Wacker Neuson ST31 (S05-6) User manual

Operator’s Manual

Compact Loader

ST28 / ST31

SW16 / SW17 / SW20 / SW21

Type CTL / SSL

Document 5100026248

Date 0918

Revision 04

Language EN

This Operator's Manual include

the AEM Safety Manual

5100026248

Copyright notice

All rights, including copying and distribution rights, are reserved.

This publication may be photocopied by the original purchaser of the

machine. Any other type of reproduction is prohibited without express

written permission from Wacker Neuson Production Americas LLC.

Any type of reproduction or distribution not authorized by Wacker

Neuson Production Americas LLC represents an infringement of valid

copyrights. Violators will be prosecuted.

Trademarks

All trademarks referenced in this manual are the property of their

respective owners.

Manufacturer

Wacker Neuson Production Americas LLC

N92W15000 Anthony Avenue

Menomonee Falls, WI 53051 U.S.A.

Tel: (262) 255-0500 · Fax: (262) 255-0550 · Tel: (800) 770-0957

www.wackerneuson.com

Original instructions

This Operator’s Manual presents the original instructions. The original

language of this Operator’s Manual is American English.

CALIFORNIA Proposition 65 Warning

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CALIFORNIA Proposition 65 Warning

WARNING

The engine exhaust from this product contains chemicals known to the State of

California to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm.

WARNING

Diesel engine exhaust and some of its constituents are known to the State of

California to cause cancer, birth defects, and other reproductive harm.

WARNING

Cancer and Reproductive Harm -

www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.

WARNING

Batteries, battery posts, terminals and related accessories contain lead and lead

compounds, and other chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer

and birth defects or other reproductive harm. WASH HANDS AFTER HANDLING.

CALIFORNIA Proposition 65 Warning

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Notes

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This is the warning alert symbol. It is used to alert you to potential

personal hazards.

► Obey all warning messages that follow this symbol.

DANGER

DANGER indicates a hazardous situation which, if not

avoided, will result in death or serious injury.

Potential consequences of the hazard.

► Obey all warning messages that follow this symbol to avoid

injury or death.

WARNING

WARNING indicates a hazardous situation which, if not

avoided, could result in death or serious injury.

Potential consequences of the hazard.

► Obey all warning messages that follow this symbol to avoid

possible injury or death.

CAUTION

CAUTION indicates a hazardous situation which, if not

avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.

Potential consequences of the hazard.

► Obey all warning messages that follow this symbol to avoid

possible minor or moderate injury.

WARNING

Improper operation of the machine can result in serious

injury or death. Before operating this machine, make sure

to:

► Read and understand the Operator’s Manual.

► Read and understand all labels on the machine.

► Have training in the safe and proper use of the machine.

► Follow all applicable laws and regulations that pertain to this

machine.

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1Foreword

1.1 Operator’s Manual ................................................................................................................................. 11

1.2 Machine overview .................................................................................................................................. 14

2 Safety Information

2.1 Warning Symbols Found In This Manual ............................................................................................... 16

2.2 Machine Description and Intended Use ................................................................................................. 17

2.3 Safety Guidelines for Operating the Machine ........................................................................................ 19

2.4 Safety Guidelines for Attachments ........................................................................................................ 27

2.5 Transport and Towing ............................................................................................................................ 28

2.6 Safety Guidelines for Maintenance ........................................................................................................ 28

2.7 Special Hazards .................................................................................................................................... 32

2.8 Safety Guidelines When Using Internal Combustion Engines ............................................................... 35

2.9 Disposal ................................................................................................................................................. 35

3Labels

3.1 Machine Identification ............................................................................................................................ 36

3.2 Warning Labels - Machine ..................................................................................................................... 38

3.3 Warning Labels - Cab ............................................................................................................................ 47

3.4 Cab Label Meanings .............................................................................................................................. 48

4Transportation

4.1 Preparing the Machine for Transportation ............................................................................................. 58

4.2 Loading and Unloading the Machine ..................................................................................................... 59

4.3 Towing the Machine .............................................................................................................................. 60

4.4 Lifting the Machine ................................................................................................................................ 60

5 Controls

5.1 Overview of Control Elements ............................................................................................................... 61

5.2 Cab Controls .......................................................................................................................................... 62

