Kistler 9712B5 Owner's manual

Brand: Kistler

Model: 9712B5

Type: Owner's manual

This manual is also suitable for

9708_002-077e-04.04X

Load Cells

Low Impedance

Voltage Mode

9708A…

9712B…

Types:

Series 97XX Load Cell Page 2

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Contents

Section Page

Contents............................................................................................................................................ 2

Section Page 2

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4

2. Important Guidelines .......................................................................................................... 4

2.1 For your safety ..................................................................................... 4

2.2 Precautions ..................................................................................... 4

2.3 Using This Manual ..................................................................................... 5

2.4 Load Cell Types ..................................................................................... 5

2.5 Manual Nomenclature ..................................................................................... 6

3. General Description ............................................................................................................ 6

3.1 Supplied Items ..................................................................................... 6

Table 2: Supplied Mounting Studs4. Technical Information, Functional Description6

4. Technical Information, Functional Description ............................................................... 7

4.1 Piezoelectric Measurement Concept ....................................................................... 7

4.2 Internal Construction Overview................................................................................ 7

4.3 Low Impedance Output ..................................................................................... 7

5. Installation .................................................................................................................................... 8

5.1 General ..................................................................................... 8

5.2 Surface Preparation ..................................................................................... 8

5.3 Mounting ..................................................................................... 8

6. Operation ............................................................................................................................. 10

6.1 Powering ..................................................................................... 10

6.1.1 Using “Built In” Power Sources................................................................................ 10

6.1.2 Kistler Couplers ..................................................................................... 10

6.1.3 The Constant Current Power Supply/Coupler ......................................................... 11

6.1.4 Sensor Power-Up ..................................................................................... 14

6.1.5 Overload Recovery ..................................................................................... 14

6.1.6 Supply Voltage Effects ..................................................................................... 14

6.2 Driving Long Cables ..................................................................................... 15

6.4 Frequency Response Limits .................................................................................... 16

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7. Maintenance and Calibration ............................................................................................. 16

7.1 General ..................................................................................... 16

7.2 Trouble Shooting ..................................................................................... 16

7.3 Repairs ..................................................................................... 17

7.4 Cleaning ..................................................................................... 17

7.5 Calibration ..................................................................................... 17

8. Accessories ......................................................................................................................... 18

8.1 Cables ..................................................................................... 18

Appendix........................................................................................................................................... 20

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1. Introduction

By choosing Kistler load cells you have opted for an instrument

distinguished by precision, long life and technical innovation. Please read

these instructions carefully before installing and operating these

instruments.

Kistler offers a wide selection of measuring instruments and comprehensive

systems including:

• Quartz and sensors for force, pressure, acceleration, shock,

vibration and strain.

• Variable capacitive sensors for acceleration and inclination.

• Associated signal conditioners and accessories.

• Piezoresistive pressure transducers and transmitters with

associated amplifiers.

Kistler can also provide entire systems for special purposes in the

automotive industry, plastics processing, and biomechanics. Our general

catalog provides information on Kistler products and services. Detailed

technical data sheets are available on most products offered.

Worldwide customer service is at your disposal should you have any

questions regarding this or other Kistler products. Information on your

specific application is also available from Kistler.

2. Important Guidelines

To ensure your personal safety, please observe the safety guidelines in

this section.

2.1 For your safety

• Carefully follow the installation information contained in

section 5 of this manual.

• Do not drop the instrument.

• Store in the case provided and in a clean, dry environment.

• Power the instrument in accordance with the instructions in

section 6 of this manual.

2.2 Precautions

Kistler load cells are thoroughly tested before leaving the factory. To

maintain safe and reliable operation, it is important to follow the

instructions herein.

• Do not mount on high voltage surfaces.

• Keep cable clear of power lines and open machinery.

• Never operate or store the unit beyond the specified

temperature range.

• Do not exceed the maximum specified current.

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• Never exceed the maximum specified voltage.

• Follow the instructions for mounting. Do not over tighten.

• Do not expose the unit to excessive shock, i.e., by using a

hammer or dropping the unit.

• When not in use, store in the container supplied. Always

store in a clean, dry area.

• Keep the connector clean and covered when not in use

• Follow the recommendations in section 7.4

2.3 Using This Manual

Information contained herein includes a technical description, installation

and operating instructions, powering and considerations for cable length.

