Ford T series User manual

Brand: Ford

Model: T series

Type: User manual

.:'

r .

•

•

..

•

I .

.-

Co

pyrighred

by

F

o~o

MoToll

COM

PA>'Y

All righ

tt

re•erved

Published by

Motor

C

ompany

Detr

o

it

,

"Mi

chi~:

an

,

U.

S. A.

f I •

;-

'

Foreword

I

T

is

a

significant

fact

that

nearly

all

Fo

rd

cars

are

driven

by

l

aymen-

by

owners,

who

in

the

great

majority

of

cases

have

little

or

no

practical

experience

with

things

mechani

ca

l.

The

simplicity

of

the

Ford

car

and

the

easiness

with

which

it

is

operated

renders

an

intimate

knowledge

of

me

chanica

l

technicalitie

s

unneces-

sary

for

its

operation.

·

And

the

further

f

ac

t

that

there

are

more

th

an

twe

l

ve

thousand

F

or

d

service

station

s

distributed

throughout

the

civilized

world-where

adjustments

and

repairs

may

be

had

with

no

annoying

delay-

gives

to

Ford

owners

a

singular

fre

e

dom

from

mechanical

annoyances

which

beset

owners

of

cars

having

limit

ed

service

facilities

and

distribution.

'

But

while

it

is

not

imperative,

it

is,

however,

altogether

desirable

that

every

Ford

owner

should

thoroughly

und

e

rstand

his

-

car.

With

such

knowl-

edge

at

his

command

he

is

always

master

of

the

situation-he

will

ma

intain

his

car

more

economi-

cally-prolong

it

s

usefulness-and

he

will

also

derive

more

pleasure

from

it,

for

it

is

a

truism

that

the

more

one

kn

ows

about

a

thing

the

more

one

enjoys

it.

The

mastery

of

a

thorough

knowledge

of

Ford

construction

is

by

no

means

a difficult

or

time-con-

su

ming

task.

The

Ford

is

the

simplest

car

made.

It

is

easy

to

und

e

rstand,

and

is

not

difficult

to

keep

in

proper

adjustme~t

and

repair.

That

the

Ford

construction

may

be

-

thoroughly

unde

r

stood-and

that

there

may

be

an

a

uthorita-

tive

guide

for

the

making

of

Ford

adjustments

-

this

book

is

published.

I

Ill

porta

n t

rt

is

most

important

that

owners

of

Ford

cars

shall

insi

st

upon

getting

the

genuine

Ford-made

materials,

or

"parts,"

when

having

repairs

or

replacements

made.

This

will

be

assured

when

the

cor

is

lfPten

to

the

authoriz

ed

Ford

~t.

lmll(l,tlon.

Of

"bogus,"

or

cou;E=

parts

of

lnltirlot"

quality

are

bein'

an4

sold

as

"Ford

-

Parts.

••

Avoid

thfiilt.

bydllaling

with

the

authorized

Ford

agent.

J'he (

ar

and

.Its

Operation

What

must

be

done

before

A

7\

T J

starting

the

Car?

- \

nswer

J.

V

0.

B

efore

t

rying

to

sta

rt

the

car

, fill

th

e ra

diator

(b~

removing

cap

:;.

t

top)

w

ith

cl

ean,

fresh

water.

If

perfectly

clc;

~

·

w

ater

cannot

be

obt

ained

it

is

advisable

to

strain

it

thr

oug

h

mush~

or

other

s

imilar

materia

l

to

pr

even

t·

foreign

matt

er

~rom

getting

in

and

obstructing

the

small

tubes

of

the

radiator.

Th

e

syste

m

will

hold

approxi-

mat

ely

three

ga

llons

.

It

is

imp

o

rtant

th

at

tl)

e

car

shquld

not

be

run

under

its

own

power

unless

the

water

circulating

system

has

b

een

filled.

Pour

in

th

e

water

until

you '

are

sure

that

both

radiator

and

cylinder

wa

ter

jackets

are

full.

The

water

will

run

out

of

the

over

-

flow

pipe

onto

the

ground

when

the

entire

water

system

has

been

properly

fill

ed.

During

the

first

few

days

that

a

new

c

ar

is

being

driven

it

is a

good

plan

to

examine

th

e

radiator

frequently

and

:;ee

that

it

is

kept

properly

fill

ed.

The

water

supp

ly

should

be

repl

e

n-

is

hed

as

often

as

may

be

found

p.ecessa

ry

.

Soft

rain

water,

when

it

is

to

be

had

in

a

clean

state,

is

supe

ri

or

to

hard

water,

which

may

contain

alkali

es

and

other

salts

which

tend

to

deposit

sediment

and

clog

the

-r

ad

ia

tor.

(See

ch

apter

on

C

oo

ling

System.)

What

about

Gasoline?

Answer

No.2

The

ten

-ga

llon

gasoline

tank

should

be

filled-nearly

full

-a

nd

the

supply should

never

·

be

allowed

to

ge

t

low.

Str~in

th

e

gasoline

through

chamois

:;kin,

to

prevent

water

a

nd

other

foreign

subst

ances

from

getting

into

the

tank.

Dirt

or

water

in

the

gasoline

is s

ure

to

caus

e

troubl

e.

When

filling

the

ta

nk

be

sur

e

that

th

ere

are

no

naked

flam

es

within

several

feet,

as

th

e

vapor

is

extr

emely

volatile

and

tra

ve

ls

rapidly.

Alwa

ys

be

car

e

ful

a

bput

lighting

m

atc

he

s ne

ar

where

gasoline

has

been

spilled,

as

the

air

within

a _

radius

of

several

feet

is

perm

ea

ted

with

the

highly

exp

losive

vapor

.

Th

e

small

vent

hole

in

the

gasoline

tank

cap

should

not

be

a

llowed

to

get

plugged

up,

as

this

would

prevent

proper

flow

of

the

gaso

line

to

the

carburetor.

The

gasolin

e ta

nk

may

be

drained

by

opening

the

pet

cock

in

the

sediment

bulb

at

the

bottom.

·

How

about

the

Oiling

System?

Answer

No.3

Upon

receipt

of

the

car

see

that

a

supply

of

medium

light,

high

-

grade

gas

engin

e

oil

.is

poured

into

the

crank

case

through

th

e

breather

pipe

at

the

front

of

the

engine

(a

met

al

cap

covers

it).

Down

under

the

car

in

th

e flywheel

casing

(th

e

reservoir

which

holds

this

oil)

you

will

find

two

pet

cocks.

Pour

oil

in

slowly

until

it

runs

out

of

the

upper

cock.

Leave

the

cock

op

en

until

it

stops

running

-

then

close

it.

After

.

the

engine

has

become

thoroughly

limber

ed

up,

the

best

results

will

be

obtained

by

carrying

the

oil

at

a

level

midway

bet

ween

the

tw

o

cocks-but

under

no

c

ircumstances

s

hould

it

be

allowed

to

get

below

the

lower

cock.

All

other

parts

of

the

car

are

[3]

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T H E

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IT

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T I 0 X

properly

oiled

when

·

it

leaves

the

factory.

However,

it

will

be

well

to

see

that

all

grease

cups

are

filled

and

tliat

oil is

supplied

to

nec

es-

sary

parts

(

see

Cut

No.

20,

also

chapter

on

'

Lubrication)

.

How

are

Spa

rk

a11d

Thro

tt

le

Levers

u

sed

?

Answer

No. 4

Under

the

steering

wh

ee

l

are

t wo

small

levers.

The

right

-hand

(throttle)

lever

controls

the

amount

of

mixture

(gasoline

and

air

)

which

goes

into

the

engine.

When

the

engine

is

in

operation

,

the

farther

this

lev

er

is

moved

downward

toward

the

driver

(referred

to

as

"opening

the

throttle")

th.e

faster

the

engine

runs

and

the

greater

the

power

furnished.

The

left

-

hand

lever

controls

the

spark,

which

explodes

the

·

gas

in

the

cylinders

of

the

engine.

The

advanc-

ing

of

this

lever

"advances

the

spark,"

and

it

should

be

moved

down

notch

by

notch

~til

the

motor

seems

to

r

eac

h

its

maximum

speed.

If

the

leve

r

is

advanced

beyond

this

point

a

dull

knock

will

be

noticed

in

the

engine

. (See

chapter

on

I

gnition.)

Where

should

these

levers

be

whet~

th

e E11gine

is

ready

to

crank

?

Ansrtver lVo. 5

The

spark

lever

should

usually

oe

put

in

about

the

third

or

fourth

notch

of

the

quadrant

(the

notched

half

-circle

on

which

the

levers

operate).

The

throttle

should

us

ually

be

opened

about

five

or

six

notches.

A

little

experience will

soon

teach

you

where

these

l

evers

shou

ld

be

placed

for

proper

starting.

Care

should

be

taken

n

ot

to

advance

the

spa

:k

lever

too

far,

as

the

engine

may

"back

kick."

What

else

is

necessary

b

ef

ore

cranking

the

Engine?

Answer

J\To.

6

First,

see

that

the

hand

l

ever,

which

comes

up

through

the

floor

of

the

car

at

the

left

of

the

driver,

is

pulled

back

as

far

as

it

will go.

Th

e

lever

in

this

position

hold.s

the

clutch

in

neutral

and

engages

the

hub

brake,

thus

preventing

the

car

moving

forward

when

the

engine

is

started.

Second,

after

inserting

the

switch

key

in

the

switch

on

the

coil

box,

throw

the

switch

l

ever

as

far

to

the

left

as

it

will

go-

to

the

point

marked

"magneto."

This

switch

connects

the

magneto

with

the

engine.

The

engine

can't

be

start

ed

until

it

is

on-and

the

throwing

off

of

this

switch

stops

the

engine.

The

next

step

is

to

crank

the

engine.

How

is

the

Engi

ne

cr

ank

ed ?

.

Answer

No

. 7

By

the

lifting

of

the

starting

crank

at

the

front

of

the

car.

Take

hold

of

the

handle

and

push

firmly

toward

the

car

till

you

feel

the

crank

ratchet

engage,

then

lift

upward

with

a

quick

swing.

With

a

little

experience

this

operation

will

become

an

easy

matter.