5.3 Instrument Display (Tier IV) ................................................................................................................... 64

5.4 Instrument Display (Tier III) ................................................................................................................... 66

5.5 Instrument Display Symbols and Functions ........................................................................................... 68

5.6 Instrument Display Menu Behavior ........................................................................................................ 73

5.7 Instrument Display Subpages Menus .................................................................................................... 73

5.8 Instrument Display Menus (Tier IV) ....................................................................................................... 76

5.9 Horn ....................................................................................................................................................... 76

5.10 Instrument Display Settings ................................................................................................................... 77

5.11 HVAC (Optional) .................................................................................................................................... 77

5.12 Radio (Jensen, Optional) ....................................................................................................................... 78

5.13 Radio (Clarion, Optional) ....................................................................................................................... 80

5.14 Work Lights ............................................................................................................................................ 82

5.15 Parking Brake Control ........................................................................................................................... 82

5.16 Ride Control (Optional) .......................................................................................................................... 83

5.17 Self-Level—One Way (Optional) ........................................................................................................... 84

5.18 Strobe Beacon (Optional) ...................................................................................................................... 84

5.19 Two Speed Ground Drive Control (Optional) ......................................................................................... 85

5.20 Hand Throttle Control ............................................................................................................................ 85

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5.21 Creep Speed Ground Drive Control (Optional) ...................................................................................... 86

5.22 Ground Drive and Loader Controls ........................................................................................................ 87

5.23 Float Controls ........................................................................................................................................ 96

5.24 Auxiliary and High Flow Hydraulics ....................................................................................................... 97

5.25 Auxiliary Electric Controls ...................................................................................................................... 99

6 Operation

6.1 Operation Checklists ............................................................................................................................ 102

6.2 Break-In Period .................................................................................................................................... 103

6.3 Recommended Fuels—Diesel and Biodiesel ......................................................................................103

6.4 Refueling the Machine ......................................................................................................................... 104

6.5 Lift Arm Support Device ....................................................................................................................... 105

6.6 Lift Arm Manual Override ..................................................................................................................... 107

6.7 Tilting the Cab ...................................................................................................................................... 108

6.8 Lowering the Cab ................................................................................................................................. 110

6.9 Risk of Injury or Death ......................................................................................................................... 111

6.10 Entering and Exiting the Cab ............................................................................................................... 113

6.11 Emergency Exits .................................................................................................................................. 115

6.12 Operator’s Seat Adjustments ............................................................................................................... 116

6.13 Fasten Seat Belt .................................................................................................................................. 119

6.14 Starting and Stopping the Engine ........................................................................................................ 120

6.15 Operating the Machine in Extreme Weather Temperatures ................................................................ 124

6.16 Using the Engine Throttle .................................................................................................................... 126

6.17 Auxiliary Hydraulic Connections .......................................................................................................... 126

6.18 Coupler for Attachments ...................................................................................................................... 129

6.19 Using the Manual Coupler ................................................................................................................... 129

6.20 Using the Power Coupler ..................................................................................................................... 132

6.21 Testing the Attachment System ........................................................................................................... 135

6.22 Using the Brakes ................................................................................................................................. 136

6.23 Using the Windshield Wiper and Washer (Optional) ...........................................................................137

6.24 Operating the Windows ....................................................................................................................... 137

6.25 Dome Light .......................................................................................................................................... 138

6.26 HVAC Vents ......................................................................................................................................... 139

6.27 Road Travel ......................................................................................................................................... 140

6.28 Operating on Slopes ............................................................................................................................ 141

6.29 Parking the Machine ............................................................................................................................ 142

6.30 Using the Backup Alarm ...................................................................................................................... 143

6.31 Digging Below Grade ........................................................................................................................... 143

6.32 Filling and Dumping the Bucket ........................................................................................................... 144

6.33 Leveling the Ground Using the Bucket Float ....................................................................................... 145

7 Maintenance

7.1 Maintenance Overview ........................................................................................................................ 147

7.2 Lubrication Plan ................................................................................................................................... 152

7.3 Engine Oil Viscosity ............................................................................................................................. 153

7.4 Priming the Fuel System ...................................................................................................................... 154

7.5 Checking the Engine Oil ...................................................................................................................... 154

7.6 Changing the Engine Oil and Filter ...................................................................................................... 156