Section 8 contains a listing of mounting accessories and cables available

to assist with your measurement needs.

It is recommended that the entire manual be read prior to installation and

operation of the load cell. The user who has prior experience with PiezotronÜ

type load cells may want to confine reading to particular sections of interest.

We have endeavored to arrange these instructions in a manner that

allows for easy location of topics of interest. Your Kistler representative is

also available to assist with any questions.

Information contained herein may be subject to change.

2.4 Load Cell Types

This manual is applicable to the load cells listed on the title page. Please

see the product data sheets at the rear of this manual for detailed

specifications.

Series 9708 Series 9712B

Figure 1: Load Cells Described in this Manual

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2.5 Manual Nomenclature

Throughout this manual some special designations and nomenclature are

used for specific terms and concepts relating to load cells. These are

explained in Table 1.

Term Definition

FS Full Scale

Piezotron Kistler sensors with built-in impedance converters

lbf Pound-force

Table 1: Manual Nomenclature

3. General Description

Kistler load cells are compact, sensitive, fast response sensors for measuring

dynamic and short-term static forces. Both compression and tension forces

can be measured. Typical applications include measuring fatigue-test tension,

rocket engine thrust, clamping force and forces transmitted by vibration

exciters. In simple terms this instrument could also be described as a force

probe.

These load cells are designed for bottom surface mounting with an upper

force application surface. The units differ in configuration by the location of the

cable connector. With series 9708 the connector is located axially while the

9712 series features the connector positioned radially.

A self-generating piezoelectric sensing element is used in conjunction with the

built-in, internal circuit Piezotron impedance converter. As with most load

cells, the sensitivity of this unit is expressed in terms of the ratio of the

electrical output to applied force (e.g. mV/lbf).

Being a low impedance device, no charge amplifier or special cabling is

required and transmission over long lines is possible with a minimum of

noise pick-up.

3.1 Supplied Items

Supplied items, other than operating instructions, for load cells are listed

in Table 2.

Load Cell Item Description Quantity Kistler Part Number

Type 9708A(X) Mounting stud, threading – 10-32 to 10-32 1 8402

Type 9708AE(X) Mounting stud, threading – 10-32 to M6 1 8411

Type 9712B(X) Mounting stud, threading – 10-32 to 10-32 2 8402

Type 9712BE(X) Mounting stud, threading – 10-32 to M6 2 8411

Table 2: Supplied Mounting Studs

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4. Technical Information, Functional Description

4.1 Piezoelectric Measurement Concept

Piezoelectric load cells convert an applied force into an electrical signal.

The electrical output derived by the load cell is proportional to the force

acting on the internal quartz (piezoelectric) element.

Quartz belongs to a class of materials called piezoelectric because a

charge of electricity is produced when the material is deformed. For this

reason these load cells are effective in dynamic or short duration

(quasistatic) measurements.

4.2 Internal Construction Overview

These load cells contain two main components. The larger internal

structure is an electro mechanical device that includes the piezoelectric

sensing element.

The second component is a smaller electronic circuit that changes the

form of the signal produced by the first component. This electronic

portion requires external power to activate the electronic circuit. This load

cell thus requires a power supply/coupler to support the function of the

load cell.

Both powering of the load cell and conducting the load cell output signal is

accomplished by a single conductor coaxial cable.

The form of the load cell output signal is described in more detail in

Section 4.3

4.3 Low Impedance Output

The load cell produces a low impedance output nominally below 100

ohms. Signals in a low impedance form are also referred to as voltage

mode. Signals in a high impedance form are also called charge mode.

Kistler uses the terminology voltage mode, low impedance and charge

mode, high impedance to clarify the difference.

Both modes offer certain advantages to applications. Kistler

manufactures load cells of both kinds. Certain trade names are have

become more commonly used to describe the voltage mode, low

impedance style of sensors, including load cells.

Kistler was issued the patent for the original voltage mode, low

impedance style, and called sensors with the impedance converter

circuitry Piezotron style units.

The integral impedance converter is powered by an external power

source (coupler) that uses a coax cable between the load cell and

coupler. The signal and power share a common line. The coupler

provides a constant current source to the load cell and decouples the DC

bias (see Section 6.1.3) from the measuring instrument. The useful signal

is seen as a varying voltage over an 11 VDC (nominal) bias.