D

on't,

as

a

usual

thing,

crank

downward

against

the

compression-for

then

an

e.

arly

explosion

may

drive

the

handle

vigorously

backward.

This

does

not

me

.

an,

how

ever,

that

it

is

not

advisable,

when

the

car

is

hard

to

start,

to

occasionally

"spin"

the

engine

by

the

use

of

the

starting

handle-but

be

sure

the

spark

lever

is

r

etarded

when

spinning

or

cranking

the

engine

against

compression,

otherwise

a

sudden

back-

I

~

.

"'

-

THE

CAR

AND

ITS

OPF.RA

TI

ON

7

fire

may

injure

the

arm

of

the

operator.

When

the

engine

is

cool

it

is

advisable

to

prime

the

carburetor

by

pulling

on

the

small

wire

at

the

lower

left

comer

of

the

radiator

while

giving

the

engine

two

or

three

quart

er

turns

with

the

starting

handle.

How

is

th

e

Engine

best

started

in

cold

weather'!

Answer

No.8

As gasoline

does

not

vaporize

readily

in

cold

weather

it

is

naturally

more

difficult

to

start

the

motor

under

such

conditions.

The

usual

method

of

starting

the

engine

when

cold

is

to

tum

the

carburetor

dash

adjustment

one-quarter

tum

to

the

l

eft

in

order

to

allow

a

richer

mixture

of

gasoline

to

be

drawn

into

the

cylinders;

then

hold

out

the

priming

rod,

which

pr

ojects

through

the

radiator,

while

you

tum

crank

from

six

to

eight

one-quarter

turtl,S

in

quick

succession.

Another

method

of

starting

a

troublesome

cold

engine

is

as

follows:

Before

you

throw

on

the

magneto

switch

,

(1)

close

throttle

lever;

(2)

hold

out

priming

rod

while

you

give

crank

several

quick

turns,

then

let

go

of

priming

rod

(being

careful

that

it

goes

back

all

the

way);

(3)

plac

e

spark

lev

er

in

about

third

notch

and

advance

throttle

lever

several

notches;

(4)

throw

on

switch

(being

sure

to

get

it

on

side

marked

"Ma

gneto")

; (S) give

crank

one

or

two

turns,

and

the

motor

should

start.

Aft

er

starting

the

motor

it

is

advisable

to

advance

the

spark

eight

or

ten

notches

on

the

'

quadrant

and

let

the

motor

run

until

thoroughly

heated

up.

If

you

start

out

with

a cold

motor

you

will

not

have

much

power

and

are

liable

to

"stall."

The

advantage

of

turning

on

the

switch

last

,

or

after

prim

-

ing, is

that

when

you

throw

on

the

switch

and

give

the

crank

one-

quarter

tum,

you

have

plenty

of

gas

in

the

cylinders

to

keep

the

motor

running,

thereby

eliminating

the

trouble

of

the

motor

starting

and

stopping.

After

motor

is

warmed

up

turn

carburetor

adjust-

ment

back

one-quarter

tum.

To

f

acilitate

starting

many

drivers

make

a

practice

of

stopping

their

engine

by

walking

around

in

front

of

the

car

and

pulling

out

on

the

priming

rod,

which

has

·

the

effect

of

shutting

off

the

air

suction

and

filling

the

cylinders

full

of

a

very

rich

gasoline

vapor.

This

should

not

be

done

unless

the

car

is

going

to

stand

over

night

or

long

enough

to

cool

off.

If

the

motor

is

stopped

in

this

way

and

then

started

when

hot,

starting

is

apt

to

be

difficult

on

account

of

the

surplus

gasoline

in

the

carburetor.

How

do

th

e

Foot

Pedals

operate'!

Answer

No. 9

The

first

one

toward

the

left

operates

the

clutch

and

by

it

the

car

is

started

and

its

operation

largely

controlled.

When

pressed

for

-

ward

the

clutch

pedal

engag

es

the

low

speed

gear.

When

half

-

way

forward

the

gears

are

in

neutral

(i.

e.,

disconnected

from

the

driv

-

ing

mechanism

of

the

rear

wheels

),

and,

with

the

band

le

ver

thrown

forward,

the

r

eleasing

of

this

pedal

engages

the

high-speed

clutch

.

The

center

pedal

operates

the

reverse

clutch.

The

right-hand

pedal

operates

the

transmission

brake.

(See

Cut

No.

2.)

8

THE

FORD

MAN

.

UAL

What

function

does

th~

Hand

Lever

perform?

Answer

No.

10

Its

chief

purpose

is

to

hold

the

clutch

in

neutral

position.

If

it

were

not

for

this

lever

the

driver

would

have

to

stop

the

engine

whenever

he

left

the

driver's

seat.

He

would

also

be

unable

to

crank

the

engine

without

the

car

starting

forward

with

the

first

explosion.

When

pulled

back

as

far

as

it

will

go,

the

ha

nd

lever

acts

as

an

emergency

.

brake

on

the

rear

wheels,

by

expanding

the

brake

shoes

in

the

rear

wheel

drums.

Therefore

the

hand

lever

should

be

back

as

far

as

it

will

go

when

cranking

the

engine

or

when

the

car

is

at

rest

.

It

should

be

only

in

a

vertical

position,

and

not

far

enough

backward

to

act

as

a

brake

on

the

rear

wheels,

when

the

car

is

to

be

reversed.

When

the

car

is

operating

in

high

or

low

speed

the

hand

lever

should

be

all

the

way

forward.

Howls

the

Car

started?

Answer

No. 11

Slightly

accelerate

the

engine

by

opening

the

throttle,

place

the

foot

on

the

clutch

pedal,

and

thereby

hold

the

gears

in

a

neutral

position

while

throwing

the

hand

lever

forward;

then

to

start

the

car

in

mo-

tion,

press

the

pedal

·

forward

into

slow

speed

and

when

under

suffi-

cient

headway

(20

to

30

feet),

allow

the

pedal

to

drop

back

slowly

into

high

speed,

at

the

same

time

partially

closing

the

throttle,

which

will

allow

the

engine

to

pick

up

its

load

easily.

With

a

little

prac

·

tice

the

change

of

speeds

will

be

easily

accomplished,

and

without

any

appreciable

effect

on

the

smooth

running

of

the

machine.

How

is

the

Car

stopped?

Answer

No.

12

Partially

close

the

tltrottle;

release

the

high

speed

by

pressing

the

clutch

pedal

forward

into

neutral;

apply

the

foot

brake

slowly

but

firmly

until

the

car

comes

to

a

dead

stop.

Do

not

remove

foot

from

tlte

clutch

pedal

without

first

pulling

the

hand

lever

back

to

neutral

position,

or

the

engine

will

stall.

To

stop

the

motor,

open

the

throttle

a

trifle

to

accelerate

the

motor

and

then

throw

off

the

switch

.

The

engine

will

then

stop

with

the

cylinders

full

of

explosive

gas,

which

will

naturally

facilitate

starting

. .

Endeavor

to

so

familiarize

yourself

with

the

operation

of

the

car

th

at

to

disengage

the

clutch

and

apply

the

brake

becomes

practi-

cally

automati

c-

the

natural

thing

to

do

in

case

of

emergency.

How

is

the

Car

reversed?

Answer

No~

13

It

must

be

brought

to

a

dead

stop.

With

the

engine

running,

disen-

gage

the

clutch

with

the

hand

lever

and

press

the

reverse

pedal

for-

ward

with

the

left

foot,

the

right

foot

being

free

to

use

on

the

brake

pedal

if

needed.

Do

not

bring

tlte

hand

lever

back

too

far

or

you

will

set

the

bral!:es

on

rear

wheels.

Experienced

drivers

ordinarily

reverse

the

car

by

simply

holding

the

clutch

p~al

in

neutral

with

the

left

foot

,

and

o~erating

the

reverse

pedal

wtth

the

right.