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7.7 Hydraulic Oil Requirements ................................................................................................................. 158

7.8 Hydraulic Oil Specification ................................................................................................................... 158

7.9 Checking the Hydraulic Oil Level ......................................................................................................... 159

7.10 Checking and Adding Engine Coolant ................................................................................................. 160

7.11 Servicing the Air Cleaner ..................................................................................................................... 161

7.12 Cleaning the Radiator, Charge Air Cooler, and Oil Cooler .................................................................. 162

7.13 Maintaining the Fuel Filter (with Water Separator) .............................................................................. 163

7.14 Maintaining the Fuel Filter (with Water Separator)—Decontent .......................................................... 164

7.15 Checking for Leaks .............................................................................................................................. 166

7.16 Inspecting and Repairing the Cab ....................................................................................................... 167

7.17 Maintaining the Seat and Seat Belt ..................................................................................................... 167

7.18 Fuse and Relay Box Layout—Cab (Tier III) ......................................................................................... 168

7.19 Fuse and Relay Box Layout—Cab (Tier IV) ........................................................................................ 169

7.20 Fuse and Relay Box Layout—Engine (Tier III) .................................................................................... 170

7.21 Fuse and Relay Box Layout—Engine (Tier IV) .................................................................................... 171

7.22 Fuse and Relay Box Layout—Engine (Tier III Decontent) ................................................................... 172

7.23 Fuse / Relay Box Layout—14-Pin (Tier III and Tier IV) ....................................................................... 173

7.24 Cab Front Door Switch ........................................................................................................................ 174

7.25 Testing the Control Interlock System ................................................................................................... 175

7.26 Locking the Rear Door ......................................................................................................................... 176

7.27 Cleaning the Outside of the Side Window ........................................................................................... 177

7.28 Removing and Installing the Side Windows ......................................................................................... 178

7.29 Servicing the Front Window Washer ................................................................................................... 179

7.30 Cleaning the Front Door Window ......................................................................................................... 179

7.31 Joystick and Lever Maintenance ......................................................................................................... 180

7.32 Cleaning the Air Conditioner Condenser ............................................................................................. 180

7.33 Replacing the HVAC Filter ................................................................................................................... 181

7.34 Changing the Dome Light Bulb ............................................................................................................ 182

7.35 Changing Work Light Bulbs ................................................................................................................. 183

7.36 Testing the Backup Alarm ................................................................................................................... 184

7.37 Checking and Adjusting Track Tension (ST28 / ST31) ........................................................................ 185

7.38 Final Drive System .............................................................................................................................. 187

7.39 Maintenance for Attachments .............................................................................................................. 189

7.40 Engine—Jump-Starting ....................................................................................................................... 189

7.41 Maintaining the Battery ........................................................................................................................ 191

7.42 Cleaning the Machine .......................................................................................................................... 193

7.43 Long-Term Storage ............................................................................................................................. 194

7.44 Machine Disposal and Decommissioning ............................................................................................ 195

8 Troubleshooting

8.1 Engine Warning Lights (Tier IV) ........................................................................................................... 196

8.2 Engine and Engine Oil Warning Lights (Tier IV) .............................................................................

..... 197

8.3 Warning Lights (Display Element / Instrument Display) .......................................................................198

8.4 General Machine Troubleshooting ...................................................................................................... 199

9 Technical Data

9.1 General Specifications ......................................................................................................................... 201

9.2 Engine ................................................................................................................................................. 202

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9.3 Tires/Tracks ......................................................................................................................................... 202

9.4 Operating Hydraulics ........................................................................................................................... 203

9.5 Electrical System ................................................................................................................................. 203

9.6 Tightening Torques .............................................................................................................................. 204

9.7 Weights ................................................................................................................................................ 205

9.8 Dimensions .......................................................................................................................................... 206

10 Emission Control Systems Information

and Warranty—Diesel

10.1 Emission Control System Background Information .............................................................................214

10.2 Limited Defect Warranty for Exhaust Emission Control System .......................................................... 215

10.3 Limited Defect Warranty for Wacker Neuson

Emission Control Systems ................................................................................................................... 215

11 AEM Safety Manual

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1 Foreword

1.1 Operator’s Manual

Information on this Operator’s Manual

The document box for storing the Operator’s Manual is located on the rear

of the operator seat.