Low impedance load cells are ideally suited for applications where long or

moving cables are required or in high humidity or other contaminated

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atmospheres. The calibration factor for load cells are given in mV/lbf for

the 9708A(X) and 9712B(X). The calibration factor for the 9708AE(X) and

9712BE(X) is mV/N.

Figure 2: Diagram of a Low Impedance Load Cell System

1. Low impedance (voltage output)load cell

2. Coaxial cable

3. Coupler (constant current supply) or dual mode amplifier

4. Cable

5. Readout or analysis equipment

5. Installation

5.1 General

For proper operation of load cells, care must be taken during the

installation process. Careful installation will result in optimal accuracy and

reliability.

5.2 Surface Preparation

Surfaces on or between which a load cell is mounted must be flat and

parallel. Ground or lapped mounting surfaces are desirable. For maximum

accuracy and frequency response, the roughness should not exceed 16

microinches (0.4 micrometer) and flatness should be 0.0001 inch

(2.5micrometers).

Severe uneveness can cause stress concentration leading to sensing

element damage.

If the load cell is to be placed between two surfaces, the two surfaces

must be parallel at all times and should not impart more than 100 pounds

transverse load.

5.3 Mounting

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Load cells are mounted with supplied studs, either one or two depending

on the type. The stud requires a mounting surface hole tapped with a 10-

32 thread for the 9708A(X) and 9712B(X). The 9708AE(X) and

9712BE(X) require a hole tapped for an M6 thread. The hole depth must

be such that the stud will not bottom out. Table 2 indicates the Kistler

order number for studs. These studs are machined from Beryllium

Copper for high strength and low modulus of elasticity, coupled with high

elastic limits. Substitutions should be carefully evaluated before use.

1. Drill and tap an adequate hole to ensure a flush mount of the

load cell. Make sure the stud does not bottom out. A

chamfer should be machined at the top of the mounting hole

to ensure that the base of the load cell makes full contact with

the mounting surface.

2. Completely clean the surface prior to mounting.

3. Apply a thin coat of silicon grease to both the load cell and

mounting surface.

4. Always use the proper sockets and a torque wrench when

installing load cells. Tighten to the torque specified on the

individually supplied calibration certificate or as specified in

Table 2. Do Not Over Tighten.

Upper/lower studs In-Lbs Nm Load Cell Type

no/ yes 24 9708A(X),

no/yes 2.7 9708AE(X)

yes/yes 20 / 24 9712B(X)

yes/yes 2.3 / 2.7 9712BE(X)

Table 3: Recommended Mounting Torque

The load cell may be mounted in any attitude, and generally without regard

for top or bottom orientation. Top and bottom surfaces are indicated by the

appearances of the upper and lower mounting surfaces (bosses). The load

cell top of the series 9708 is the side opposite the external axial mounting

thread. The series 9712 top has single ring and the bottom has two

annular rings.

It is perfectly acceptable to use a single mounting stud with the series

9712. When working with very small forces, a single stud is suggested.

With small forces the mass of the outer body and base could interfere,

affecting frequency response or masking the results of impact tests. In

such cases, mount the load cell on its bottom only and apply the force to

the top.

For compression force measurement alone, the installation can be

simplified by eliminating one of the mounting studs. Both the mounting

surface and the surface that bears the load cell must still be flat and

parallel.

Care should be taken in any installation to assure that the cable is not

stressed, kinked or otherwise abused. Cable details are listed in Section

8.1.

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6. Operation

Piezoelectric load cells are self generating sensors. While the quartz

piezoelectric element does not require an external power source, it is

necessary to provide power to the load cell’s internal electronic impedance

converter. This section is intended to provide the user with the information

necessary to ensure accurate measurements with Kistler load cells. Topics to

be covered include powering, signal conditioning, frequency response and

driving long cables.

6.1 Powering

6.1.1 Using “Built In” Power Sources

Before using the built-in power source, compare the measurement

instrument current source specifications with the current and voltage

specifications. If the instrument load cell power is within the range

required by the specific load cell, there should be no problem with

compatibility. If the user plans to drive long cables (over 430 feet/130 m)

the guidelines in section 6.2 should be followed.