THE

C

AR

AND

IT

S O P E

RATION

9

~~~::~~~~e?Spark

Answer

No.

14

By

the

left-hand

lever

under

the

steering

wheel.

Good

operators

drive

with

the

spark

lever

advanced

jus~

as

far

as

the

engine

will

permit.

But

if

the

spark

is

advanced

too

far

a

dull

knock

will

be

heard

in

the

motor,

due

to

the

fact

that

the

explosion

occurs

before

the

piston

in

the

engine

has

completed

its

compression

stroke.

The

best

results

are

obtained

when

the

spark

occurs

just

at

the

time

that

piston

reaches

its

highest

point

of

travel-the

gas

being

then

at

its

highest

point

of

compression.

The

spark

should

only

be

retarded

when

the

engine

slows

down

on

a

heavy

road

or

steep

grade,

but

care

should

be

exercised

not

to

retard

the

spark

too

far,

for

when

the

spark

is

"late,"

instead

of

getting

a

powerful

explosion, a

slow

burning

of

the

gas,

with

excessive

heat,

will

result.

Learn

to

oper-

ate

the

spark

as

the

occasion

demands.

The

greatest

economy

in

gasoline

consumption

is

obtained

by

driving

with

the

spark

advanced

sufficiently

to

obtain

the

maximum

speed.

How

is

speed

of

A M JJ

Car

controlled?

nswer

O.

The

different

speeds

required

to

meet

road

conditions

are

obtained

by

opening

or

closing

the

throttle.

Practically

all

the

running

~peeds

needed

for

ordinary

travel

are

obtained

on

high

gear,

and

it

ts

seldom

necessary

to

use

the

low gear-

except

to

give

the

car

momen-

tum

in

starting.

The

speed

of

the

car

may

be

temporarily

slackened

in

driving

through

crowded

traffic,

turning

comers,

etc.,

by

"sUp-

ping

the

clutch,"

i.e.,

pressing

the

clutch

pedal

f9rward

into

neutral.

·

Is

it

advisable

for

owners

to

A · M

16

make

their

own

Atfjustments?

nswer

0.

The

Ford

is

the

simplest

of

all

cars.

Most

of

th

e

ordinary

adjust-

ments

an

owner

will

soon

learn

to

m<;l

ke

for

hims

elf.

But

we

most

strongly

recommend

that

wh

en

it

becomes

necessary

to

employ

the

services

of

a

mechanic

,

the

car

be

taken

to

a

Ford

mechanic-one

of

our

own

representatives

who

thoroughly

understands

the

car-

and

who

will

have

no

motive

for

runp.ing

up

useless Fepair bills.

The

entire

Ford

or-ganization

is

interested

in

keeping

ev

e

ry

individ

-

ualFord

car

in

constant

operation,

at

the

lowest

possible cost.

We

have

known

of

much

damage

done

to

•

~any

cars

by

un

~killed

repair

men.

·

What

attention

A ·

does

the

Car

need?

nswer No.

17

Remember

that

a new.

machine

requires

more

careful

att

e

ntion

dur-

ing

the

first

few

days

it

is

being

driven

than

af

ter

the

parts

have

become

thoroughly

J

"workJ:d

in."

The

car

which

is

driven

slowly

and

carefully

when

new

usuatly

gives

the

most

satisfactory

service

in

the

end.

Never

start

out

with

your

car

until

you

are

sure

that

it

. has

plenty

of

oil

and

water.

Frequently

inspect

the

running

gear.

See

that

no

unnecessary

play

exists

in

either

front

or

rear

wheels,

and

that

all

bolts

and

nuts

are

tight.

Make

a

practi

ce

of

t a

king

care

of

every

repair

or

adjustment

.

as

soon

as

its

'

necessity

is

discov

-

ered.

This

attention

requires

but

little

time

and

may

avoid

delay

or

possible

accident

on

the

road.

We

aim

to

deliver

·

the

car

in

proper

mechanical

adjustment.

Afterwards

it

is

plainly

the

duty

of

the

driver

to

keep

it

in

t

hat

condition.

What

is

til

e

prin

cip

le

of

the

gasoline-driven

Engine?

Answer No. 18

Gasoline

when

mixed

with

ai

r

and

compressed

is

highly

explosive.

An

explosion is a

violent

expansion

caused

by

instantaneous

com

-

bustion

of

confined

gases

.

In

the

gasoline

engine

the

mixture

is

drawn

into

a

cy

lin

der,

where

it

is

compressed

by

an

advancing

piston

and

then

exploded

by

an

electric

spark,

which

sends

the

piston

vio

-

lently

downward,

and

through

th

e

connecting

rod

imparts

a

rotary

motion

to

the

crank

shaft

. (See

Cut

No.3.)

What

ar

e

function

s

of

til

e

Piston

s?

Answer

No.

19

On

the

downward

stroke

the

suction

of

the

piston

dtaws

the

fresh

gas

from

the

carburetor,

thtou

gh

the

inlet

pipe

and

valve,

into

the

cylinder.

The

upward

movem

e

nt

of

the

piston

compresses

the

gas

into

a

very

small

space,

betwe

en

the

top

of

the

piston

and

the

depres-

sion

in

the

cylinder

head,

know

n

as

the

"

combustion

chamber."

(The

compressed

gases

exert

a

pressure

of

approximately

60

pounds

per

square

inch.)

At

this

po

int

the

electric

spark,

generated

by

the

magneto,

explodes

the

gases-driving

the

piston

downward

-

thus

producing

the

power

which

tu

rns

the

crank

shaft.

On

the

next

stroke

upward

the

piston

dr

i

ves

the

exploded

gas

out

through

the

exhaust

valve

and

pip

e

to

the

muffler.

The

accompanying

cut

shows

clearly

the

relative

pos

itions

of

the

pistons

and

valves

during

the

different

strokes.

Connecting

Rod

-

how

removed?

Answer No. 20

It

is

· a

Vanadium

stee

l

rod,

connecting

piston

and

crank

shaft.

Should

the

babb

i

tt

bearing

become

worn,

or

burned

out

through

l

ack

of

oil, a

knocking

in

the

engine

will

result

-

in

which

case

the

entire

connecting

rod

should

be

replaced.

To

make

this

replace-

ment,

(1)

drain

oil

from

crank

case;

(2)

take

off

cylinder

head;

(3)

remove

detachab

le pl

ate

on

bottom

of

crank

case;

(4)

disconnect

connecting

rod

fr

om

crank

shaft;

(5)

take

piston

and

rod

out

through

top

of

cylinder.

What

is

the

Val

ve

Arrangement?

Answer No.

21

One

intake

and

one

exhaust

valve

are

located

in

eac

h

cylinder.

The

former

admits

the

fresh

gas

drawn

from

the

carburetor

thro

u

gh

the

inlet

pipe-the

latter

permits

the

exploded

gas

to

be

driven

out

through

the

ex

h

aust

pipe.

The

valves

are

alternately

opened

and

closed

(see

Cut

No.4)

by

the

cams

on

the

cam

shaft

strik

in

g

against

pus

h

rods

w

hich

in

turn

lift

the

valves

from

the

ir

seats.

I

ll)

(

~

:

..

.,2.

-"

..

e >

..

Vi

;;;

>

..

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.,

-;~

-;

..5w..5

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.,

-e

Vi

c

.

/

-

~

~

>

~

> tit

CL

.,

:>

E.,.

'"

0

tO

.c.

(.)

E

X

- w

~

0

'-

~

0

.,

E

"8

i-=

~

-"

0

t'

(.)

0

U)

o:.~

~:A

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~

s::

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.,,..,

~

...

....

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E

-5

;·

Po

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..

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-;::

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Po

o·

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QD

I!Jtl

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...&

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.

~~

~"'

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t;i

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.,

-5

...

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.g

·

v;

0

0

Po

lj

<U.

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.

eo

s::

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S::

"'0

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-"'

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EQo

~

1

>.

u

TH

E F

ORD

E:O.:GIN

E

13

Wllat

abo

ut

A

7\

T ? ?

Valve

timing?

nswer

J.

VO.

t:,t:,

In

timing

the

engine

the

point

s

of

opening

and

closing

of

the

valves

are,

of

course,

what

should

be

considered.

As

the

valves

are

prop-

erly

timed

at

the

factory

when

the

engine

is

~Ht

the

necessity

for

retiming

would

occur

only

wh

en

such

par't:s

a11

the

cam

shaft,

time

gears,

or

valves

were

removed

in

overhauling

the

en~e

.

In

fitting

the

larg

e

time

gear

to

th

e

cam

shaft

it

is

important

to

s

ee

that

the

first

cam

points

in

a

direction

oppo

s

ite

to

the

zero

mark

(see

Cut

No.

4}.

The

time

gear

s

must

also

m

es

h

so

that

the

tooth

mark

ed

zero

(0}

on

the

small

time

gear

will

come

between

the

two

teeth

on

the

large

gear

at

the

zero

point.

The

time

gears

now

being

properly

set

,

th

e

exhaust

valv

e

on

No.

1

cylinder

is

open

and

th

e

intak

e

valve

clo

sed

,

the

other

va

lv

es

being

in

the

positi

on

indicated

in

Cut

No.

4.

The

opening

and closing

of

th

e

valves

being

as

fol·

lows:

The

exhau

st

valve

o

pe

ns

when

th

e

pi

s

ton

reach

es

-h

"

of

bottom

center,

the

distance

from

the

top

of

the

piston

he

ad

to

th

e

top

of

the

cylinder

casting

m

eas

uring

3%

".

The

exhaust

valve

will

close

on

top

cent

e

r,

the

piston

be

ing

-!r"

abov

e

the

cylind

er

ca

sting

.

Th

e

intake

valv

e

opens

n"

after

top

ce

nt

er

and

clo

ses

n"

after

bottom

c

en

ter

,

th

e

distance

f

ro

m

the

top

of

th

e

piston

to

the

top

of

the

cy

linder

casting

measu

ring 3

78

" .

The

clearance

betw

e

en

the

pu

sh

rod

and

va

lv

e

stem

should

never

be

greater

t

han

':1\

"

nor

less

than

-h

"·

The

correct

clearanc

e

is

naturally

half

way

betw

ee

n

these

two

m

eas

urement

s.

The

gap

sho

uld

be

measured

when

the

push

rod

is on t

he

heel

of

the

cam

.

Va

lve L

if1i

ng T

oo

l

How the valve lifti

ng

to

ol should be used. (

Cut

Xo. 5)

THE

FO

·

RO

:\1ANUAL

--

----

What

about

the

J\

r

2.~

.7

care

of

the

Valves?

Answer

1 v 0 .

.)

They

seldom~

out

or'

order-but

thcty

do

get

dirty,

as

a

result

of

carbon

_colle

ctmg

on

~e

valve

seats.

These

carbon

depo

sits,

by

prev~nting

proper

closmg_

of

the

valves,

permit

the

gases

under

com·

press1on

to

escape,

resultmg

in

loss

of

!'>ower

and

uneven

running

of

the

m~tor.

~·when

turning

~e

engine

over

slowly,

there

is

a

lack

of-tesisUn_ce

~

one

or

more

cy

l

mders,

it

is

probable

that

the

valves

need

re-grmding.

As

the

"life'.'

of

the

engine

depends

largely

upon

the

p~oper

seating

of

the

valves,

it

is

11ecessary

that

they

be

ground

OCCaSIOnally.

How

are

Va

l

ves

removed

A ·

J\

T

2

~A

for

s;rinding?

- nswer 1 v 0 .

'T

(I)

Drain

radiator;

(~)

re~ove

cylinder

head

;

(3)

remove

the

two

v~ve

.~vers

on

the

nght

Side

of

e

ngine;

(4)

raise

tlie

valve

spring

With

hftmg

tool

(see

Cut

No.

5)

and

pull

out

the

little

pin

under.

the

valve

seat.

. T

_he

valve

may

then

be

lifted

out

by

the

head

-

prepar

-

atory

to

grmdmg.

How

are

Valv

es

A

ground?

nswer No. ·

25

For

this

work

use

a good

grinding

paste

of

ground

glass

and

oil_:_

procurable

from

auto

supply

houses. A

convenient

way

is

to

put

a

small

amount

in

a

suitable

dish,

adding

a

spoonful

or

two

of

kerosene

and

a few

drops

of

lu

brica

ting

oil

