ ืื”ืœ ืื•ืจื’ืœ ืœื•ืœืข ืื™ืœื›ื”
.ืืขื‘ืฆ ืชื
โ—€ื—ื™ื“ืžื‘ ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ืื• ืื™ืงืœื— ืชื•ืงื ืœ ืŸื™ื ืืœื•ืขืœ
.ืื™ืœื›ื”
ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืกื” ืœืข ื”ืจื™ืžืฉโ€€3
ื”ื™ื’ืจื ืื‘ ืŸื•ื›ืกื™ื—ื•
ื”ื–ื™ืจืื” ืชื›ืœืฉื”โ€€3.1
ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืกืœ ืื™ื™ืชื•ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืจืื” ื™ืจืžื•ื— ืœื›
.ืจื•ื–ื—ืžืœ ืื™ื ืชื™ื ื•
โ—€ื™ืคืœ ื“ืจืคื ื‘ ืื™ื ื•ืฉื” ืื™ื‘ื™ื›ืจื” ืชื ื•ื ื™ื™ืž
.ื’ื•ืก
ืœืžืฉื—ื‘ ืŸื•ื›ืกื™ื—ืœ ืชื•ืฆืขโ€€3.2
ืšื•ืจืฆื™ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ,ื”ืœื ืชื•ื™ื—ื ื” ืœืข ื•ื“ื™ืคืงืช ืื
.ืœืžืฉื— ืชื•ื—ืค
ื”ื‘ืฆื”ื” ืื•ืงืž ืชืจื™ื—ื‘
ยกืฉืžืฉ ืชื ื™ืจืง ื™ื ืคืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืข ื•ื ื’ื”
.ื”ืจื™ืฉื™
ยกืœื›ื› ืœื•ื“ื’ ืงื—ืจืžื‘ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื”
ืชื•ืจื•ืงืžื• ืื™ื™ืจื™ื› ,ืื•ืžื™ื— ื™ืคื•ื’ืž ืจืฉืคืื”
:ืื™ืจื—ื ืื•ื—
โ€“ืื™ื™ืจื™ื›ืž ืž"ืž 30 ืœืฉ ืงื—ืจืž ืœืข ื•ืจืžืฉ
.ื–ื’ ืื™ื™ืจื™ื›ืž ื•ื ืชื•ื™ืœืžืฉื—
โ€“ื™ืจื•ื ืชืž ืž"ืž 300 ืœืฉ ืงื—ืจืž ืœืข ื•ืจืžืฉ
.ืื—ืค ื•ื ื˜ืคื 
ยกื™ื—ืชืค ืชื ืื•ืกื—ืœ ื•ื ืชื•ืกื›ืœ ืŸื™ื ืืœื•ืขืœ
.ืื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื—ื” ืจื•ืจื•ื•ืื”
ื”ื™ื’ืจื ืื‘ ื™ื ื•ื›ืกื— ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉ
ืขื™ืคืฉืž ื•ื ื™ื ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ื ืจื•ื“ื™ืก๎€ž:ื”ืจืขื”
.ื•ืœืฉ ื”ื™ื’ืจื ืื” ืชื›ื™ืจืฆ ืœืข
ยกื•ืจื’ืกื• ,ื“ื‘ืœื‘ ืจืฆืง ืŸืžื–ืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ื—ืชืค
.ื‘ื˜ื™ื” ื•ืชื•ื
ยกื™ื—ืชืค ืชื ืื•ืกื—ืœ ื•ื ืชื•ืกื›ืœ ืŸื™ื ืืœื•ืขืœ
ืจื•ืจื•ื•ืื” ื™ื—ืชืค ืชื ื•ื ืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืคื” ืจื•ืจื•ื•ืื”
.ืื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื—ื”
ยกืืชืฉื›ืจืฉ ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืชื ื•ืœื™ื‘ื•ื”
ืชื•ืจื™ื”ืžื‘ ืืชื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื”ื• ืชื™ื ื“ื™ืฆื‘
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžืœ
ยกืื™ืžื— ืชื•ืืงืฉืžื• ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืžืœ ื•ื—ื™ื ื”
ืืชื•ื ืื™ืกื™ื ื›ืž ืืชืืฉ ื™ื ืคืœ ืจืจืงืชื”ืœ
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžืœ
ยกืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ื˜ื™ืจืค ืœืฉ ืจื•ืงื” ืชื ืœืฆื ืœ ื™ื“ื›
.ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘ ืืชื•ื ื•ืจื™ืฉืคื” ,ืื™ืื•ืคืง
ยกืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืŸื™ื‘ ื—ื•ื•ืจ ื˜ืขืž ื“ื™ืžืช ื•ืจื™ืืฉื”
.ืชื™ืจื•ื—ืื” ืŸืคื•ื“ื”ื•
ืจื•ื‘ื™ื—ื• ื”ื ืงืชื”โ€ƒhe
13
ยกื™ื’ืจื•ืก ืœืข ืจื‘ื˜ืฆืžืฉ ืงื‘ืื” ืชื ื•ื‘ืืฉ
.ืื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื—ื” ืจื•ืจื•ื•ืื”
ืจื•ื‘ื™ื—ื• ื”ื ืงืชื”โ€€4
ื”ื–ื™ืจืื” ืชืœื•ื›ืชโ€€4.1
ื•ืงื“ื‘ ื”ื–ื™ืจืื”ืž ืื™ืงืœื—ื” ืœื› ืชืืฆื•ื” ืจื—ืืœ
ืœื›ืฉื• ื”ืœื‘ื•ื”ื” ืชืขื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืœื› ืงื–ื  ืืจื’ื  ืืœืฉ
.ืื™ืืฆืžื  ืื™ืงืœื—ื”
ืœื ื•ื ืŸื›ื•ืกื” ืœื ื•ื ืค ,ืชื•ื ื•ืœืช ืœืฉ ื”ืจืงืžื‘
.