Caution: Many industrial monitors have adjustable current controls.

Exceeding the maximum current rating of any load cell may cause

permanent damage and void the warranty.

6.1.2 Kistler Couplers

Kistler offers a comprehensive line of power supply/couplers and dual mode

amplifiers. If the user is utilizing these instruments, they are designed for

compatibility with load cells. The Table 4 provides a listing of available power

supply/couplers. Please request data sheets on specific models.

Type 5010B1 This series of bench type single channel charge amplifiers

is the most versatile of the Kistler line as it is dual mode

and can accept low impedance, voltage mode sensors as

well. Push button, keypad controls for sensitivity, range,

operate/reset, time constant and selectable filtering. Also

rack mountable.

Type 5108 Passive coupler. Customer provides power.

Type 5114 AC/battery powered single channel coupler with LCD

display to monitor bias. LED’s indicate status of sensor

circuit. Portable or table-top use. CE approved

Type 5118B2 AC/battery powered single channel coupler with 1X, 10X,

100X gain and high pass filter switch. CE approved

Type 5134A 4-channel AC powered coupler and amplifier. Selectable

high pass filters and gain. Random noise generator for

testing with FFT analyzer. Remote control and sensing

via RS-232C. CE approved

Type 5148 16-channel rack mountable AC powered coupler with

unity gain. LED’s indicate circuit integrity. Front panel

BNC output connectors.

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Type 5350 Sensor simulator for trouble shooting or checking system

performance. It provides an ideal means to confirm

sensor location or detect inoperative cables. Connects

directly to the input of any Kistler coupler or any

compatible power source. Output frequencies of 100 Hz

or 1000 radians/second, sine or square wave with

adjustable amplitude.

Table 4: Kistler Couplers for Load Cells

6.1.3 The Constant Current Power Supply/Coupler

To better understand the purpose of the current source, a review of the

Piezotron impedance converter is in order.

Figure 6 is a simplified schematic diagram of the load cell. When excited,

the quartz element produces a charge proportional to the measurand.

The resultant voltage(developed across Cr in Figure 6) is applied to the

input of the internal impedance converter (Electrometer Amplifier). The

impedance converter will produce an output voltage that follows the input

faithfully.

Figure 6: Simplified Diagram of Load Cell with Piezotron

Quartz

Element

PIEZOTRON AMPLIFIER

To Coupler

Electrometer Amplifier

Sensor

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Figure 7: Schematic Diagram Of A Simple Coupler

Figure 7 shows a schematic of a simple power supply coupler for load

cells. DC power is supplied from a 24 volt source such as a regulated

power supply or batteries. One advantage of the Piezotron system is the

fact that a simple coaxial cable is used for both power and signal. The

power is the DC bias necessary to operate the impedance conversion

electronics. It should not affect the output signal or make the output ride

on it when viewed. With the signal and power both sharing the same line,

it is necessary to include the capacitor C to decouple (or block) the DC

bias voltage from the measurement instrument input.

Operating within the voltage range of 20...30 VDC assures a full

undistorted ±5 Volt output amplitude (See Figure 8A). If the source

voltage is reduced, distortion and clipping of the signal will occur if one

attempts to use the full amplitude range of the load cell (See Figure 8B).

The following equations are provided to calculate the maximum full scale

voltage available when operating with a reduced voltage.

Maximum positive amplitude:

+= −−Fs Es Eb()1

Maximum negative amplitude:

−= −Fs Eb 2

Where:

= Full scale output voltage (peak).

= DC supply voltage (sometimes called compliance voltage).

= bias voltage (from calibration certificate).

! = positive amplitude anti waveform distortion factor

2 = negative amplitude anti waveform distortion factor

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2-3V Required by

current limiting circuit

28V(E

)

Impedance Converter

cannot go below 2-3V

Figure 8A: Output Signal When Operated With 28V Supply

Low Supply

Voltage

Distortion and

Clipping Occurs

Figure 8B: Example of Output Distorting and Clipping when Supply Voltage is Low

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6.1.4 Sensor Power-Up

When power is first applied to the sensor, (through an AC coupled

coupler) a voltage will appear at the output of the coupler (See Figure 9A).