to

make

a

thin

paste.

Place

the

mixture

sparingly

on

the

bevel

face

of

the

valve.

P

ut

the

valve

in

position

on

the

.

,

...

.

valve

seat,

and

rotate

it

·

back

and

forth

(a'bout

a

quarter

tum)

a few

times,

with

a

Ford

grin

ding

tool.

-

Th

en

lift

slightly

from

the

seat,

change

_

the

position

and

continue

the

rotation,

and

keep

on

repeating

th

is

operation

until

tlie

bearing

c:-.

surface

is

·

SxnOOth

and

bright.

The

valve

should

not

be

turned

through

a

complete

rotation,

as

this

is

apt

to

cause

scratches

run-

ning

around

the

entire

cir-

cumference

of

the

valve

and

seat.

When

the

grinding

is

complet

ed

the

valve

shoul

d .

be

removed

from

the

cylin-

l\lethod of grinding valve. (

Cut

~

o

.

6)

der,

thorough

ly

washed

with

kerosene,

and

the

valv.e

seat

wiped

out

thoroughly.

Extre~

e

care

should

be

taken

that

no

abrasive

substance

gets

into

the

cylmde

rs

or

valve

guides.

This

can

be

avoided

if

the

grinding

'P.aste

is

applied

sparingly

to

the

bevel

face

of

the

valve.

·

THE

FORD

· E

NC

it\E

IS

If

the

vaive

seat

is

worn

badly

or

seamed,

it

is

best

to

have

it

reseated

with

a

valve

seating

tool.

This

operJltion

requires

considerable

skill,

and

perhaps

had

better

be

don~

bM11Ul

,expert

me

chani

c.

Care

should

be

exerci~;ed

against

making

too

de~p

a

cut,

necessitating

the

retiming

of

the

valve

.

When

the

Valves

and

Push

Rods

are

worn

-

what?

.

When

the

valves

or

push

rods

become

-

worn,

so

as

to

leave

too

much

play

.

between

them,

thus

reducing

the

lift

of

the

valves

and

dimin

·

ishing

the

power

of

the

m'

otor,

it

is

· be&t

to

replace

the

push

rods

with

new

ones.

Th

e

clearance

between

the

push

rod

·

and

the

valve

stem

should

never

be

greater

than

n"

nor

le

ss

than

-h".

If

the

clearance

is

greater,

the

valve

yvill

open

l11.te

and

close

early,

resulting

i..n

~en

running

of

the

motor.

If

the

clearance

is

less

than

-h_"

there

is

danger

of

the

valve

remaining

partially

open

all

the

time

. .

]if

replac-

ing

the

push

rod

does

no

t give

the

proper

clearance,

the

1)';11\.e

should

also

be

replaced.

_we

do

!'lot

~eco~mend

drawing

04!;.

-

~hll<

x.al

ve

stem,

as

the

operation

requu

es

expenence

and

the

price

of

the

new

part

does

not

warrant

the

time

<

and

expe~a.:

necessary

to

properly

do

the

work.

Wllat

about

the

Vqlve

Springs?

Answer

No

.·

27

When

the

valves

fail

to

seat

themselves

properly,

there

is

a

poss

.

i-

f

bili

ty

that

the

springs

may

be

weak

or

broken.

A

weak

inlet

spring/

wo~!ld

probably

not

affect

the

running

of

the

engine,

but

weakn

es~

.

in

the

exhaust

valve

spring

ca

us

es

a

very

uneven

action,

which

i\;

difficult.

to

lo

cate

. T

he

symptoms

are

a l

ag

in

the

engine

due

~o

the

exhaust

valve

not

closing

instantaneously,

and

'

as

a

result

a

cer·

tain

percentage

of

the

charge

under

compression

escapes,

greatly

diminishing

the

force

of

the

explosion.

Weakness

in

a ,

valve

sp/ing

can

usually

be

detected

by

the

following

method:

Remo~e

the

J

plate

whi

ch

encloses

them

at

the

side

of

the

cylinder

and

in

rt

a

screw

driv

er

between

the

coils

of

the

spring

while

the

engine

i

run·

ning.

If

the

extra

tension

thus

produced

causes

the

engi

ne

pick

up

speed,

the

spring

is

obviously

weak

and

should

be

replac~

with

a

new

one.

·

W/Jat

causes

"Knocking"

in

the

Eng~'ne?

An

swer

There

are

several

causes,

which

may

be

enumerated

as

carbon

knock

-

which

is

by

far

the

-most

common-re

carbonizing

of

cylinders;

(2)

knock

caused

by

a

too

adv

(3)

connecting

rod

knock;

(4)

crank

shaft

main

beari

knock

due

to

loose

-fitting

piston

or

broken

ring;

(6)

the

piston

striking

the

cylinder

hea&

gasket.

W n

the

engine

knocks

from

any

cause

whatsoever,

the

matter

sho

d

l?e

promitly

investigated

by

an

experienced

mechanic

and

th

difficulty cor-

.

rected.

·

16

T H E f' 0 R I)

:II

.\

~

1.:

.\ L

How

may

the

differ-ent

Knocks

be

distinguished

1

Answer

No. 29

(1)

The

carbon

knoc~

u· a'

clear,

hollow

sound,

~ost.

noticeable

in

climbing

sharp

grades,

particularly

when

the

eng~ne

ts

heated.

It

is

also

indicated

by

a

sharp

rap

immediately

on

~

advancing

the

throttle.

(2)

·

Too

advanceo

spark

will

be

indicated

by

a

dull

kno~k

in

th

,e

motor.

~

'

(3)

The

ronne~~ing

rod

knock

so~ds

lik~

th~

d_ts-

~n

t

tapping

of

steel

with

a

small

hammer,

and

ts

readily.

dtstm-

guisl1't!d

when

the

car

is

allowed

to

run

idly

down

grade

-<>r

upan

speedi

ng

the

car

to

twenty-five

miles

an

hour,

then

suddenly

closing

t:pe

tkrottle

the

tapping

will

bi'V~ry

distinct.

(4)

The

crank

shaft

main

bearm'g

knock

can

be

distThguished,

when

the

car

is

going

up-

hill,'

as

a

dull

thud.

(5)

Th

e loose

piston

knock

is

heard

only

upan

sudd~!!!Y

.

opening

the

throttle,

when

the

sound

produced

mtght

be

like'lM/t6

a r

attle.

The

remedies

for

these

knocks

are

treated

under

their

proper

division.

How

is

c

tUv

,

on

removed

from

Comb

us

tion

Chombet:?

Answer

No.

30

First,

drairl

the

water

off

by

opening

the

pet

cock

at

the

bottom

of

the

radiator;

then

disconnect

the

wires

at

the

top

of

the

motor

and

also

the

radiator

connection

attached

to

the

radiator.

Remo

ve

the

15

cap

screws

which

hold

the

cylinder

head

~n

place

.

Take

off

the

cylinder

head

and,

with

a

putty

~ife

or

screw

~

-driver,

scrape

from

the

cylinder

and

piston

he

ads

the

carbonized

matter,

being

careful

to

prevent

the

specks

of

carbon

from

getting

·

into

the

cylinders

or

bolt

ho

l

es:

In

re

placing

the

cylinder

head

gasket

tum

the

motor

over

so

that

No.

1

and

No.

4

pistons

are

at

top

center;

place

the

gas-

ket

in

pOsition

over

the

pistons

and

then

put

the

cylinder

head

in

pl

ace.

Be

sure

and

draw

the

cylind

er

head

bolts

down

even

ly (i.

e.,

give

each

bo

lt

a

few

turns

at

a

time);

do

not

tighte

n

them

on

one

end

before

drawine

them

up

at

the

other.

How

ore

Spark

A 7\ T

J1

Plug

,r

cleaned?

nswer 1 VO.

After

i·

emov

ing

the

plug

from

the

engine

the

points

may

be

cleaned

with

an

o

ld

toot.h-brush

dipped

in

ga

·soline.

However,

if!,

order

to

do

the

w

ork

thoroughly,

the

plug

shou

ld

be

taken

apart

by

securing

the

lar

gt'

hexagon

steel

shell

in

a

vise

and

l

oosening

the

pack

.

nut

which

holds

the

porcelain

in

place.

T

he

carbon

depasits

can

then

be

easily

re

moved

from

the

porcelain

and

shell

with

a

small

knife

..

Care

should

be

exercised

not

to

scrape

off

t.he

glazed

surface

of

the

pOrcelain,

otherw

i

se

it

will

be

apt

to

carbonize

quickly.

The

pOrce-

lain

and

other

parts

should

finally

be

washed

in

gasoline

and

wiped

dry

with

a

doth.

In

assemblin~

the

plug

care

should

be

taken

to

see

that

the

pack

nut

is

not

tightened

too

much

so

as

to

crack

the

parcelain,

and

the

distance

betwten

the

sparking

paints

should

be

;~"

,

about

the

thick-

ness

of

a .

smooth

dime.

Di

rty

plugs

usually

result

from

an

excess

of

oil

being

carried

in

the

crank

case-<>r

fr

om

using

oil

of

paor

quality.

THE

F O

RD

EX

G I:-1 £

17

How

is

til

e P

ower

Plant

removed

from

Cor?

Answer

Po

. 32

(1)

Drain

the

water

out

of

the

radiator

and

disconnect

t~

radiator

hose;

(2)

disconnect

the

radiator

st

ay

rod

which

holds

it

to

the

1

aash;

(3)

take

out

the

two

bolts

which.fasten

the

radiator

tb

tl")e

ffame

and

take

radiator

off;

.,

' ' .

(4)

disconnect

the

dash

at

the

t

woo

supporting

bracketiS

which

rest

on

the

frame;

· · 1

(5)

loosen_

the

steering

post

bracket.,.Jastene~

to

the

frame,

when

_the

dash

and

steering

gear

may

be

r

emoved

as

one

asse"'bly-the

wtres

first

having

been

disconnected;

(6)

take

out

the

bolts

holding

the

front

radius

rods

in

the

socket

underneath

the

crank

case;

(7)

remove

the

four

bolts

at

the

universal

joint;

(8)

remove

pans

on

either

side

of

cylinder

casting

and

turn

off

gaso-

.

line,

disconnect

feed

pipe

from

carburetor;

(9)

disconnect

exhaus~

manifol~

f

rom

exhaust

pipe

by

unscrewing

'

large

brass

pack

nut;

fa

'

(10)

take

out

the

two

cap

screws

which

hold

th~

crank

case

to

the

front

fram

e;

.

(11)

remove

the

bolts

which

hold

the

crank

ca~

arms

to

the

.-frame

at

the

side

.

Then

pass

a

rope

through

the

opening

between

tbe

two

middle

cylinders

and

tie

in

a

loose

knot.

Th

r6ug

h

the

rope

pass

a

"2x

4,"

or

a

stout

iron

pipe

about

ten

feet

Jon~

,

a!ld let a

man

,:-

1019

each

end·

let

a

third

man

take

hold

of

the

~tartmg

crank

h

endlc,

when

the'

whole

pawer

plant

can

be

lifted

frclm

the

car

to

the

v.'-:>rk

bench

for

adjustment.

Connecti'!g

R od

Bearings

Answer

No

33

-

how

adjust

e

d?

, . •

Connecting

rod

bearings

may

be

adjuste~

,

without

~ak,ihg

.

Put

the

engine,

by

the

following

method:

(I)

_dratp

off

t~e

otl;

(2)

r

emo~e

plate

on

bottom

of

crank

case-expas

mg

connectmg

rods;

(3)

·tali:e

off

first

connecting

r

od

cap,

a

nd

draw-file

,

th

e

ends

- 4

very

ll

~tle

-

~t

a

time;

(4)

replace

cap,

being

careful

'

1.o

see

that

.

puflch

~at·xs

correspand

and

tighten

bolts

until

it

fits

sh

aft

snug

ly

· (5.)

test

nt;;ht-

ness

of

bea~ing

by

turn

i

ng

engine

over

"t:tiJ

the

starti

!t

h~nd!

e

E?...:-

.

perienced

mechanics

usually

determine

wlen

~

he

b l.""f; i,S prOfl>:-!y

fitt

ed

by

lightly

tapping

each

side

of

the

p

wtth

~mrn:er;

(6

J

tRen

l

oosen

the

bearing

and

proceed

tc;>

fit

th

.

other

b artngl>

nl

..

the

..arne

manner;

(7)

after

each

bearing

has

beep

p':opc

_Y

fitted

II.Pd

tested

-then

tighten

the

cap

bolts

and

the

wo~k

18

shed:

. . . •

Remember

there

is

a pOssibility

of

~ng

the

bearlll&S

too

~gilt

,

and

under

'such

conditions

the

babbitt;

is

apt

to

cut

out

qmckly,

unless

precaution

is

take

n

to

run

the

motor

~lowly

at

th~

start-.

It

is

a

good

plan

after

adjusting

the

b~mgs

to

Jack

up

the

rear

~

'Wheels

and

let

the

motor

run

slowly

for

about

t

wo

hours

(keepingJt

well

supplied

with

water

and

oil) befq're

taking

it

out

on

the

_..

_

road.

Wh

enever

possible

these

bearings

sHould

be

fitted

by

an

expcQ

,

~~

mechanic

.

18

THE

F 0 R 0 :II A

r\

U A L

Worn

connecting

rods

may

be

returned,

prepai

d.

to

the

nearest

agen

t

or

branch

house

for

exchange

at

a

pr

i

ce

of

75

cents

each

to

cover

the

cost

of

r

ebabb

itting.

It

is

not

adv

i

sab

le

for

any

own

er

or

repair

shop

~o

atte