25 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ ืชื•ื—ื•ืงืœื” ืชื•ืจื™ืฉ
:ืื™ืื‘ื” ืื™ืงืœื—ื” ืชื ืœืœื•ื› ื—ื•ืœืฉืžื”
ยกื™ืืžืฆืข ื“ืžื•ืขื” ืจื™ืฉื›ืž
ยก
1ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ืื• ื“ื•ื™ืฆ
ยกื”ื ืงืชื”ืœ ืื™ืจืžื•ื—
ยกื”ื ืงืชื” ืชื•ืืจื•ื”
ยกื”ืœืขืคื” ืชื•ืืจื•ื”
ยกืชื•ื—ื•ืงืœ ืชื•ืจื™ืฉ ื™ื“ืงื•ืž ืชืžื™ืฉืจ
ยก
2ืชื•ื™ืจื—ื ื‘ืชื›
ยกื”ื™ื’ืจื ื ืชื™ื•ื•ืช
ยกืื™ืฉืขืจื”ื• ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืชื›ื™ืจืฆ ื™ื‘ื’ืœ ืขื“ื™ืž
ื”ื‘ืฆื”ื” ืื•ืงืžืœ ืื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื™ืจืงโ€€4.2
ื”ืจื”ื–ื
!ืชื•ืฆืฆื•ืคืชื” ืชื ื›ืก
ืŸื›ืชื™ื™ ,ืŸื˜ืง ืจื“ื—ื‘ ื“ืžื•ืข ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืื
ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ืช ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืจืžื•ื— ืชืคื™ืœื“ ืœืฉ ื”ืจืงืžื‘ืฉ
.ื”ืฆื™ืคื  ืจื™ื•ื•ื-ื–ื’ ืชื‘ื•ืจืขืช
โ—€ืœืฉ ืœื“ื•ื’ื‘ ืจื“ื—ื‘ ืงืจ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื”
.ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืจืžื•ื— ืืจื’ 8 ืœื•ื›ืœ ืง"ืž 1 ืชื•ื—ืคืœ
ืชื™ื—ื•ืœ ืœืข ืชื ื™ื•ืฆืž ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืจืžื•ื— ืชื•ืžื›
4
/1
๎€กืจื•ื™ื
โ†๎€ .ืื™ื ื•ืชื ื”
ื“ืข ืื’ื“ืœ ืืืชื”ื‘ ืขื™ื’ื”ืœ ืœื•ื›ื™ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืงืฉืž
.ื’"ืง๎€ก165-ืœ
ืชื•ื™ื”ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืจืฆ ื“ืžื•ืข ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื”ื™ืœืขืฉ ื”ืคืฆืจื”
.ื•ืœืงืฉืž ืชื ืชืืฉืœ ื™ื“ื› ืงื™ืคืกืž ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™
ืจื“ื—ื‘ ืชืจืชื•ืž ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜
ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืœืช ืชืจืชื•ืžื” ืจื“ื—ื” ืชืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืฉ ื™ืžื™ืœืงืื”
.ืื’ื“ื” ืชื™ื—ื•ืœ ืœืข ืŸื™ื•ืฆืž ื™ืžื™ืœืงืื” ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื”
4
/1
๎€กืจื•ื™ื
โ†๎€
ื’ื•ื•ื™ืก
ื™ืžื™ืœืงื
ืจื“ื—ื‘ ืชืจืชื•ืž ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜
ืชืช- SN
ื™ืœืžืจื•ื 
10๎€กยฐCโ€ฆ32๎€กยฐC
ื™ืœืžืจื•ื  -N32ยฐCโ€ฆ16ยฐC
-ST
ื™ืคื•ืจื˜ื‘ื•ืก
38ยฐCโ€ฆ16ยฐC
ื™ืคื•ืจื˜ -T43ยฐCโ€ฆ16ยฐC
ื—ื•ื•ื˜ื‘ ืŸื™ืงืช ืŸืคื•ืื‘ ืœื•ืขืคืœ ืœื’ื•ืกืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
.ืจื“ื—ื‘ ืชื•ืจืชื•ืžื” ืชื•ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
SN ื™ืžื™ืœืงื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื‘ ืจื™ืฉื›ืž ืื™ืœื™ืขืคืž ืื
ืืœ ,ืจืชื•ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืžื  ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”ืฉ ืจื“ื—ื‘
ืจื“ื— ืชืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ืœ ื“ืข ืจื™ืฉื›ืžืœ ืื™ืงื–ื  ื•ืžืจื’ื™ื™
.5ยฐC ืœืฉ
ื”ื– ื“ืฆืœ ื”ื– ื”ื‘ืฆื”ื• ื”ื– ืœืขืž ื”ื– ื”ื‘ืฆื”
ื“ื—ื ืจื•ืจื™ืง ื™ืจื™ืฉื›ืž 2 ื‘ื™ืฆื”ืœ ืื›ื ื•ืฆืจื‘ ืื
ืœืข ืจื•ืžืฉืœ ืฉื™ ,ื™ื ืฉื” ื“ืฆืœ ื“ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื” ืœืข
.ืื™ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืŸื™ื‘ ืž"ืž 150 ืชื•ื—ืคืœ ืœืฉ ืงื—ืจืž
ื—ื•ื•ืจืžื” ืœืข ื”ืจื™ืžืฉ ืืœืœ ื”ื ืงืชื” ืขืฆื‘ืœ ืŸืชื™ื 
ื•ืœืืฉ .ืื™ืจื—ื‘ื  ืื™ืจื™ืฉื›ืž ื™ืžื’ื“ื‘ ื™ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื”
ืื›ืœืฉ ื—ื‘ื˜ืžื” ืŸื ื›ืชืž ื•ื ื”ืฉืจื•ืžื” ืงืคืกื” ืชื
.ืšื› ืœืข
ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ืงืชื”โ€€4.3
โ—€ืชื•ืืจื•ื” ื™ืค ืœืข ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ื ื™ืงืชื”
.ืชื•ืคืจื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื ืงืชื”ื”
ืฉื•ืžื™ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื›ื”โ€€4.4
ืŸื•ืฉืืจื”
.1.ืขื“ื™ืžื” ื™ืคื“ ืชื ื•ืื™ืฆื•ื”
.2,ื”ืœื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื ื’ืžื• ื”ื ื’ื”ื” ืชื•ืขื™ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืจื™ืกื”
.ืื™ื ื•ื˜ืจืงื• ื”ืงื‘ื“ื” ื™ืกืค ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ
1ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืจื•ื–ื‘ืืœ ืืืชื”ื‘
2ืชื•ื ื™ื“ืžื” ืœื›ื‘ ืืœ
heโ€ƒืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืจื›ื”
14
.3.ื”ื ื•ืฉืืจื” ืืขืคื‘ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ืงื 
20 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€
ืœืžืฉื—ืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื—โ€€4.5
.1ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืœื‘ื› ืœืฉ ืขืงืชื” ืชื ืกื™ื ื›ื”ืœ ืฉื™
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžืœ
.2ืœืฉ ืœืžืฉื— ืœื‘ื› ืœืฉ ืขืงืช ืชื ืกื™ื ื›ื”ืœ ืฉื™
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื‘ืจืงื‘ ืขืงืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
ืื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืฉ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื—ื” ื™ื ื•ืชื 
4
/1
๎€กืจื•ื™ื
โ†๎€ .ืื’ื“ื” ืชื™ื—ื•ืœื‘
.3.ื•ืื•ืœืžื‘ ืกื ื›ื•ื” ืขืงืชื”ืฉ ื•ืงื“ื‘
a.ื”ืœื•ืขืคืœ ืชืขื› ืŸื›ื•ืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืจื›ื”โ€€5
ืจื™ืฉื›ืžโ€€5.1
ื™ื‘ื™ื›ืจ ืœืฉ ื”ืจื™ืงืก ืื•ืฆืžืœ ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืŸืื›
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
1
ืจื•ื™ื
โ†
A
18 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืืช
B
19 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ ื”ืืคืงื” ืืช
1
ื”ืจื•ืืช
2
15 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื’ืœื• ื”ืืžื—ืœ ืืช
3
14 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ ื”ืจืงื‘ ื—ื•ืœ
4
25 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ ืื™ื ื•ืชื  ืชื™ื•ื•ืช
5
ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืข ื™ื ืคืž ื”ื ื’ื” ืืข ืชืœื“ ืชืœื™ืกืž
12 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€
6
ืื™ืœื•ื“ื’ ืื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœ ืชืœื“ ื”ืœืชืž
15 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€
7
ืชื•ื—ืœ ืชืกื• ืืข ืชื•ืงืจื™ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืค ืชืจื™ื’ืž
15 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€
8
15 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ ืŸื•ืกื—ื ืืช
9
21 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ ืื•ืคืง ืŸื•ื–ืž ืœื›ื™ืž
10
ืชื’ืจื‘ืชืž ืชื™ืœื’ืจ
ืื›ืœืฉ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืŸื™ื‘ ืื™ืœื“ื‘ื” ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื™๎€ž:ื”ืจืขื”
.ืœื“ื•ื’ื‘ื• ืจื•ื–ื‘ืื‘ ืื™ืœื“ื‘ื” ื‘ืงืข ืŸืื› ืื™ืจื•ื™ืืœ
ื”ืจืงื‘ ื—ื•ืœโ€€5.2
ืœื› ืชื ืขื•ื‘ืงืœ ื™ื“ื› ื”ืจืงื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœื‘ ื•ืฉืžืชืฉื”
ืœืข ืขื“ื™ืž ืœื‘ืงืœื• ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืฉ ืชื•ื™ืฆืงื ื•ืคื”
.ื•ืœืฉ ื”ืœื•ืขืคื” ื‘ืฆืž
2
ืจื•ื™ื
โ†
1
ื”ืืจืชื”ื” ืจืฉืื› ืจื™ืืž
.ืชืœืขืคื•ืž
2
ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชื ื’ื™ืฆืž
.ยฐC-ื‘ ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืข
3
ืœืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชื ืขื‘ื•ืง
.ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืช
4
ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชื ื’ื™ืฆืž
.ยฐC-ื‘ ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืข
5
ืœืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชื ืขื‘ื•ืง
.ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืช
6
ืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืจืฉืื› ืจื™ืืž
.ืชืœืขืคื•ืž
7
ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื” ืจืฉืื› ืจื™ืืž
.ืชืœืขืคื•ืž
8
ืŸื•ื›ืกื™ื— ื‘ืฆืž ืจืฉืื› ืจื™ืืž
.ืœืขืคื•ืž ืœืžืฉื—ื‘
9
ื”ื™ืฆืงื ื•ืค ืชืจื™ื—ื‘ื‘ ืขื™ื™ืกืž
.ืชืคืกื•ื 
10
ืื™ื ืฆื—ืœื” ืชืœื™ืขื  ืจืฉืื› ืจื™ืืž
.ื”ืœื™ืขืค
11
ืชืœื™ืขื  ืชื ื”ื‘ื›ืž ื•ื ืœื™ืขืคืž
.ื”ืจืงื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœ ืœืฉ ืื™ื ืฆื—ืœื”
ืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืค ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ืโ€ƒhe
15
ืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืค ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ืโ€€6
.ืืชืฉื›ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื‘ ื™ื•ืœืช ืื›ืจื™ืฉื›ืž ืœืฉ ืจื•ื–ื‘ืื”
ืฃื“ืžโ€€6.1
ืืชื ืšืจื•ืฆื” ื™ืคืœ ืฃื“ืžื” ืื•ืงื™ืž ืชื ืชื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื›
ื•ืชื•ื ืกื™ื ื›ื”ืœื• ืฃื“ืžื” ืชื ืื™ืฆื•ื”ืœ ืื™ืœื•ื›ื™
.ืจื—ื ืื•ืงืžื‘
21 ื“ื•ืžืข ,"ืฃื“ืž ืชืืฆื•ื”"
๎€ โ†
ืŸื•ืกื—ื ืืชโ€€6.2
ื•ืœืืž ืชื•ื›ื•ืžื  ืŸื•ืกื—ืื” ืืชื‘ ืชื•ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
ื—ืชืคืชื”ืœ ืชื•ืœื•ื›ื™ ืืขืค ื™ื“ืž .ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘ืฉ
.0ยฐC-ืž ืชื•ื›ื•ืžื ื” ืชื•ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜
Cยฐ๎€ก0-ืœ ืชื•ื‘ื•ืจืง ืชื•ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ืœ ืขื™ื’ื”ืœ ื™ื“ื›
,Cยฐ๎€ก2 ืœืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ ื•ื ื•ื•ื› ,ืŸื•ืกื—ืื” ืืชื‘
16 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ .ืŸื•ืกื—ืื” ืœื›ืžื‘
ืืชื‘ ืจืชื•ื™ ืชื•ื›ื•ืžื ื” ืชื•ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื‘ ืฉืžืชืฉื”
ืŸื•ื’ื› ื”ืœื›ืชืž ืŸื•ื–ืž ืœืฉ ื”ืจื™ืžืฉ ืšืจื•ืฆืœ ืŸื•ืกื—ืื”
.ืงื™ื ืงื ื• ืจืฉื‘ ,ืื™ื’ื“
ืชืกื• ืืข ืชื•ืงืจื™ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืค ืชืจื™ื’ืžโ€€6.3
ืชื•ื—ืœ
ื”ื–ื™ืจื ืืœืœ ืื™ื™ืจื˜ ืชื•ืงืจื™ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืค ื•ื ืกื—ื
.ืชื•ืงืจื™ื”ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืคื” ืœื›ื™ืžื‘
ืื”ืฉื› ืŸืกื—ืืœ ืฉื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื— ืชื•ืงืจื™ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืค
.ื”ืžื•ื˜ื ื”ื–ื™ืจืื‘ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื ื•ื ืื™ืกื•ื›ืž
ืืชื‘ ืจื™ื•ื•ืื” ืชื•ื—ืœ ืชื ืื™ืืชื”ืœ ืจืฉืคื
ืชื•ื—ืœื” ืชืกื• ืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘ ืชื•ืงืจื™ื”ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืคื”
ืŸืกื—ืืœ ืจืฉืคื ื”ื– ืŸืคื•ืื‘ .ื“ื—ื•ื™ืž ืื•ื˜ื™ืื•
ืจืชื•ื™ ืšื•ืจื ืŸืžื– ืšืฉืžืœ ืื™ื™ืจื˜ ืชื•ืงืจื™ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืค
.ืœื™ื’ืจ ืŸื•ืกื—ืื‘ ืจืฉืืž
3
ืจื•ื™ื
โ†
ืชื•ื—ืœ ืชื ืŸื ื•ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื“ื› ืชื•ื—ืœื” ืชืกื• ืชื ื•ื–ื™ื–ื”
ื’ื•ืกื” ื™ืคืœ ืชื•ืงืจื™ื”ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืคื” ืชืจื™ื’ืžื‘ ืจื™ื•ื•ืื”
:ืืฉ ืื™ื ืกื—ื•ืืžื” ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืœืฉ ืชื•ืžื›ื”ื•
ยกืชื•ืจื™ืค ืŸื•ืกื—ืื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืžื  ืจื™ื•ื•ื ืชื•ื—ืœ
ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืจืฉืื› ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืขืž ืŸื•ืกื—ื ,ืจืงื™ืขื‘
.ืกื•ืžืข
ยกืœืฉ ืŸื•ืกื—ืื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื’ ืจื™ื•ื•ื ืชื•ื—ืœ
ืืœืž ืืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืจืฉืื› ื•ื ืจืงื™ืขื‘ ืชื•ืงืจื™
.ื™ื“ืž
ืชื•ืจื™ืคื” ืืชื‘ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืข ื™ืž ื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉ ืŸื›ืชื™
ืื™ื ืกื—ื•ืืžื” ืื™ืจืฆื•ืžื” ืชื•ืžื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืœืช ,ืชื•ืงืจื™ื”ื•
.ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื’ื•ืกื‘ื•