As the coupling capacitor discharges, the DC output, from the coupler will

drop to zero Volts. This "settling time" is equal to 5 times the time constant

of the coupler employed. Allow time for the unit to "settle" before making

measurements.

6.1.5 Overload Recovery

Whenever the impedance converter is driven by a signal exceeding the

normal operating range, certain components will become non operational.

During this non operational state, the amplifier components are protected

from overload damage. The amount of time required for recovery from an

overload depends on several factors. Important for overload recovery

time is the size of the overload. As with power-up, the time constant

makes the biggest contribution to the recovery time. Figure 9B illustrates

a typical overload and recovery sequence.

6.1.6 Supply Voltage Effects

Long-term fluctuations in the power supply level between 24 and 30 volts

can be tolerated. The sensitivity shift caused by such deviation is less

than 0.05%/Volt. A normal noise level is maintained if the power supply

ripple is 25mV RMS or less. The polarity must be maintained throughout

the system since applying reversed polarity power may cause damage to

the load cell.

Figure 9A:

Behavior Of The Output Signal

Durin

Power-Up

Figure 9B:

Output Behavior During

Overload and Recovery

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6.2 Driving Long Cables

The voltage mode Piezotron circuit allows for long cable runs with low noise

susceptibility. Most data acquisition and laboratory analysis instruments with

built-in load cell power provide current in the range of 2 to 4 mA. Most Kistler

couplers are set at the factory to provide 4mA of source current. 4mA is a

good compromise value for maximum frequency response and high reliability.

Most Kistler couplers can be factory adjusted to provide up to 20mA.

Assuming a cable capacitance of 30pF/foot(98 pF/m), the full frequency

range of load cells can be realized (±5 Volt output) up to a length of 430

feet (130 meters) with 4 mA of drive current. Most Kistler cable types and

common RG58 coaxial cable have a rated capacitance of 30 pF/foot (98

pF/m). For most laboratory applications this is quite adequate.

As cable length is increased the cable capacitance becomes significant,

thereby loading the Piezotron impedance converter. If the current is not

sufficient to charge the cable at an adequate rate, high frequency

distortion will be experienced. The solution to this problem is to increase

the drive current

For the user's convenience a chart is provided (See Table 5). The values

given are based on a cable capacitance of 30 pF/foot (98 pF/m). The list

of cables available from Kistler can be found in section 8.1. All cables in

this section are 30pF/ft (98 pF/m) except for the 1331 and 1635 which are

20 pF per foot(65 pF/m).

Maximum

Frequency +/- 5%

Cable Length Ft

(meters)

Current (mA) Required

For Output Signal

+/- 1 Volt

Current (mA) Required

For Output Signal

+/- 5 Volts

10 kHz 1000 (300) 2 10

2000 (600) 4 18

9 kHz 1000 (300) 2 9

2000 (600) 4 17

8 kHz 1000 (300) 2 8

2000 (600) 3 15

7 kHz 1000 (300) 2 7

2000 (600) 3 14

6 kHz 1000 (300) 2 6

2000 (600) 3 12

5 kHz 1000 (300) 2 5

2000 (600) 2 10

♦ Based on 30 pF/ foot (98 pF/meter)

Table 5: Current Requirements for Driving Long Cables

6.3 Ground Loops

The ground loop is one of the most common causes of ground noise. It

will usually manifest itself as unwanted noise occurring at the line

frequency (50 - 60 Hz).

Ground loops occur when current flows between the load cell and

coupler/conditioner grounds. If the coupler ground and the load cell

ground are at exactly the same potential, there will be no ground loop

Series 97XX Load Cell Page 16

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between these two devices. If the ground potential is different between

the load cell mounting surface and the coupler ground, a slight current will

flow causing a ground loop to occur (See Figure 11). While the amount of

current might seem insignificant, the measurement levels are generally

very low and the ground current will appear on the signal at a measurable

level. There can be many causes of ground loops in a complete

measurement system but the ground path between the load cell and

coupler is among the most common.

6.4 Frequency Response Limits

All load cells have specified frequency limits that are a function of the

mechanical and electrical design. Frequency response is defined as a

maximum specified amplitude variation, from an established reference

frequency, over a specified bandwidth.