mpt

the

rebabbitting

of

co

nn

ec

ting

rods

or

main

bearings,

for Witho

ut

a

special

jig

in

which

to

form

the

bearings,

satisfactory

r

es

ults

will

not

be

obtained.

Th

e

constant

tapping

of

a l

oose

con-

necting

r

od

on

the

crank

shaft

will

eventuaUy

produce

cryst

a

llization

of

the

steel

-!

·re

sult,

broken

crank

shaft

a

nd

possibly

other

parts

of

the

engine

damaged.

Crank

S

lw

fr

Main

Bea

rin

gs

:Answer

7\TO. J 'A

- ho w

aqjusted?

1 V (

Lf

Sh

oul

d

the

statio

nary

bearings

in

which

the

cran

k

shaft

r

evolves

become

wo

rn

(e

videnced

by

a

pounding

in

the

motor)

and

need

replacing

or

adjusting,

proceed

as

follows: .

(I)

A

fter

the

engine

has

been

tak

en

out

of

the

car,

remove

crank

case.

transmission

cover,

cylinder

h

ead,

pi

stons,

connect

ing

rods

trans·

mission

and

mag

ne

to

coils.

Take

off

the

three

babbitted

c~ps

and

pean

th

e

bearing

s

urfaces

with

gasoline.

Apply

Persian

blue

or

red

IeFtd

to th

e

crank

.·

haft

.

bearing

surfaces,

which

will

enable

you,

in

fi

t

ting

th

e

caps,

to

determine

whe!

••

er a

perf

ec

t

bearing

surfac

e is

obt~ned.

(2)

Place

the

rear

cap

in

position

and

t

ighten

it

up

as

much

as

pos

sible

without

stripping

the

bolt

thread

s.

When

the

bearing

has

been

properly

fitted,

the

<t

ank

shaft

will p

er

mit

moving

with

one

hand.

If

th

e

crank

shaft

cann.>t

be

turned

with

one

hand,

the

contact

betw

een

the

bearing

surfaces

is

evidently

too

close,

and

the

cap

req

uires

sh

imming

up,

,

one

or

two

brass

liners

usual

ly

being

sufficient. In

case

theaank

shaft

moves

too

easily

with

one

hand,

the

shims

should.

be

removed

and

the

steel

.;;urface

of

the

cap

filed off,

permi

tt

ing

it

to

set

closer.

(3) A

fter

removing

the

cap,

observe

whether

th

e

blue

or

r

ed

"spott

ings

"

indicat

e a full

bearing

the

l

ength

of

the

cap.

If

"spot-

tings"

do

not

show

a

tru

e

bearing,

the

babbitt

shou

ld

be

scraped

a

nd

the

cap

re

fitted

until

th

e

proper

r

es

ult

s

are

obtained.

~4)

Lay

the

rear

cap

aside

and

proce

ed

to

adjust

the

center

bearing

10

the

same

manner.

R

epeat

the

oper

at

ion

with

the

front

bearing,

with

the

oth

er

two

bearin

gs l

aid

as

id

e.

(5)

When

the

proper

adjus

t

ment

of

each

bearing

has

been

obtained,

clean

the

babbitt

surface

carefully

and

place

a

little

lubric

ating

oil

on

th

e

t>

ear!ngs

,

also

on

th

e

crank

shaft:

th

en

draw

the

caps

up

as

closely

as

J:

'•ss

ibl

e--

the

nec

essa

ry

shims,

of

course,

being

ih

place

.

Do

n

ot

be

afra

id

of

gett

ing

th

e

cap

bolts

too

tight,

as

the

shim

und

er

the

cap

and

the

oil

between

the

b

earing

surfaces

will

prevent

th

e

metal

being

drawn

into

t

oo

close

contact.

If

oil

is

not

put

on

th

e

bearing

surfaces,

the

babbitt

is

apt

to

cut

out

when

the

m o

tor

is

started

up

b

efore

the

oil

in

th

e

crank

case

can

get

into

the

b

earing.

In

r

eplacing

the

crank

case

and

transmission

cover

on

the

motor,

it

is

advisable

to

use

a

new

s

et

of

felt

gaskets

to

prevent

oil l

eaks.

·

How

is

th

e A

1

7\T J 'C

Engi

ne

cooled?

nswet

1 V 0 • ..J

The

heat

generat

ed

by

the

const

ant

e

xpl

osions

in

the

ngine

would

soon

overheat

and

ruin

the

engine,

were

it

not

co

led

by

some

artificial

means.

Th

e

Ford

engin

e

is

cooled

by

the

1

circu

l

ation

of

water

in

jack

e

ts

around

the

cy

lin

ders.

Th

e h

ea

t is

extracted

from

the

water

by

its

pa

ssage

through

the

thi

n

metal

tubing

of

the

radiator

-

to

which

are

attached

scientifically

wo

rked

out

fins,

whi

ch

assist

in

the

rapid

radiation

of

the

heat.

The

fan,

just

bac)'

of

the

radiator;

sucks

the

air

around

the

tubing

-

through

which

the

air

is

al

so

driven

by

the

forward

m

ovemen

t

of

the

car.

The

belt

sJ¥>uld

be

inspe~

fn:quentl

y

and

tightened

when

necessary-not

too

tight,

h

owever

-

by

means

of

the

adjusti

ng

screw

in

the

fan

brac

k

et.

T ake

up

the

s

lack

tf

U

the

fan

start's

to

bind

when

turn

ed

by

hand.

How

do

es

th

e A

7\

T 36

W

at

er

circula

te ? nswer 1

VO.

.

The

'

coo

l

ing

.

apparatus

of

the

F,

or

d

car

is

known

as

the

Thermo

-

syphon

system.

It

ac

ts

on

the

principle

that

h

ot

water

s

ee

ks

a

higher

lev

el

th

an

cold

water

-

co

nsequently

when

the

water

reaches

a

certain

he

at,

a

pproximat

ely

180

degr

ees

Fahr

e

nh

e

it,

cin:ulation

comme

nces

and

the

water

fl

ows

from

th

e lo_'fer r

ad

ia

tor

outlet

pipe

up

through

the

water

jack

ets,

into

the

upi;kr

radi

ator

water

tank,

and4own

thr

oug

h

the

tub

es

to

the

lower

tauk,

to

repeat

th

e

process.

What

are

th

e

ca

u

ses

of

!

..tf

7\

r

37

Overheating?

fL

..t.

nswer '1 v 0.

(1)

Carbonized

cylinders;

(2)

too

mugt

driving

on l

ow

'

speea;

~

(3)

spark

ret

arded

too

far;

(4}

poor

ignlfit

' ; (5)

not

enough

or

poo~

grade

oil;

(6)

racing

motor:

(7)

clogged

uffier;

(8)

improper

carbu

re

tor

ad

j u

stme

nt;

(9)

fan

n

ot

wo

rking

p

perly

on

account

of

broken

or

slipping

belt;

(10)

i

mproper

circula

on

of

water

due

to

clogged

or

jammed

radiator

tub

es,

leaky

conne

ti

ons

or

l

ow

water.

·

Wh

.

at

sh

ould

be

done

when

th

e

Radiat

or

ove.r

h

ea

t

s?

Answer

No

.

3~

K

eep

the

radiator

full.

Don't

get

a!

rm

ed

if

it

boils

occasiona

lly

-

especia

lly

in

driving

through

mud

a d

deep

sand

or

up

long

hi

lls

in

~xtremely

warm

w

ea

th

er

.

Remem

r

that

the

e

ngin

e

develops

the

greatest

efficien

cy

when

the

water

is

eated

nearly

to

the

boiling

point.

But

if

there

is p

ers

i

stent

overhea

'ng

when

th

e m

otor

is

working

under

ordinary

conditio

n

s-find

the

cause

of

the

troub

le

and

remedy

it.

T

he

chances

are

that

the

diffi

culty

lies

in

impr

ope

r

driving

or

.

carboniz

ed

cylinders.

Perhaps

tw

isting

the

fan

blade§

at

a

greater

angle

to

produce

more

suction

may

bring

desired

results.

By

r

efere

nce

to th

e

pr

oper

divisio

n

of

this

book

eac

h

or'the

causes

which

contribute

to

an

overheated

radi~J,tor

is

treated

and

remedies

sugges

ted.

No

trouble

can

r

es

ult

from

the

filling

of

a

heated

rad

i

ator

with

cold

water-providing

the

water

sys

tem

is

not

entirely

empty-

in

which

case

the

mot

or

s

hould

be

allowed

to

cool

before

the

cold

water

is

introduc

ed.

[1

9)

R'

:£

:i

If

ll!

..

Clo

...

~

~

-=

j

~

~

~

'-

0

<U

"'

!::!

c

\.1

~~

-

-~

. A

..

{

"

..

..

>.

<Jl

l

=

:.2

·

~

d

5

"

.t=

. h

"

.t=

f-

L

' '

, T H E C·O 0 L I

:\

C S Y S T

EM

,

~

How

about

cleaning

A

~

1

7\

7 39

the

Radiator

1 . .

nswer

J.

v

0.

The

entire

circulating

system

shou

ld

be

thoroughly

flushed

out

occasionally.

To

do

this

properly,

the;

radiator

inlet

an

outlet

hose

should

be

disconnected,

and

the

radiator

flushed

out

by

allowing

the

water

to

enter

the

filler

neck

at

ordinary

pressure,

from

whence

it

will flow

down

through

the

tubes

and

out

at

the

drain

cock

and

hose.

The

water

jackets

can

be

flushed

out

in

the

same

manner.

Simply

allow

the

water

to

enter

into

the

cylinder

head

connecpon

and

to

flow

through

the

.

water

jackets

and

out

at

the

side

inlet

1

connection.

Will

the

Radiator

A

~

7\

T 40

freez.e

in

winter

1 , ·

ns

I

er

J.

V 0 •

. Yes,

unless

an

anti-freezing

solution

is

used

in

the

"rculating

system

you

are

bound

to

experience

trouble.

As

t

he

c'

culation

does

not

·

commence

until

the

water

becomes

heated,

it

is

}pt

to

freeze

at

low

temperature

before

it

commences

to

circula~e

.

In

case

any

of

the

radiator

tubes

happen

to

be

plugged

or

jamme

.

they

are

bound

to

freeze.

and

burst

open

if

the

driver

undertakes

to

get

along

without

using

a

non-freezing

solution.

Wood

or

denatured

alcohol

can

be

used

to

good

advantage.

The

"(ollo

wing

table

gives

the

freezing

points

of

solutions

containing

differe!lt

percentages

of

alcohol:

20%

solution

freezes

at

15

degrees

abo~

zero.

30%

solution

freeze.s

at

8 degrees

belo

zero.

.

SO

%

solution

freezes

at

15 degrees

belo

zero.

A

solution

composed

of

60%

water,

10% gl cerine

and

.30% alcohol

~s

commonly

u~ed,

its

freezing

point

being

ro

ut

8 degrees

below

zero.

On

account

of

evaporation

fresh

alcohol

ust

be

added

frequently

in

order

fo

maintain

the

proper

sol~tion.

. •

How

are

leaks

an

.d

jams

in

the

A

7\

T 4' 1

Radiator

repaired?

f • . .nSWer

J.

V 0 •

.1.

I

A

small

leak

may

be

temporarily

_ repair<'#,

by

apply1ng

brown

soap

or

white

lead-but

the

repair

should

be

m

de

permanent

with

solder

'

as

soon

as

possible. A

jammed

radiator

ube

is

a

more

serious

affair.

While

the

stopping

of

one

tube

does n t seriously

inte

~

fere

with

the

circulati

.

on

,

it

is

bound

to

cause

troubl

sooner

or

late~and

the

tube

will freeze

in

cold

weather.

Cut

the

ube

an

inch

above

and

below

the

jam

and

insert

a

new

piece, sol

ering

the

connections.

If

the

entire

·

radiator

is

badly

jammed

o ·

broken

it

would

probably

be

· adVi

sable

to

install

a

new

one

.

I

I

~

~

1

·8

~

..Q

::J

.X

I

·

~

~

f-

..,

..,

.s

>

0

0

~

..s!

i

"'

>

:

31

<\1

0

..,

..,

=o

;;j

...

..,

0

..,

::s

z

...

<

,.

1

~l

G:t

<..

l"tl

L'

It

•

V)

tl,'\

Th

e

Ca

r

bur

e

tor

.

How

does

it

w o

rk?

1

nswer N o.

4

~

T

he

carbureto

r is

of

the

au

t om

atic

float

r.

ed

type,

having

bu

t one

adjustment-the

gasoline

needle

valve.

he

cross-section

diagram

of

carburetor

on

page

2 2

shows

how

the

gas

line

enters

the

carburetor,

is

vaporized

by a

CUITen

t

of

air

and

passe

through

the

inlet

pipe

to

·

the

en

gine

in

th

e form of an

exp

losiv 'mix

ture

. T

he

ga

so

line

,'

entering

the

bow

l

of

the

carburetor,

gr

ually

raises

the

float

to

a

point

where

the

inlet

needle

is

forced

'i

wards

into

its

seat,

thus

.

cutting

off

the

flow

of

gasoline.

As

thzasoline

in

the

bowl

re~es

,

the

fl

o

at

l

owe

rs,

allowing

th

e

need

le t dr

op

from

i

ts

seat

an

d

t1\e

flow

of

gaso

line

is

resum

e

d.

It

is

pl

ai

't o

see

that

a

constan

t l

eve

l

of

gasoline

is

maintained

in

the

carbwletor

by

the

automatic

action

of

float

and

needle.

T

he

quantity

bf

gasolin

e

entering

i

nto

the

mixtur

e

is

go

v

erned

by

the

needrlvalve

(see

Answer

No

.

45

).

T

he

vo

lume

of

gas

mixt

ur

e enteri.itg

he

int

ake

pipe

is

controlle

d•

by

opening

and

closing

the

throttle

,

cording

to

the

speed

~esired