This Operator’s Manual contains important information on how to work

safely, correctly and economically with the machine. Therefore, it is

intended not only for new personnel, but it also serves as a reference for

experienced personnel.

The reliability and the service life of the machine will be increased by

following the instructions in the Operator’s Manual.

The operator must carefully read and understand the Operator’s Manual

before starting up, servicing, or repairing the machine.

This Operator’s Manual will help to familiarize yourself with the machine,

thereby enabling you to use it more safely and efficiently.

This Operator’s Manual does not include information on attachments.

Please contact your dealer if you require more information on the machine

or the Operator’s Manual.

Machine reference information

Write the machine information for your skid steer or compact track loader

on this page. Provide these numbers to your dealer when you need

service parts or information about your machine.

Machine model

Machine product

identification number

Engine serial number

Bucket type

Wacker Neuson dealer

Address

Phone number

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Machine

documentation

• From this point forward in this documentation, Wacker Neuson

Production Americas LLC will be referred to as Wacker Neuson.

• Keep a copy of the Operator’s Manual with the machine at all times.

• For spare parts information, please see your Wacker Neuson Dealer,

or visit the Wacker Neuson website at http://www.wackerneuson.com/.

• When ordering parts or requesting service information, be prepared to

provide the machine model number, item number, and serial number.

Expectations for information in this manual

• This manual provides information and procedures to safely operate

and maintain this Wacker Neuson machine. For your own safety and to

reduce the risk of injury, carefully read, understand, and observe all

instructions described in this manual.

• Wacker Neuson expressly reserves the right to make technical modifi-

cations, even without notice, which improve the performance or safety

standards of its machines.

• The information contained in this manual is based on machines

manufactured up until the time of publication. Wacker Neuson reserves

the right to change any portion of this information without notice.

• The illustrations, parts, and procedures in this manual refer to Wacker

Neuson factory-installed components. Your machine may vary

depending on the requirements of your specific region.

CALIFORNIA Proposition 65 Warning

Combustion exhaust, some of its constituents, and certain vehicle

components contain or emit chemicals known to the State of California to

cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm.

Laws pertaining to spark arresters

Notice

State Health Safety Codes and Public Resources Codes specify

that in certain locations spark arresters be used on internal

combustion engines that use hydrocarbon fuels. A spark

arrester is a device designed to prevent accidental discharge of

sparks or flames from the engine exhaust. Spark arresters are

qualified and rated by the United States Forest Service for this

purpose. In order to comply with local laws regarding spark

arresters, consult the engine distributor or the local Health and

Safety Administrator.

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Manufacturer’s approval

This manual contains references to approved parts, attachments, and

modifications. The following definitions apply:

• Approved parts or attachments are those either manufactured or

provided by Wacker Neuson.

• Approved modifications are those performed by an authorized

Wacker Neuson service center according to written instructions

published by Wacker Neuson.

• Unapproved parts, attachments, and modifications are those that

do not meet the approved criteria.

Unapproved parts, attachments, or modifications may have the following

consequences:

• Serious injury hazards to the operator and persons in the work area

• Permanent damage to the machine which will not be covered under

warranty

Contact your Wacker Neuson dealer immediately if you have questions

about approved or unapproved parts, attachments, or modifications.

Right/left/front/rear

These terms are used as seen by the operator in the cab.

• 1: left

• 2: right

• 3: front

• 4: rear

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3

2

4

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1.2 Machine overview

• Machines shown with optional equipment.

• Not all options available in all areas.

wc_gr013416

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h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

e

a

b

c

e

f

b

d

Ref. Component Ref. Component

a Front lights i Tracks (ST machines only)

b Handholds j Counterweights (optional)

c Diesel fuel fill k Rear lights

d Wheels (SW machines only) l Rear door

e Attachment (options available) m Radiator cover

f Hydraulic connectors n Exhaust pipe

g Machine information label o Lift arm

h Hydraulic fluid fill p Operator cab (rollover and falling object protection)