ื•ืจื™ื“ื’ื”ื• ื”ืฉื‘ื™ ืชื™ืœื˜ืžื‘ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืขื” ื™ืž ืชื ื•ื‘ื’ื 
ืจืงื‘ ืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืžื  ืจื™ื•ื•ื ืชื•ื—ืœ ืชืžืจ
.ืชื•ื—ืœื”
ื•ื ืกื—ื ื”ืžื•ืจืื”ื• ืชื•ื›ื™ืื” ืœืข ืจื•ืžืฉืœ ื™ื“ื›
,ืจื™ืฉื›ืžืœ ืฅื•ื—ืž ืจื•ืงืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืชื•ืงืจื™ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืค
ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ,12ยฐC ื“ืข 8ยฐC-ื› ืœืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื‘
,ืื™ื ื•ืคืคืœืž ,ืจื“ื” ืชื•ืจื™ืค ,ืชื•ื ื ื‘ ,ืกื ื ื
.ื”ืžื“ื ื™ื—ื•ืคืชื• ืชื•ื™ื ื‘ื’ืข ,ืื™ืœืคืœืค ,ืื™ืื•ืฉื™ืง
ื”ื ื™ื‘ื’ืœื• ื”ืืžื—ืœ ืืชโ€€6.4
ื”ืืžื—ืœ ืืชื‘ ืชื•ื‘ื•ื”ืฆ ืชื•ื ื™ื‘ื’ื• ื”ืืžื— ื•ื ืกื—ื
.ื”ื ื™ื‘ื’ืœื•
ืชืœื“ ืฃื“ืžโ€€6.5
ืŸืชื™ื  ,ืšืจื•ืฆื” ื™ืคืœ ืชืœื“ื” ืฃื“ืž ืชื ืŸื•ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื“ื›
.ืจื—ื ืื•ืงืžื‘ ืŸื™ืงืชื”ืœื• ื•ืชื•ื ืจื™ืกื”ืœ
21 ื“ื•ืžืข ,"ืชืœื“ื” ืฃื“ืž ืชืจืกื”"
๎€ โ†
ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ืโ€€6.6
ืื™ืžืืชื•ืž ืื” .ืื™ื™ืจื•ืงืž ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ืื‘ ื•ืฉืžืชืฉื”
.ืื›ืœืฉ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžืœ
ืื™ื™ื•ืœืช ืื›ืœืฉ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืจื•ื‘ืข ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ืื”
.ืื’ื“ื‘
ืื™ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื’ืž
.ืื™ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื’ืžื‘ ื”ื—ื˜ื‘ื‘ ืื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืชื ื•ื ืกื—ื
ืื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื‘ ืงื™ื–ื—ืž
ืื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื‘ ืœืฉ ื”ืœื™ืคื  ืขื ื•ืž ืื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื‘ื” ืงื™ื–ื—ืž
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืœื“ ืชื ืื™ืจื’ื•ืกื• ืื™ื—ืชื•ืค ืจืฉืื›
4
ืจื•ื™ื
โ†
ื—ืจืง ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉื’ืž
ืŸื™ื›ื”ืœ ื™ื“ื› ื—ืจืงื” ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉื’ืžื‘ ื•ืฉืžืชืฉื”
.ื—ืจืง ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง
ื—ืจืง ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืชื ื›ื”
ืŸื™ื›ื”ืœ ื™ื“ื› ื“ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชืฉ ื™ืžื‘ ื•ืฉืžืชืฉื”
.ื—ืจืง ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง
.1ื“ืข ื”ื™ื™ืชืฉ ื™ืž ื—ืจืงื” ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉื’ืžื‘ ื•ืืœืž
ืืชืœ ื•ืชื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื”ื• ,ื•ืชืœื•ื›ืชืž 3/4
.ื”ืืคืงื”ื”
ืืชื‘ ืขืงืชื ื• ืืคืง ื—ืจืงื” ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉื’ืž ืื
ืฅืคื— ืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘ ืงืจ ื•ืชื•ื ื•ืจืจื—ืฉ ,ื”ืืคืงื”ื”
.ืฃื› ืœืฉ ืชื™ื“ื™ ืŸื•ื’ื› ,ื”ื”ืง
heโ€ƒื”ืœืขืคื”
16
.2ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉื’ืžืž ื—ืจืง ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืจืจื—ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื›
ืื™ืž ืชื—ืช ืจืฆืง ืŸืžื– ื•ืชื•ื ื•ืงื™ื–ื—ื” ื—ืจืงื”
.ื˜ืขืž ื•ืชื•ื ื•ืœืชืค ื•ื ืื™ืžืจื•ื–
ื”ืœืขืคื”
ืชื™ืกื™ืกื‘ ื”ืœืขืคื”โ€€7
ื”ืœืขืคื”
ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืงืœื“ื”โ€€7.1
.1
14 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ .ืœืžืฉื—ืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ืจื‘ื—
a.ืจืจืงืœ ืœื™ื—ืชื™ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
aื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชื’ื•ืฆืช ,ืขืžืฉื  ื”ืจื”ื–ื ืœื™ืœืฆ
ืจื™ืืž -ื• ืชื‘ื”ื‘ื”ืž (ื”ืืคืงื” ืืช)
.ื™ื“ืž ืื— ืŸื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชืฉ ืจื—ืืž
.2. ืชืจื–ืขื‘ ื”ืจื”ื–ืื” ืœื™ืœืฆ ืชื ื•ื‘ื›
aืขื™ื’ืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”ืฉ ืขื’ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื›
.ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ืœ
.3.ืชืฉืงื•ื‘ืžื” ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชื ื•ืจื™ื“ื’ื”
16 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€
ื”ืœืขืคื”ืœ ืชื•ืฆืขโ€€7.2
ยกืชื•ืขืฉ ื”ืžื› ื•ืจื‘ืขื™ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืœืขืคื” ืจื—ืืœ
.ืฉืืจืž ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ืœ ืขื™ื’ื™ืฉ ื“ืข
ื”ืขื’ื” ื™ื ืคืœ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืกื™ื ื›ื”ืœ ืŸื™ื
.ืฉืืจืž ื”ื ื ื•ื•ื›ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ืœ
ยกื˜ืขืž ื•ืžืžื—ืชื™ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื•ื ืคื“ืฉ ืŸื›ืชื™ื™
.ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืข ื™ืž ืชื•ืจื‘ื˜ืฆื” ืขื ื•ืž ื”ื– .ืื™ืชืขืœ
ยก.ืื•ืงืื• ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื”ืœ ื™ื•ืฉืข ืชืœื“ื” ืชืจื™ื’ืก ืจื—ืืœ
ืชืœื“ื” ืชื—ื™ืชืคื‘ ื™ืฉื•ืง ืŸื›ืชื™ื™ ,ื”ื–ื› ื”ืจืงืžื‘
ืื•ืงืื•ื•ื”ืฉ ื“ืข ืขื’ืจ ื•ื ื™ืชืžื” .ืŸื›ืž ืจื—ืืœ
.ื’ื’ื•ืคืชื™
ยกืชื•ืœืชื› ื”ื ืชืฉืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
:ืื™ืื‘ื” ืื™ืื ืชื‘
โ€“ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื—ื™ืชืค ืชื•ืจื™ื“ืช
โ€“ืชืœื•ื‘ื™ืง
โ€“ืŸืกื—ื•ืืžื” ื™ืจื˜ื” ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ืชืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜
โ€“ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืกื” ืชืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜
โ€“ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืชื ื™ืจืงืœ ื”ืคื™ืฉื—
ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื›โ€€7.3
โ—€ืชื ื•ืงืชื  .ืœืžืฉื—ื”ืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ืงืชื 