~~~~

-

Why

is

C

arbur

e

tor

ad

ju

st

ment

A ·. · , 7\ T ·

!.

43

pl

ace

d

on

dash?

nsw

e

r.

.l

YO.

For

the

convenience

of

the

drive~

·

adjusting

th

e

carb

;,;

retor.

After

the

new

car

has

become

thorou

ly

worked

in,

the

driver

shou

ld

observ

e

the

ang

le

of

the

carb

etor

adjust~ng

rod

at

'wh

ich

the

engine

runs

most

satisfactorily.

In

cold

weather

it

will

''

probably

be

found

n

ecessary

to

turn

the

/

dash

adjustment

one-quarter

turn

to

the

.

left,

particularly

in

st

arting

a

cold

engine.

As

gasoline

vapo

rizes

read

il

y

in

warm

weather,

the

driver

will fine it

~:

con

o

inical

to

reduce

the

q

uantity

of

gasoline

in

the

mixture

by

~

the

carburetor

adjustment

to

the

rig

ht

as

far

as

possible

without

reducing

speed.

This

is

particularly

true

when

taking

long

drive/

where

cond

i

tions

perm

it a

fair

r

ate

o£

spe

ed

being

maintained,

and

accounts

for

the

exce

ll

e

nt

gaso

l

ine

mil

~

ge

o

btai

n

ed

by

good

·

dr

ivers.

~

W

hat

is

m e

ant

by

a

"lean"

A

7\

T 4

and a "

ri

ch" M

ix

tur

e ? ·

1

nswer

.1

V 0 . 4

· A .l

ean

mixt

ure

h

as

too

mu~h

air

and

not

en

ough

gaso

line. A r

ic

h

'

mixture

has

too

much

gasoline

and

not

enough

air.

A

rich

mixtur

e

will

not

only

q

uickly

cover

the

cylinders,

pistons

and

valves

wi

th

soot,

but

will

tend

to

overlleat

the

cylinders,

and

is

likewise

wastefu

l

of

the

fue

l. I t

will

often

<;hoke

the

engine

and

cause

misfiring at sl

ow

speeds

, al

thoug

h

at

high

speeds

the

machine

will

run

perfec.

tly

. T

he

mixture

should

be

k.ept

as

lean

as

possible

without

thesacrificeofanyof

the

power

of

the

motor.

A

lean

mixture

will

often

result

in

back-firing

through

the

carburetor,

for

the

reason

that

the

gas

burns

slowly

in

the

cy

l

inde

r,

and

is

still

burnin

g

when

the

i

nlet

va

l

ve

ope

ns

again,

which

causes

the

gas

in

the

intake

to

ignite.

A

rich

mixture

is

shown

by

heavy,

black

exha\jst

smoke

with

a

disagreeable

smell.

Pr

oper

mixture

will

cause

very

li

ttle

"lm

o

ke

or

odor.

123

1

24

TH

E F 0 R D

:'\1

.\

>;

U A I,

I-tow

is

the

Carburetor

adjusted?

Answer No. 45

The

usual

me

thod

of

regulating

the

carburetor

is

to

start

the

motor.

advancing

the

throttl

e le

ver

to

about

the

sixth

notch,

with

the

spark

retarded

to

about

the

fourth

notch.