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1.3 Abbreviations

Abbreviation

or Acronym

Definition

Abbreviation

or Acronym

Definition

AUX Auxiliary PMC Particle matter catalyst

DCU Diesel control unit PPE Personal protective equipment

DEF Diesel exhaust fluid PTO Power takeoff

DIA Dealer-installed accessory ROC Rated operating capacity

DOC Diesel oxidation catalyst ROPS Rollover protective structure

DPF Diesel particulate filter SCR Selective catalyst reduction

DTC Diagnostic trouble code SMV Slow moving vehicle

ECU Engine control unit SPN Suspect parameter number

EGR Exhaust gas recirculation ST Tracked machine

EH Electro-hydraulic STD Standard (hydraulics)

FOPS Falling object protective structure SW Wheeled machine

HF High flow (hydraulics) T4f Tier four final

MCU Machine control unit — —

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2 Safety Information

2.1 Warning Symbols Found In This Manual

This is the warning alert symbol. It is used to alert you to potential

personal hazards.

► Obey all warning messages that follow this symbol.

DANGER

DANGER indicates a hazardous situation which, if not

avoided, will result in death or serious injury.

Potential consequences of the hazard.

► Obey all warning messages that follow this symbol to avoid

injury or death.

WARNING

WARNING indicates a hazardous situation which, if not

avoided, could result in death or serious injury.

Potential consequences of the hazard.

► Obey all warning messages that follow this symbol to avoid

possible injury or death.

CAUTION

CAUTION indicates a hazardous situation which, if not

avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.

Potential consequences of the hazard.

► Obey all warning messages that follow this symbol to avoid

possible minor or moderate injury.

Notice

NOTICE indicates a situation which, if not avoided, could result

in machine or property damage.

Information

Information identifies an instruction that, when followed,

provides a clearer understanding of how to operate, maintain, or

repair the machine.

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Environment

Failure to observe the instructions identified by this symbol can

result in damage to the environment. The environment is at risk

if environmentally hazardous material, such as waste oil, is not

disposed of properly.

2.2 Machine Description and Intended Use

Description

The Wacker Neuson skid steer and compact track loaders are self-

propelled work machines.

These machines are versatile and powerful helpers for moving earth,

gravel, and debris on construction sites and elsewhere. A wide range of

attachments allow for numerous different applications of the machines in

various environments. When using these attachments, observe the legal

regulations of your country and equip the machine with all the safety

equipment required.

The main components of the machine are:

•Chassis

• Cab (standard equipment)

• Pressurized cab (optional) reducing the effect of the outside

environment (for example dust, odors, harsh temperatures)

• Water-cooled diesel engine

• Hydraulic and electrical systems

• Radial loader lift arms or vertical loader lift arms (depending on model

)

Intended use

• In accordance with this designated use, the machine may only be used

for moving earth, gravel, coarse gravel or ballast, and rubble. It may

also be operated with approved attachments for additional applica-

tions.

• No other applications are designated for the use of the machine.

Wacker Neuson will not be liable for damage resulting from use other

than mentioned above. The operator alone will bear the risk.

• Designated Use includes following the instructions set forth in the

Operator's Manual and following the maintenance schedule.

• Machine safety can be negatively affected by performing machine

modifications without proper authority and by using spare parts,

equipment, attachments, and optional equipment which have not been

approved by Wacker Neuson. Wacker Neuson will not be liable for

damage resulting from unapproved parts or unauthorized modifica-

tions.

Wacker Neuson shall not be liable for personal injury and/or damage to

property caused by failure to follow the safety instructions on labels and in

this Operator's Manual, or by not exercising due care when:

• Transporting the machine

• Operating the machine

• Servicing the machine and performing maintenance work

• Repairing the machine

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The machine shall not be used for transport jobs on public roads unless it

is in compliance with applicable regulations.

Using this machine for any other purpose than described above could

permanently damage the machine or seriously injure the operator or other

persons in the area. Machine damage caused by misuse is not covered

under warranty.

The following are some examples of misuse:

• Using the machine as a ladder, support, or work surface

• Using the machine to carry or transport passengers or equipment

• Using the machine to tow other machines

• Operating the machine outside of factory specifications

• Operating the machine in a manner inconsistent with all warnings

found on the machine and in the Operator’s Manual

This machine has been designed and built in accordance with the latest

global safety standards. It has been carefully engineered to eliminate

hazards as far as practicable and to increase operator safety through

protective guards and labeling. However, some risks may remain even

after protective measures have been taken. They are called residual risks.