ืชื ื•ื‘ื› ื•ื ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืชืฉืจืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
.ืื™ื›ื™ืชื ื” ืชื‘ื™ืชื‘ ืšื™ืชื ื”
ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชืขื™ื‘ืงโ€€7.4
ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชืขื™ื‘ืง
โ—€ื’ืฆืฉ ื“ืข ืŸื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืกืœ ืœืข ื•ืฆื—ืœ
ืชื ื”ืืจื™ (ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืช) ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
.ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
ืื™ื” ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชืœ ืชืฆืœืžื•ืžื” ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
.4ยฐC
ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชื‘ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชืขื™ื‘ืง
โ—€ื’ืฆืฉ ื“ืข ืŸื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืกืœ ืœืข ื•ืฆื—ืœ
ืชื ื”ืืจื™ (ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืช) ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
.ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชื‘ ืชืฆืœืžื•ืžื” ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
.โˆ’18ยฐC ืื™ื”
ืชื•ื—ื™ื˜ื‘ ืชืœื™ืขื ) ืื™ื ืฆื—ืœ ืชืœื™ืขื โ€€7.5
(ืื™ื“ืœื™ ื™ื ืคื‘
ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืœ ื”ืœืขืคื” ืชืขื ื•ืž ืื™ื ืฆื—ืœื” ืชืœื™ืขื 
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืœืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื’ืฉ
ืื™ื ืฆื—ืœื” ืชืœื™ืขื  ืชืœืขืคื”
โ—€.ืชื•ื™ื ืฉ 3 ืšืฉืžืœ ืœืข ื•ืฆื—ืœ
a.ืจื™ืืž
ืื™ื ืฆื—ืœื” ืชืœื™ืขื  ืœื•ื˜ื™ื‘
โ—€.ืชื•ื™ื ืฉ 3 ืšืฉืžืœ ืœืข ื•ืฆื—ืœ
a.ื”ื‘ื›
ืชื•ืคืกื•ื  ืชื•ื™ืฆืงื ื•ืคโ€€8
ืืชืืฉ ืชื•ืคืกื•ื ื” ืชื•ื™ืฆืงื ื•ืคื” ืœืข ืฃืกื•ื  ืขื“ื™ืž
.ืื›ืœืฉ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืŸื”ื‘ ืฉืžืชืฉื”ืœ ืื™ืœื•ื›ื™
ืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ืจื•ืจื™ืงโ€€8.1
ืœื›ื› ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืช ืชื ืจืจืงืž ืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ืจื•ืจื™ืง
.ืจืฉืคืื”
ืชื•ืžื› ืชืกื ื›ื” ื™ื ืคืœ ืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืชื ื•ืœื™ืขืคื”
.ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืœืฉ ื”ืœื•ื“ื’
ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื™ ืœืขืคื•ืž ืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืจืฉืื›๎€ž:ื”ืจืขื”
.ืœื™ื’ืจื”ืž ืื™ื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉืขืจ
ืชื•ืคืกื•ื  ืชื•ื™ืฆืงื ื•ืคโ€ƒhe
17
ืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืชืœืขืคื”
โ—€-ืฉ ื“ืข ืœืข ื‘ื•ืฉื• ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืฆื—ืœ
.ืจื™ืืž
aืืช) ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ื’ืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ื‘ื”ืž
.(ืจื•ืจื™ืงื”
ืจื•ื‘ืขื™ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื•ืขืฉ 6-ื› ืจื—ืืœ๎€ž:ื”ืจืขื”
.ื”ืœื™ื’ืจ ื”ืœื•ืขืคืœ
ืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ืจื•ืจื™ืง ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื›
โ—€-ืฉ ื“ืข ืœืข ื‘ื•ืฉื• ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืฆื—ืœ
.ื”ื‘ื›ื™
a.ื’ืฆื•ืช ืŸื›ืœ ืื“ื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื”โ€€8.2
ืืช ืชื ืชืจืจืงืž ืชื™ื ื“ื™ ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื”
.ืจืฉืคืื” ืœื›ื› ื”ืืคืงื”ื”
ื“ืข ื”ืขืฉ ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื” ืชื ื•ืœื™ืขืคื”
ืœืงืฉืžื‘ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืชืกื ื›ื” ื™ื ืคืœ ืื™ื™ืชืขืฉ
.ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชืœ ื’"ืง๎€ก2-ืž ืœื•ื“ื’ ืœืœื•ื›
,ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืชืœื•ื›ื™ ืื•ืœืž ืชื ืœืฆื ืœ ื™ื“ื›
.ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื”-ื‘ ื•ืฉืžืชืฉื”
,"ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืชืœื•ื›ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื™ื“ืงืž ืื™ืื ืช"
๎€ โ†
19 ื“ื•ืžืข
ืชืœืขืคื•ืž ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื” ืจืฉืื›๎€ž:ื”ืจืขื”
.ืœื™ื’ืจื”ืž ืื™ื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื™
ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื” ืชืœืขืคื”
โ—€-ื”ืฉ ื“ืข ืœืข ื‘ื•ืฉื• ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืฆื—ืœ
.ืจื™ืื™
aืืช) ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ื’ืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ื‘ื”ืž
.(ื”ืืคืงื”
ืจื•ื‘ืขื™ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื•ืขืฉ 8-ื› ืจื—ืืœ๎€ž:ื”ืจืขื”
.ื”ืœื™ื’ืจ ื”ืœื•ืขืคืœ
ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื›
โ—€-ืฉ ื“ืข ืœืข ื‘ื•ืฉื• ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืฆื—ืœ
.ื”ื‘ื›ื™
a.ื’ืฆื•ืช ืŸื›ืœ ืื“ื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
ื”ื™ื’ืจื ืื‘ ืŸื•ื›ืกื™ื— ื‘ืฆืžโ€€8.3
ืŸื•ื›ืกื™ื— ื‘ืฆืžืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ืจื™ื‘ืขื”ืœ ืŸืชื™ื 
.ื”ื™ื’ืจื ืื‘
.ืชื•ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชื ืชื™ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื•ื ื”ื ืฉืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืืช8๎€กยฐC
ื”ืืคืงื” ืืชโˆ’16๎€กยฐC
ื”ื™ื’ืจื ืื‘ ืŸื•ื›ืกื™ื—ื” ื‘ืฆืž ืชืœืขืคื”
โ—€-ืฉ ื“ืข ืœืข ื‘ื•ืฉื• ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืฆื—ืœ
.ืจื™ืืž
ื”ื™ื’ืจื ืื‘ ืŸื•ื›ืกื™ื—ื” ื‘ืฆืž ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื›
โ—€-ืฉ ื“ืข ืœืข ื‘ื•ืฉื• ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืฆื—ืœ
.ื”ื‘ื›ื™
a.ื’ืฆื•ืช ืŸื›ืœ ืื“ื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
ืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืฆืžโ€€8.4
,ืชื‘ืฉื‘ ืื’ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืฉืžืชืฉื”ืœ ื•ืœื›ื•ืชืฉ ื™ื“ื›
ืชื•ื™ื•ืจืฉืคืื” ืœื› ืชื ืœื˜ื‘ืž ืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืฆืž ื‘ืฆืž
.ืชื•ื™ื—ืจื›ื” ืŸื ื™ืืฉ
ืชื•ืื‘ื” ืชื•ื™ื•ืจืฉืคืื” ,ืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืฆืž ื‘ืฆืžื‘
:ื•ืœื˜ื‘ืชื™
ยกืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ืจื•ืจื™ืง
ยกืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื”
ยกื”ืืจืชื”
ยกืชื™ืžื™ื ืค ื”ืจื•ืืช
ยกืื™ื™ืœื•ืง ืชื•ืชื•ื
ยกื”ืจืงื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœื‘ ืชื•ืขื“ื•ื”
ื—ื•ืœ ืœืฉ ื”ืจื•ืืชื” ืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืฆืž -ื” ืšืฉืžื‘๎€ž:ื”ืจืขื”
.ืจื™ืืž .ืชื™ื‘ื› ื”ืจืงื‘ื”
ืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืฆืž ืชืœืขืคื”
โ—€ื“ืข ,ืชื•ื™ื ืฉ 15 ืšืฉืžืœ ืœืข ื•ืฆื—ืœึถ
.ื™ืœื•ืง ืชื•ื ืขืžืฉื ืฉ
a.ืจื™ืืž
ืจื•ื‘ืขื™ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื•ืขืฉ 80-ื› ืจื—ืืœ๎€ž:ื”ืจืขื”
.ื”ืœื™ื’ืจ ื”ืœื•ืขืคืœ
ืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืฆืž ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื›
โ—€ื“ืข ,ืชื•ื™ื ืฉ 15 ืšืฉืžืœ ืœืข ื•ืฆื—ืœึถ
.ื™ืœื•ืง ืชื•ื ืขืžืฉื ืฉ
heโ€ƒื”ืืจืชื”
18
ื”ืืจืชื”โ€€9
ืชืœื“ ืชืืจืชื”โ€€9.1
ืŸืžื– ืšืฉืžืœ ื”ื—ื•ืชืค ืชืจืชื•ื  ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืœื“ ืื
.ืชืœื“ ืชืืจืชื” ืœืขืคื•ืช ,ื”ืž
.ื‘ื”ื‘ื”ืž -ื• ื”ืจื”ื–ื ืœื™ืœืฆ ืขืžืฉื 
ืชืœื“ื” ืชืืจืชื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื›
โ—€ืจื•ื–ื ืœืข ื•ืฆื—ืœ ื•ื ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืœื“ ืชื ื•ืจื’ืก
.ื”ืจืงื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืœื› ืขื’ืž
a.ื™ื•ื‘ื› ื”ืจื”ื–ืื” ืœื™ืœืฆ
a.ื”ื‘ื›
ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ ืชืืจืชื”โ€€9.2
ืชืืจืชื” ื™ื“ืž ืื— ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืช ืจืฉืื›
.ืœืขืคื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื”
ื”ืจื“ื’ื•ื”ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ,ื”ืจื”ื–ื ืœื™ืœืฆ ืขืžืฉื 
.ืื™ื‘ื”ื‘ื”ืž -ื”ื• (ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืช)
ืชื•ืจื™ื”ื–
!ื™ืชื•ืื™ืจื‘ ืงื–ื ืœ ื”ื ื›ืก
ืื™ืœื•ืœืขื• ื”ืจืฉืคื”ื” ืšื™ืœื”ืชื‘ ืื™ื‘ืจืชืž ืื™ืงื“ื™ื™ื—
.ืื•ืคืงื” ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ืชื ืœืงืœืงืœ
โ—€ืŸื•ื–ืž ื•ื ืจื™ืฉืคื”ืฉ ืŸื•ื–ืž ืฉื“ื—ืž ื•ืื™ืคืงืช ืœื
.ืจืฉืคื•ืž
โ—€.ืŸื•ื’ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื ืœื•ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจื—ืืœ ืงืจ ื•ืื™ืคืงื”
โ—€ืšื™ืจืืชืœ ืจื‘ืขืž ืื•ืคืง ืŸื•ื–ืž ื•ื ืกื—ืืช ืœื
.ื•ืœืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืคืชื”
ืชืืจืชื” ืœืขืคื•ืชืฉ ืŸื›ืชื™ื™ ืื™ืื‘ื” ืื™ืจืงืžื‘
:ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜
ยก.ื”ืœื•ืขืคืœ ืกื ื›ื  ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”
ืจื—ืืœ ืงืจ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžืœ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื”
.ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ืœ ื”ืขื’ื”
ยก.ื™ืจื˜ ืŸื•ื–ืž ืœืฉ ืชื•ืœื•ื“ื’ ืชื•ื™ื•ืžื› ื•ืกื ื›ื•ื”
ื•ืœื™ืขืคื” ืชื•ืœื•ื“ื’ ืŸื•ื–ืž ืชื•ื™ื•ืžื› ืชืกื ื›ื” ื™ื ืคืœ
.ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื” ืชื
ยก.ื™ื“ืž ื‘ืจ ืŸืžื– ื”ื—ื•ืชืค ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืช ืชืœื“
ืจื™ืฉืคื”ืœ ืœื™ื—ืชื” ืื•ืคืงื” ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ืื ื•ืงื“ื‘
.ื™ืจืžื’ืœ ืจื™ืฉืคื” ื•ื
ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชืืจืชื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื›
โ—€.ื•ื”ืฉืœื› ืขื’ืž ืŸืฆื—ืœ ืœืข ื•ืฆื—ืœ
a.ื™ื•ื‘ื› ื”ืจื”ื–ืื” ืœื™ืœืฆ
a(ื”ืืคืงื” ืืช) ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชื’ื•ืฆืชื‘
ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื’ื” ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืจืฆืง ืŸืžื–ืœ ืชื’ืฆื•ืž
ืŸื›ืž ืจื—ืืœ .ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ื”ืฉ ืจืชื•ื™ื‘
ืืช) ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชื’ื•ืฆืชื‘ ืชื’ืฆื•ืž
.ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” (ื”ืืคืงื”
aื“ื•ื“ืžื™ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืšืœื™ืื• ื•ื– ืŸืžื– ืชื“ื•ืงื ืž
ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื’ื” ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” ืชื ืจื•ืžืฉื™ื• ืฉื“ื—ืž
.ืจืชื•ื™ื‘
aื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ืœ ื”ืขื’ื”ืœ ื“ืข ืจื™ืืž
.ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืฉ
ืจื•ืจื™ืง ืืชโ€€10
,ืื™ืงื™ื ืงื  ,ืจืฉื‘ ืŸืกื—ืืœ ืจืฉืคื ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘
ืœืฉื•ื‘ืž ืœื›ื•ื ,ืื™ืฆื™ื‘ ,ื‘ืœื— ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ,ืื™ื’ื“
.ืื™ืคืืžื•
.8ยฐC ื“ืข 2ยฐC ืŸื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ ืŸื•ื•ื›ืœ ืจืฉืคื
ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื‘ ื“ืข ืจืฆืง ืŸืžื–ืœ ืŸืกื—ืืœ ืŸืชื™ื  ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘
ืœื›ื› .ืชื•ืœืงื‘ ืื™ืœืงืœืงืชืžื” ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืื’
ื•ืจืžืฉื™ื™ ืšื› ,ืจืชื•ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืžื  ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ ื•ืจื—ื‘ืชืฉ
.ืจืชื•ื™ ืšื•ืจื ืŸืžื–ืœ ืื™ื™ืจื˜ ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž
ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืŸื•ืกื—ืืœ ืชื•ืฆืขโ€€10.1
ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘
ยก.ืื™ืžื•ื’ืค ืืœื• ืื™ื™ืจื˜ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืงืจ ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื”
ยกื•ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจื ืื”ืฉื› ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืชื ื•ื ืกื—ื
.ื”ืžื•ื˜ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื‘ ืื™ืกื•ื›ืž
ยกื™ื“ื›ื• ืจื™ื•ื•ืื” ืชืžื™ืจื–ืœ ืขื™ืจืคื”ืœ ืืœ ื™ื“ื›
ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ืชื ื—ื™ื ื”ืœ ืŸื™ื ,ืŸื•ื–ืž ืชืื™ืคืง ืขื•ื ืžืœ
.ืชื™ืžื™ื ืคื” ืชื™ืจื•ื—ืื” ืŸืคื•ื“ื” ืืข ืจื™ืฉื™ ืขื’ืžื‘
ยกืื™ืžื— ืชื•ืืงืฉืžืœื• ืชื•ื ื•ื–ืžืœ ื•ื—ื™ื ื”
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžืœ ืืชืกื ื›ื” ื™ื ืคืœ ,ืจืจืงืชื”ืœ
ยก.ืŸืจืฆื™ื” ืŸื™ื™ืฆืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืคืชื” ืšื™ืจืืชืœ ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื™ืฉ
ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘ ืจื•ืง ื™ืจื•ื–ืโ€€10.2
ืจื•ืง ื™ืจื•ื–ื ืจืฆื•ื™ ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘ ืจื™ื•ื•ืื” ืจื•ืจื—ืก
.ืื™ื ื•ืฉ
ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ ืจืงื” ืจื•ื–ืื”
.ืŸื•ืกื—ืื” ืืชื‘ ืืฆืžื  ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ ืจืงื” ืจื•ื–ืื”
ืชื•ืœืงื‘ ืื™ืœืงืœืงืชืžื” ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ื•ื ืกื—ื๎€ž:ื”ืฆืข
ืงื™ื ืงื  ,ืื™ื’ื“ ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ,ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ ืจืงื” ืจื•ื–ืื‘
.ืจืฉื‘ื•
ื”ืืคืงื” ืืชโ€ƒhe
19
ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ ืื—ื” ืจื•ื–ืื”
.ืชืœื“ื‘ ื”ืœืขืžืœ ืืฆืžื  ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ ืื—ื” ืจื•ื–ืื”
ืจื•ื–ืื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืœ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ื•ื ืกื—ื๎€ž:ื”ืฆืข
ืšื› .ื”ืืžื—ื• ื”ืฉืง ื”ื ื™ื‘ื’ ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ,ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ ืื—ื”
ื”ืžื•ืจืื” ืชื ื—ืชืคืœื• ืšื™ืฉืžื”ืœ ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ื’ื”
.ื”ื—ื™ืจืžืœ ื”ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื”ืช ื”ืืžื—ื”ื• ,ื”ืœืฉ
ื”ืืคืงื” ืืชโ€€11
,ืื•ืคืง ืŸื•ื–ืž ืŸืกื—ืืœ ืจืฉืคื ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชื‘
.ื—ืจืง ืชื•ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืŸื™ื›ื”ืœื• ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืื™ืคืงื”ืœ
ื“ืข โˆ’16ยฐC ืŸื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ ืŸื•ื•ื›ืœ ืจืฉืคื
.โˆ’24ยฐC
ืฉื™ ืšื•ืจื ื—ื•ื•ื˜ืœ ืื™ื ืกื—ื•ืืžื” ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž
.ื”ื˜ืžื• โˆ’18ยฐC ืœืฉ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื‘ ืŸื•ืกื—ืืœ
ืœืฉ ืšื•ืจื ื—ื•ื•ื˜ืœ ืŸื•ืกื—ื ืจืฉืคืืž ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืช
ืชื•ืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื” .ืœืงืœืงืชื”ืœ ืื™ื˜ื•ื ื” ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž
.ืœื•ืงืœืงื” ืชื ืชื•ืจืฆื•ืข ื•ื ืชื•ื˜ืืž ืชื•ื›ื•ืžื ื”
ื”ืืคืงื” ืชืœื•ื›ื™โ€€11.1
ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืœืฉ ืชื•ืžื› ื•ื–ื™ื ืชื ื™ื™ืฆืž ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืชืœื•ื›ื™
ื”ืžื› ืšื•ืชื‘ ืŸื™ื˜ื•ืœื—ืœ ืื™ืคืงื”ืœ ืจืฉืคื ืŸื•ื–ืž
.ืชื•ืขืฉ
ืชื™ื•ื•ืชื‘ ืื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืž ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืชืœื•ื›ื™ ืœืข ืื™ื ื•ืชื ื”
4
/1
๎€กืจื•ื™ื
โ†๎€ .ืื™ื ื•ืชื ื”
ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืชืœื•ื›ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื™ื“ืงืž ืื™ืื ืช
.1ื”ืชืืฉื› ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื” ืชื ื•ืœื™ืขืคื”
.ืื™ื™ืจื˜ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืื™ืกื™ื ื›ืž
17 ื“ื•ืžืข ,"ืชืจื‘ื’ื•ืž ื”ืืคืงื” ืชืœืขืคื”"
๎€ โ†
.2ืืชื‘ ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืชื ื”ืœื™ื—ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื”
.ืŸื•ื™ืœืขื” ื”ืืคืงื”ื”
ืืช ื—ืคื  ืœืฉ ื™ื‘ืจืž ืœื•ืฆื™ื โ€€11.2
ื”ืืคืงื”ื”
ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ืชื•ืžื› ืชื ืŸืกื—ืืœ ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืฆื™ื› ื•ืœื’
.ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชื‘ ืชื™ื‘ืจืžื” ืื•ืคืงื”
.1.ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชืž ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ืื” ืœื› ืชื ื•ืื™ืฆื•ื”
21 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€
.2ืืช ืชืคืฆืจ ืœืข ืชื•ืจื™ืฉื™ ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ืชื ื•ืžืจืข
.ื”ืืคืงื”ื”
ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืŸื•ืกื—ืืœ ืชื•ืฆืขโ€€11.3
ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชื‘
ยกื•ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจื ืื”ืฉื› ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืชื ื•ื ืกื—ื
.ื”ืžื•ื˜ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื‘ ืื™ืกื•ื›ืž
ยกืŸื•ื–ืžืž ื”ืืคืงื”ืœ ื“ืขื•ื™ืžื” ืŸื•ื–ืž ื•ืงื™ื—ืจื”
.ืื•ืคืง
ยกื•ืœื•ื› ื—ื˜ืฉื” ื™ื ืค ืœืข ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืชื ื•ืจื–ืค
.ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ื™ืœื›ื™ืž ืœืฉ
ยกื”ืคื™ืฆืจ ืจื™ื•ื•ื ืชืžื™ืจื– ืจืฉืคืืชืชืฉ ื™ื“ื›
ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืœื›ื™ืž ืชื ืฃื•ื—ื“ืœ ืฉื™ ,ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘
.ืฃื•ืกื” ื“ืข ื”ืžื™ื ืค
ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืชืืคืงื”ืœ ืชื•ืฆืขโ€€11.4
ืื™ื™ืจื˜
ยกืืœื• ืื™ื™ืจื˜ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืงืจ ื•ืื™ืคืงื”