The

flow

of

gasoline

should

now

be

cut

off

by

screwing

the

needle

valve

down

to

the

right

until

the

engine

begins

to

misfire,

th

en

gradually

increase

the

gasoline

feed

by

opening

the

needle

valve

until

the

motor

picks

up

and

reaches

its

highest

speed

and

no

trace

of

black

smoke

comes

from

the

exhaust.

Whenev

er

it

is

necessary

to

turn

the

adjusting

needl

e

down

more

than

a

quarter

turn

below

its

normal

position,

the

l

ock

nut

on

top

of

the

-:arbu

r

eto

r

at

the

point

through

which

needle

passe

s

shov.ld

first

be

loosened,

as

otherw

i

se

it

is

impossible

to

tell

when

the

needle

is

turned

down

in

its

seat

too

far.

Turning

the

needle

down

too

tightly

will

result

in

i

ts

b

eco

ming

grooved

and

the

seat

enlarged

.

When

these

parts

are

damaged

it

is

difficult

to

maintain

proper

adjustment

of

th

e

carburetor.

Having

determined

the

point

where

the

motor

runs

at

its

maximum

speed,

the

needle

valve

lock

nut

should

be

tightened

to

pre

ve

nt

the

adjustment

being

disturbed

.

For

average

running,

a

lean

mixture

will

give

better

results

than

a

rich

one.

Why

does

wate

r

clog

the

Carburetor?

Answer

No

. 46

Th

e

presence

of

water

in

the

carburetor

or

gasoline

tank,

even

in

small

amounts,

will

prevent

easy

start

i

ng

a

nd

the

motor

will

misfir

e

and

stop.

As

water

is

heavier

than

gasoline

it

settles

to

the

bottom

of

the

tank

a

nd

into

thesedimentbulba

l

ong

wit

h

other

foreig

n

matt

er

.

As

it

is difficu

lt

nowadays

to

get

gasoline

abso

lut

ely

free

from

imp

ur

i-

ties,

especia

ll

ywater,

it

is

advisable

to

fre

quently

drain

the

sedimen

t

bulb

und

er

the

gasoline

tank.

D

uring

cold

weather

the

water

which

accumu

l

ates

in

the

sediment

bulb

is

likely

to

freeze

and

prevent

the

flow

of

gasoline

through

th

e

pi9e

leading

to

the

carburetor.

Should

anything

of

this

kind

happen

it

is

possible

to

open

the

gasoline

line

by

wrapping

a

cloth

around

the

sediment

bulb

and

keeping

it

saturat

ed

with

hot

water

for

a

sho

rt

tim

e.

Then

the

water

should

be

drained

off.

In

eve

nt

the

water

gets

down

into

the

carburetor

and

freezes,

th

e

same

treatme

nt

may

be

applied.

What

makes

the

Carburetor

leak?

Answer No. 47

Th

e flow

of

gasoline

entering

the

carburetor

through.

the

feed

pipe

is

automatically

re

.

gu

l

ated

by

the

flo

at

n

eed

le

raising

and

l

owering

in

it

s

seat.

Should

any

particl

e

of

dirt

become

lodged

in

the

seat,

which

prev

ents

the

need

le

from

closing,

the

gasoline

will

overflow

in

the

bowl

of

the

carburetor

and

l

eak

out

upon

the

ground.

Wh

en

there

is

dirt

in

the

Carburetor

-

what?

Answer No. 48

The

spraying

nozz

le

of

the

carburetor

having

a

very

small

opening

, a

minut

e

particle

of

grit

or

other

foreign

matter

will

clog

up

the

orifi

ce,

a

nd

result:

motor

will

beg

in

to

misfire

and

slow

down

as

soon

as

it

has

atta

in

ed

any

considerable

speed.

This

is

acco

unted

for

by

the

T

11

f.

C

l\

S 0 L I N E S Y S 'l

j!

:'\!

25

fact

that

at

high

speeds

the

in

creased

suction'

will

draw

the

particles

of

dust,

etc.,

into

the

nozzle.

B y

opening

th

e,

valve

need

le

half

a

turn

and

giving

the

throttl

e

lever

two

or

three

quick

pulls

the

dirt

or

sedi-

ment

will

often

be

drawn

thro

ugh,

whe

n_ t!je

needle

m

ay

be

turned

back

to

its

original

place.

If

thi

s

does

not

accomplish

the

purpose

,

the

carburetor

should

be

drained.

lf

Engine

runs

too

fast

or:

cho

·

kes

with

throttle

retarded-what?

I

Answer No. 49

If

the

engine

run

s

too

fast

with

throttlef

ully

retarded

unscrew

the

car-

buretor

throttle

lev

er

adjusting

screw

until

the

engine

idlesatsuitable

speed.

If

the

motor

chokes

and

stops

when

thrott

le

is

fully

retarded,

the

adjusting

screw

should

be

screwed

in

until

it

strikes

the

boss,

pre-

venting

the

throttle

from

closing

too

far.

When

proper

adjustmenthas

been

made,tightenlock

-s

c

re

w

so

th

at

adjustment

will

not

be

disturbed.

What

is

the

purpose

of

the

Hot

Air

Pipe?

Answer No. 50

It

takes

the

hot

air

from

around

the

exhaust

pipe

and

conducts

it

to

the

carburetor-where

the

h

eat

facili

tates

the

vaporizing

of

the

gaso

line.

It

is

usually

advis

ab

le

to

re

move

this

pipe

in

the

hot

season

-

but

it

is

an

absolutely

necess

ary

feature

during

cold

weather.

What

is

th

e

purpose

of

th

e

Cork

Float?

A nswer No. 51

I t

automatically

controls

th

e flow

of

the

gasoline

into

the

carburetor.

If

it

floats

too

low,

starting

will be difficult;

if

too

high,

the

ca

rb

ur

etor

will flood

and

le

ak.

A

cork

float

which

has

become

fuel

soaked

should

be

removed

and

replac

ed

by

a

new

one

or

thoroughly

dri

ed

and

then

given

a

couple

of

coats

of

shella

c

varnish

to

make

it

waterproof.

Should

Priming

Rod

be

used

in

Answer

7\

'o

.

5.2

cranking

when

Motor

is

warm?

1 Vl

No.

The

carbu

r

etor

do

es

not

ordin

a

rily

r

equire

priming

when

the

motor

is

warm,

and

cranking

with

the

rod

pull

ed

out

is

apt

to

"floo

d"

the

engi

ne

with

an

over

-r

ich

mixture

of

gas,

which

does

not

readily

explode.

This

naturally

causes

difficulty

in

starting.

If

you

should

accidentally

flood

the

engine,

tum

the

ca

rb

ur

et

or

adjusting

needle

down

(to

the

right)

until

it

seats;

then

turn

the

engine

ov

er a

few

times

with

the

starting

crank

in

ord

er

to

exhaus

t

the

rich

gas.

As

soon

as

the

motor

starts,

tum

back

the

needle

(to

th

e l

eft)

and

re-

adjust

the

ca

rb

ur

etor.

J

0

z

.....

0

I h I '

rtl

1;-!tllf ion S}

-.

tun

What

is

til

e

purpo

se

of

Answer

7\

'o

.

.)-]

tile

Ignition

System?

i

Vi

It

furnishes

th

e

elec

tric

spark

which

exp

l

odes

the

charge

in

th

e

com-

bustion

chamber,

thus

producing

the

power

which

runs

the

engine.

It

is

important

that

the

charge

be

correctly

ignited

at

the

proper

time,

::t

order

to

obta

in

satisfactory

results

in

running

the

car

. In

the

Ford

car

the

ign

ition

syst

em

is

as

simple

as

it

is

possible for

hum

an

inv

e

ntion

to

make

it.

How

do

es

t!J

e

Magn

eto

Ans

wer

1

7\

'o

. c

4

ge

nerat

e tire c

urrent?

'

VI

J '

In r

evolving

at

the

same

r

ate

of

speed

as

the

m

otor,

the

magnets

on

the

flywheel

passing

the

stationary

coil

spools

c

reat

e

an

a

lternating

l

ow

tension

electric

curre

nt

in

coils

of

wir

e

whic

h

are

wound

around

spoo

ls

fast

ened

to

the

stationary

part

of

the

magn

eto,

and

is

carried

from

th

ese

coils

to

the

m

agneto

connection

(wire)

leading

to th

e coil

box

on

the

dash.

•

S

hould

til

e

Coil

Vibrat

or· A 7\ T

5.5

Adjustment

be

disturb

e

d?

I

nswer

1

vo

.

The

present

sty

le

of

coil

unit

is

properly

adjusted

when

it

leav

es

the

factory

and

th

is

adjustment

shoqld

not

be

disturbed

unless

to

ins

tall

new

poin

ts

or

to

reduce

the

gap

between

the

points

which

may

h

ave

increased

from

wear

. W

hen

adjustmen

ts

are

ne

cessary

they

should,

whenever

possible,

be

mad

e

by

one

of

our

service

stations

who

have

spec

ial

equipment

for t

est

ing

and

ad

just

in

g

units

an

d

will

gladly

furnish

exp

ert

serv

ice.

If

the

/po

ints

are

pitted

th

ey

shoul

d

be

filed

flat

w

ith

a fine

double-fac

ed

fill:

and

the

adjusti

ng

thumb

nut

turned

dow

n

so

that

with

the

spring

held

down

the

gap

between

the

points

will

be

a

trifle

less

than

1

•;

of

!an

inch.

Then

set

th

e

lock

nut

so

that

the

adjustment

can

not

be di

sturbed

. Do

not

bend

or

hammer

on

the

vibrators,

as

this

w

ould

affect

the

operatio

n

of

the

cus

hion

spring

of

the

vibr

ato

r

bridge

and

reduce

th

e efficiency

of

the

unit.

H

owisa

Weak

Unit

detect

e

d?

Answe

r

No.

56

With

the

vibrators

pr

operly

adj

ust

ed,

if

any

parti

cular

cylinde

r fails

or

see

ms

to

deve

lop

onl

y a w

ea

k

action,

cha

nge

the

position

of

the

unit

to

det

erm

ine

if

th

e

fau

lt

is

actually

in

the

unit.

Th

e first

sympto

m

of

a

defective

unit

is

the

buzzing

of

the

vibrator

with

no

spark

at

the

plug.