On this machine, residual risks may include exposure to:

• Heat, noise, exhaust, and carbon monoxide from the engine

• Burns from hot hydraulic fluid

• Fire hazards from improper refueling techniques

• Fuel and its fumes

• Personal injury from improper lifting techniques

• Crushing hazards from improper operation (feet, legs, or arms

extending outside of the operator work station) and for other persons in

the work zone

To protect yourself and others, make sure you thoroughly read and

understand the safety information presented in this manual before

operating the machine.

WARNING

Improper operation of the machine can result in serious

injury or death. Before operating this machine, make sure

to:

► Read and understand the Operator’s Manual.

► Read and understand all labels on the machine.

► Have training in the safe and proper use of the machine.

► Follow all applicable laws and regulations that pertain to this

machine.

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2.3 Safety Guidelines for Operating the Machine

Operator training

Before operating the machine:

• Read and understand the operating instructions contained in all

manuals delivered with the machine.

• Familiarize yourself with the location and proper use of all controls and

safety devices.

• Contact Wacker Neuson for additional training if necessary.

When operating this machine:

• Do not allow improperly trained people to operate the machine. People

operating the machine must be familiar with the potential risks and

hazards associated with it.

Operator training and knowledge

• Know the rules for the job site.

• Always keep this Operator's Manual and other manuals that

accompany the machine stored with the machine and available for use.

Immediately replace an incomplete or illegible Operator's Manual.

• Follow legal and other mandatory regulations relevant to accident

prevention and environmental protection. These may include handling

hazardous substances, issuing and/or wearing personal protective

equipment, or obeying traffic regulations.

• The operator/machine owner must regularly make sure that all persons

who operate or maintain the machine, are working in compliance with

the Operator's Manual and are aware of risks and safety factors of the

machine.

Operator qualifications

Only trained personnel are permitted to start, operate, and shut down the

machine. They also must meet the following qualifications:

• Have received instruction on how to properly use the machine

• Are familiar with required safety devices

The machine must not be accessed or operated by:

• Children

• People impaired by alcohol, drugs, or prescription drugs

Operator qualifications and requirements for safe operation

Among other things, safe machine operation depends on the following

points:

• Machine model and equipment

• Machine maintenance

• Work and travel speed

• Nature of ground and work environment

A well-trained operator following the Operator’s Manual and maintenance

plan ensures a long service life and durability of the machine.

Specific training enables the operator to acquire, among other things, the

following skills:

• Correct assessment of work situations

• Feeling for the machine’s operation

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• Recognition of possible risk situations

• Safe working by making the correct decisions for man, machine and

the environment

The operator and any people in the work area are at risk if the machine is

not operated correctly.

Follow the operating procedures and instructions described for the

machine.

Application area

Be aware of the application area.

• Keep unauthorized personnel, children, and pets away from the

machine.

• Remain aware of changing positions and the movement of other

equipment and personnel in the application area/job site.

• Remain aware of changing surface conditions and use extra care when

operating over uneven ground, on hills, or over soft or coarse material.

The machine could shift or slide unexpectedly.

• Use caution when operating the machine near the edges of pits,

trenches or platforms. Check to be sure that ground surface is stable

enough to support the weight of the machine with operator and that

there is no danger of the machine sliding, falling or tipping.

• Do not operate the machine in areas that contain flammable objects,

fuels, or products that produce flammable vapors.

• Keep the area around the muffler free of debris such as leaves, paper,

cartons, etc. A hot muffler could ignite the debris and start a fire.

• When operating the machine in contaminated areas, take appropriate

measures to protect the operator and the machine.

Dust precaution

Dust created by construction activities may cause silicosis or respiratory

harm. To reduce the risk of exposure:

• Work in a well ventilated area.

• Use a dust control system.

• Wear an approved dust/particle respirator.

Work area awareness

• Familiarize yourself with the surroundings and circumstances of the

work site before beginning work. Be aware of:

- Obstacles in the operating and traveling area

- Soil bearing capacity

- Any necessary barriers separating the work site from public roads

• Always keep at a safe distance from the edges of building pits and

slopes.

• Look out for the following when operating in buildings or in enclosed

areas:

- Height of the ceiling/clearances

- Width of entrances

- Maximum load of ceilings and floors

- Sufficient room ventilation to reduce the risk of carbon monoxide

poisoning

• Observe the risk zone. See Risk zone awareness.

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