In simple terms, the frequency response is the range of slow moving events

(low frequency) to fast moving events (high frequency) that the load cell will

faithfully measure

Filtering is often used to reduce or even eliminate unwanted high frequency

signals.

An intimate coupling between the load cell and mounting surface is required to

maximize the conduction of forces being measured. High frequency events

are especially susceptible to poor measurements from marginal mountings.

Section 5 details proper mounting.

7. Maintenance and Calibration

7.1 General

The hermetically sealed construction of load cells precludes any internal

maintenance or repairs. External cleaning is important as covered in

section 7.4.

7.2 Trouble Shooting

Should the user experience any problems with a load cell, the following

procedure should be followed.

Check for possible intermittent cables. Faulty cables are the

most common cause of load cell measurement problems.

The application of a test signal at the load cell end of the

cable is an effective means to determine if the problem is load

cell, cable, or measurement instrument related. An

instrument such as the Kistler Transducer Simulator type

5350 is ideal for this test.

Some Kistler couplers are equipped with a bias monitor which can be

used to check the cable integrity and detect malfunctions in the load cell.

Use the bias monitor as follows:

A. With the load cell connected, check for a normal reading on

the bias indicator (normal should be around 11 VDC).

B. If the bias reading deviates more than ±2 V of 11 V, the load

cell may be defective.

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C. If the bias indicator reads low, disconnect the load cell.

1. If the bias indicator still reads low, replace the cable.

Analysis and measurement equipment with built-in load cell sources

generally do not have bias monitors. In these cases, the user can attach

a T connector to the measurement/analysis instrument and measure the

actual bias voltage. If the system is operating properly, the bias voltage

should measure approximately 11 Volts. Defects should show-up as in A

and B above.

If it is determined that the load cell requires repair, please contact the

factory or your local distributor/representative for repair information.

7.3 Repairs

Field repair is not possible. Please return the load cell to the factory

together with a statement of problems encountered and unit serial

number. Recalibration is recommended when returning a load cell to the

factory. Please contact the factory and obtain a return authorization

number prior to return.

7.4 Cleaning

Clean the load cell with Isopropyl alcohol and lint-free paper wipes. Never

use air-blast to clean the connector; it may deposit a water vapor film.

Do not us an abrasive on the base surface. This can affect the flatness

thereby reducing high frequency transmissibility.

7.5 Calibration

Calibration consists of the precise determination of the load cell sensitivity

by direct comparison to a National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST) traceable standard load cell . The resultant amplitudes of both

load cells are then compared to determine if the test unit is within

tolerance.

Calibration services are available from Kistler. Kistler acceptance test

instrumentation is in conformance with MIL-STD-45662A. A calibration

certificate will be supplied showing calibration results from standards

traceable to NIST.

Series 97XX Load Cell Page 18

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8. Accessories

8.1 Cables

Kistler recommends the use of the Type 1761sp(X) cable with load cells.

The cable is available in standard and custom lengths. Cables with other

connectors and other cables for interconnecting measuring system units

are shown below.

Type 1761sp(x) General purpose cable/connector. 10-32 pos. to BNC pos.

Type 1762sp(x) General purpose cable/connector. 10-32 pos. to 10-32 pos.

Type 1511Bsp BNC pos. to BNC pos. General Purpose

x= Length in meters, please specify

Consult Kistler for any special cable needs.

Series 97XX Load Cell Page 19

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Appendix

Specifications for Kistler load cells and related load washers, force links

and low level force sensors plus many other instrumentation products are

shown on the Kistler website www.kistler.com.

This is a listing of information sheets and technical articles related to load

cell applications. Contact Kistler using the information listed on the front

cover of these instructions.

Information Sheets

Information Sheet Number Title

KI 6.001e How to Select a Force Sensor

Technical Article Reprints

Reprint

Number

Title

20.193e Guide to the Measurement of Force

K20.220 Measurement of Dynamic Forces

20.176e Measuring of Cutting Forces in High Precision

Machining

Application Notes

Application

Note Number

Title

K20.500 Process Monitoring in Stamping

K20.501 Crimping: Process Monitoring and Control

K20.502 Process Monitoring in Clinching

K20.503 Monitoring the Orbital Riveting Process

K20.504 Monitoring of Threaded Fastener Assembly Torques

K20.505 Spot Welding: Process Monitoring and Control

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