.ืื™ืžื•ื’ืค
ยก.ืชื•ื ืžื‘ ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืชื ื•ืื™ืคืงื”
ยกืจืชื•ื™ ื‘ื•ื˜ ืื™ืžื™ืืชืž ืื™ืœืฉื•ื‘ืž ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž
.ืื™ื™ืžืœื•ื’ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืžืž ื”ืืคืงื”ืœ
ยกื™ื ืคืœ ื˜ื•ืœื—ืœื• ืšื•ืชื—ืœ ,ืฃื•ื˜ืฉืœ ืฉื™ ืชื•ืงืจื™
.ื”ืืคืงื”ื”
ยกืšืจื•ืฆื” ื™ืคืœื• ืŸืขืœื’ืœ ,ืฃื•ื˜ืฉืœ ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื™ืค
ื•ื ืจื›ื•ืก ืฃื™ืกื•ื”ืœ ื™ืœื•ืื• ืืชื•ื ืฃืœืงืœ
ื™ื ืคืœ ,ืชื™ื‘ืจื•ืงืกื ื”ืฆืžื•ื— ืชืกื™ืžืช
.ื”ืืคืงื”ื”
ยกื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื” ื”ืืคืงื”ืœ ืื™ืžื™ืืชืžื” ืื™ืจืฆื•ืž
ืืœืœ ืื™ืฆื™ื‘ ,ืฃื•ืข ,ืจืฉื‘ ,ืื™ื’ื“ ,ืื™ืคืืž
ืŸื•ื–ืž ,ื”ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื’ ,ื”ืืžื— ,ื”ื ื™ื‘ื’ ,ื”ืคื™ืœืง
.ืŸื•ื–ืž ืชื•ื™ืจืืฉื• ืŸื›ื•ืž
ยกืื” ื”ืืคืงื”ืœ ืื™ืžื™ืืชืž ืื ื™ืืฉ ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž
,ืŸืชืคื™ืœืงื‘ ืื™ืฆื™ื‘ ,ืชื•ื™ื ื•ื ืฆ ,ื”ืกื— ื”ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ
,ืื™ืœืฉื•ื‘ืž ืืœ ืื™ืกื’ืื• ืื™ื—ื•ืคืช ,ืื™ื‘ื ืข
.ื–ื ื•ื™ืžื• ืฉืจืค ืืจืง ,ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืชื ืžืฉ ,ื˜ืจื•ื’ื•ื™
ืื•ืคืง ืŸื•ื–ืž ืชื–ื™ืจื
ืŸื•ื›ื  ื”ื–ื™ืจื ื’ื•ืกื• ืื™ืžื™ืืชืž ื”ื–ื™ืจื ื™ืจืžื•ื—
ืื™ืขื ื•ืžื• ืจืฆื•ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืœืข ื“ื•ืืž ืื™ืขื™ืคืฉืž
.ืจื•ืง ืชื•ื™ื•ื•ื›
.1.ื”ื–ื™ืจืื‘ ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืชื ื•ื—ื™ื ื”
.2.ืจื™ื•ื•ืื” ืœื› ืชื ื”ืฆื•ื—ื” ื•ืงื—ื“
.3ืจื™ื•ื•ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื™ืจืื” ืชื ื•ืจื’ืก
ืืžืขื˜ ืชื ื•ื“ื‘ืื™ ืืœ ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืžืฉ ื™ื“ื›
.ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืœื•
.4ืชืื• ื”ืชืœื•ื›ืช ืชื ื”ื–ื™ืจืื” ืœืข ื•ืžืฉืจ
.ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืšื™ืจืืช
heโ€ƒื”ืจืฉืคื”
20
ืืคืงื•ืž ืื•ื”ืฉื› ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ืชื•ื“ื™ืžืขโ€€11.5
โˆ’18ยฐC-ื‘
ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืžืŸื•ืกื—ื ืŸืžื–
ืœื›ื•ื ,ืงื™ื ืงื  ,ืื™ื’ื“
ืื™ืคืืž ,ืœืฉื•ื‘ืž
ืื™ืฉื“ื•ื—๎€ก6 ื“ืข
ืจืฉื‘ ,ืฃื•ืขืื™ืฉื“ื•ื—๎€ก8 ื“ืข
ืชื•ืจื™ืค ,ืชื•ืงืจื™ืื™ืฉื“ื•ื— 12 ื“ืข
ืื•ืคืง ืŸื•ื–ืž ืชืจืฉืคื”ืœ ืชื•ื˜ื™ืฉโ€€11.6
ืชื•ืจื™ื”ื–
!ื™ืชื•ืื™ืจื‘ ืงื–ื ืœ ื”ื ื›ืก
ืื™ืœื•ืœืขื• ื”ืจืฉืคื”ื” ืšื™ืœื”ืชื‘ ืื™ื‘ืจืชืž ืื™ืงื“ื™ื™ื—
.ืื•ืคืงื” ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ืชื ืœืงืœืงืœ
โ—€ืŸื•ื–ืž ื•ื ืจื™ืฉืคื”ืฉ ืŸื•ื–ืž ืฉื“ื—ืž ื•ืื™ืคืงืช ืœื
.ืจืฉืคื•ืž
โ—€.ืŸื•ื’ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื ืœื•ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจื—ืืœ ืงืจ ื•ืื™ืคืงื”
โ—€ืšื™ืจืืชืœ ืจื‘ืขืž ืื•ืคืง ืŸื•ื–ืž ื•ื ืกื—ืืช ืœื
.ื•ืœืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืคืชื”
ยก,ื™ื—ื” ืŸืž ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘ ื•ืจื™ืฉืคื”
.ื”ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื’ื• ื”ื ื™ื‘ื’ ,ืจืฉื‘ ,ืื™ื’ื“ ืŸื•ื’ื›
ยก.ืจื“ื—ื” ืชืจื•ื˜ืจืคืžื˜ื‘ ืจื™ืฉืคื”ืœ ืฉื™ ืื—ืœ
ยกืื™ื™ืจื™ื›ื” ืœืข ื•ื ืจื•ื ืชื‘ ,ืœื’ื•ืจืงื™ืžื‘ ื•ื ื™ื›ื”
.ืชื™ื“ื™ื™ืž ื”ื›ื™ืจืฆืœ ืื™ื“ืขื•ื™ืžื” ืŸื•ื–ืž ื™ืจืฆื•ืž
ื”ืจืฉืคื”โ€€12
ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืชื‘ ื”ืจืฉืคื”โ€€12.1
.ืชื™ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื•ื ืจื™ืฉืคืž ืื›ืจื™ืฉื›ืž ืœืฉ ืจื•ืจื™ืงื” ืืช
ื”ืืคืงื”ื” ืืชื‘ ื”ืจืฉืคื”โ€€12.2
ืืช ืชื™ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื•ืื” NoFrost ืชื›ืจืขืž ืชื•ื›ื–ื‘
ืชืฉืจื“ื  ืืœ .ื—ืจืง ืืœืœ ืจืชื•ื  ื”ืืคืงื”ื”
.ื”ืจืฉืคื”
ื”ืงื•ื–ื—ืชื• ื™ื•ืงื™ื โ€€13
ืื•ื”ืฉ ืชื ืž ืœืข ื”ื“ื™ืคืงื‘ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ื•ืœืคื˜ื• ื•ืงื 
.ืŸืžื– ืšืจื•ืืœ ื“ืงืคืชื™
ืขืฆื‘ืชื”ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื— ืื™ืฉื™ื’ื  ืืœื” ืชื•ืžื•ืงืžื” ื™ื•ืงื™ื 
ืชื•ืจื™ืฉ ื™"ืข ื™ื•ืงื™ื ื” .ืชื•ื—ื•ืงืœื” ืชื•ืจื™ืฉ ื™"ืข
.ืฃืกื› ืชื•ืœืขืœ ืœื•ืœืข ืชื•ื—ื•ืงืœื”
ื™ื•ืงื™ื ืœ ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื›ื”โ€€13.1
.1.ืœืžืฉื—ื”ืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ืงืชื 
ื•ื‘ื› ื•ื ืœืžืฉื—ื” ืชืฉืจืž ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ืงืชื 
.ืื™ื›ื™ืชื ื” ืชื‘ื™ืชื‘ ืšื™ืชื ื” ืชื
.2ืืชื•ื ื•ื ืกื—ืื• ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืœื› ืชื ื•ืื™ืฆื•ื”
.ืจืง ืื•ืงืžื‘
ืฉื™ ืื ,ืŸื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื•ืž ืœืข ืจื•ืง ื™ืจื’ื•ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื”
.ืื›ืชื•ืฉืจื‘
.3.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื”ืž ืื™ืจื–ื™ื‘ืื” ืœื› ืชื ื•ืื™ืฆื•ื”
21 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€
.4ืชื•ืจื™ืคื” ืชืจื™ื’ืž ืœืขืž ืฃื“ืžื” ืชื ื•ืงืจืค
21 ื“ื•ืžืข
โ†๎€ .ืชื•ืงืจื™ื”ื•
.5.ืชื•ืงืจื™ื• ืชื•ืจื™ืคื” ืชืจื™ื’ืž ื”ืกื›ืž ืชื ื•ืงืจืค
ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืงื™ื โ€€13.2
ื”ืจื”ื–ื
!ืชื•ืœืžืฉื—ืชื” ืชื ื›ืก
.ืชื•ืœืžืฉื—ืชื”ืœ ืื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืœื•ืœืข ืชื•ื—ืœ ืชืจื™ื“ื—
โ—€ื•ื ืื™ื“ืื‘ ื™ื•ืงื™ื  ื™ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื‘ ืฉืžืชืฉื”ืœ ืŸื™ื
.ืจื™ืฉื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืงื™ื ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื’ ืฅื—ืœื‘
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Bosch KFN96VPEAL/02 Operating instructions

Category
Fridge-freezers
Type
Operating instructions
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