R

emember

that

a

loose

wire

connectio

n,

faulty

spark

plug,

or

worn

commut

ator

may

cause

irregularity

in

the

running

of

the

m

otor.

Th

ese

are

points

that

should

be

conside

re

d

before

l

ayi

ng

th

e

blame

on

th

e coil.

How

ma

y

short

circuit

in

A 7\ T 57

Com

mutat

or

Wiring

be

detected?

nswer

i Y 0 •

Should

the

insulation

of

the

primary

w

ir

es (

running

from

coil

to

comm

u

tator)

become

worn

to

such

an

extent

that

the

cop

p

er

wire

is

e

xposed

-the

cur

rent

will

leak

out

(i.

e.

, s

hort

circuit)

whenever

12

7]

2~

T

/:J

E F 0 R I>

\I

.\

:\

l:

.\ I.

contact

with

th

e

engine

pan

or

ot

her

metal

parts

is

made.

A

steady

buzzing

of

one

of

the

coil

units

will

i

ndicate

a

"short"

in

th

e

wiring.

When

driving

the

car

the

engine

will

suddenly

lag

and

pound

on

account

of

the

prematu

re

expl

osion.

Be

careful

not

to

crank

the

engine

downward

against

compression

when

the

car

is

in

this

condition,

as

the

'

'sh

ort

" is

apt

to

cause

a

vigorous

kick

back.

Does

Coil

Adjustment

affec

t

start

ing?

Answer

No.

58

Y

es.

Wh

en

the

vibrators

are

not

properly

adjusted

more

current

is

required

to

make

and

break

the

contact

between

the

points,

and,

as

a

result,

at

cranking

speeds

you

would

not

get

a

spark

between

the

spark

plug

points.

Do

not

allow

the

contact

points

to

become

"ragged,"

otherwise

they

art·

apt

to

stick

and

cause

unnecessary

difficulty

in

starting,

and

when

running

they

are

apt

to

produce

an

occasional

"m

i

ss"

in

the

engine

.

WIJat

is

th

e

purpose

of

Answer

7\

'o

. 5/)

t

he

Commu

tat

or?

1

v~

Y

The

commutator

(or

timer)

determines

the

instant

at

which

the

spark

p

lu

gs

must

fire.

It

effects

the

·•make

and

break"

in

the

primary

circuit.

The

grounded

wire

in

the

magneto

allows

the

current

to

The

Ford

Co

mmur

:u or. (

Cu

t

~

·o

.

II

)

flow

through

the

metal

parts

to

the

metal

roller

in

the

commutator.

Therefore,

when

the

commutator

roller

in

revolving

touches

the

four

c

ommutator

contact

points,

to

eac

h

of

which

is

attached

a

wire

connected

with

a

coil

unit,

an

electrical

circuit

is

passed

thr

ough

the

entire

system

of

primary

wires.

This

circuit

is

only

momentary,

however,

as

the

roller

pass

es

over

the

cont

a

ct

point

very

rapidly

and

sets

up

the

circuit

in

each

unit

as

the

roller

touches

the

contact

point

connected

with

that

unit.

The

commutator

should

be

kept

cl

ean

and

well o

il

ed

at

all

tim

es.

T H E F 0 R D I G

:\

I T I 0

:\

S Y S T E

~

I

29

What

about

A

7\

r

the

Spark

Plugs?

42

nswer

.J.

V 0 . 60

One

is

located

at

the

top

of

each

cylinder

anp.

can

easily

be

taken

out

with

the

spark

plug

wrench

included

wit~h

every

car,

after

the

wire

connection

is

removed.

The

high

voltag

current

flows

out

of

the

secondary

coils

in

the

coil

box

and

on

rea

·

ing

the

contact

points

in

each

spark

plug

it

is

forced

to

jutnp

a -h" g

p,

thereby

forming

a

spark

which

ignites

the

gasoline

charge

in

the

cvlinders.

The

spark

plugs

shou

ld

be

kept

clean

(i

(

e.,

free

from

carbon)

and

should

be

replaced

if

th

ey

persist

in

not

~orking

properly.

Th

ere

is

nothing

to

be

gained

by

experimenting

with

different

makes

of

plugs.

The

make

of

plugs

with

which

Ford

engjnes

are

equipped

when

they

leave

the

factory

are

best

adapted

to

the

requir

ements

of

our

motor,

notwithstanding

the

opinion

of

various

'

garage

men

to

the

contrary.

All

wire

connections

to

spark

plugs,

coil

box

and

commutator

should,

of

course,

at

all

times

be

kept

in

perfect

contact.

What

are

the

indi

c

ations

of

Igniti

on

trouble?

Answer

No. 61

The

uneven

sputter

and

bang

of

the

Fxhaust

means

that

one

or

more

cylinders

are

exploding

irregul

ar

ly

or

not

at

all,

and

that

the

trouble

l>hould·

be

promptly

located

and

overcome.

Misfiring,

if

allowed

to

continue,

will

in

time

injure

the

engine

and

the

entire

mechanism.

If

you

would

be

kn

own

as

a gooc!

driver

you

will

be

satisfied

on

ly

with

a

soft,

steady

purr

from

the

exhaust.

If

anything

goes

wrong,

stop

and

fix

it

if

possible-don't

wnit

until

you

get

home.

Ho

w

can

one

tell

which

Cylinde

r

is

missing?

Ans

wer No. 62

This

is

done

by

man

ipul

ating

the

vibrators

on

the

spark

coils.

Open

the

throttle

until

the

engi

ne

is

running

at

a

good

speed

and

then

hold

down

the

two

outside

vibrators,

No.

1

and

No.4,

with

the

fingers,

so

they

cannot

buzz.

This

cuts

out

the

two

corresponding

cylinders,

No

. 1

and

No.

4,

leaving

only

No.

2

and

No.

3

running.

If

they

e

xplode

regularly

it

is

obvious

the

trouble

is

in

ei

th

er

No.

1

or

No.4.

Re

li

eve

No.

4

and

hold

down

No.

2

and

No.

3

and

also

No.

1;

if

No.

4

cylinder

explodes

evenly

it

is

evident

the

misfiring

is

in

No.

1.

In

this

manner

all

of

the

cylinde

rs

in

turn

can

be

tested

until

the

trouble

is

located.

Examine

both

the

spark

plug

and

the

vibrator

of

the

missing

cylinder.

Jf

th

e

Coil

and

Plug

are

Ans

wer

7\To

. 63

right

-w

hat?

1

VI

The

trouble

is

probably

due

to

an

improperly

seated

valve,

worn

commutator,

or

short

circuit

in

the

commutator

wiring.

Weakness

in

the

valves

may

be

easily

determined

by

lifting

the

starting

crank

slowly

the

length

of

the

stroke

of

each

cylinder

in

turn,

a

strong

or

weak

compression

in

any

particular

valve

being

eas

ily

detected

.

It

sometimes

happens

that

the

cylinder

head

gasket

(packing)

becomes

leaky

-

permitting

the

gas

under

compression

to

escape,

a

condition

that

can

be

detected

by

running

a

little

lubricating

oil

around

the

edge

of

the

gasket

and

noticing

whet

h

er

bubbles

appear

or

not.

30

T

II

1:

F 0 R

I)

~

I

A S L: A

l.

D

oes

a

wor

n

Commutator

A

71.

T

64

eve

r c

aus

e

misfirin

g?

nswer 1

vo.

Yes.

If

misfiring

occurs

when

running

at

high

speed,

inspect

the

commutator.

The

surface

of

the

circle

around

which

roller

(see

Cu

t N

o.

11)

travels

should

be

clean

and

smooth,

so

that

the

roller

makes

a

perfect

cont

act

at

all

points.

If

the

r

olle

r

fails

to

make

a

good

contact

on

ar.y

one

of

the

four

contact

po

i

nts,

it

s

corresponding

cylinder

wiU

not

nre.

Clean

these

surfaces,

if

dirty.

In

case

the

fibre,

contact

points

and

roller

of

the

commutator

are

badly

worn

the

most

satisfactory

remedy

is

to

replace

them

with

new

parts,

or

probably

the

trou

bl

e

is

caused

by

short·drcuited

comm

ut

ator

wires.

The

spring

shou

ld

be

strong

e

nough

to

make

a firm

conta

ct

between

the

roller

points

if

they

are

worn

or

dirty.

How

is

th

e

Co

mmutator

removed

7

Answer

No

. 65

Remove

cotter

pin

from

spark

rod

and

detach

latter

from

com·

mutat?

r.

Loosen

th

e

cap

screw

which

goes

through

breather

pipe

on

top

of

tim

e

gear

cover.

This

will

release

the

spring

which

holds

the

commutator

case

in

place

and

this

part

can

be

r

eadily

removed.

Unscrew

lock

nut;

withdraw

steel

bru

sh

cap

and

drive

out

the

retain

-

ing

pin.

The

brush

can

then

be

rem

o

ved

from

the

cam

shaft.

In

replacing

the

brush,

care

must

be

exerci

sed

to

see

that

it

is

rein-

stated

so

that

the

exhaust

valve

on

the

first

cylind

er

is

clos

ed

when

the

brush

poin

ts

upward.

This

may

be

ascertained

by

r

emoving

the

valve

door

and

ob

se

rving

the

o

pe

ratio

n

of

No

. 1

valve.

D

oes

c

old

weath

er

affect

An

swer

71.

'o

. 66

the

Commutator?

1

VI

It

is

a well

known

f

act

that

in

cold

we

at

her

even

the

best

grad

es

of

lubricating

oil

are

apt

to

congea

l

to

some

extent.

If

th

is

occurs

in

the

c

ommutator

it

is

ve

ry

apt

to

pr

eve

nt

th

e

roller

fro

m

making

perfect

contact

with

the

contact

poin

ts

imbedded

in

the

fibre.

This,

of

cours

e,

makes

difficult

starting,

as

th

e

roller

arm

spring

is

not

stiff

enough

to

brus

h

away

the

film

of

oil

which

natu

.

rally

forms

over

the

contact

points.

To

overcome

thi

s,

as

well

as

any

liability

of

the

co

nta

ct

points

to

rust,

we

recommend

a

mixt

ure

of

25%

kerosene

with

the

commutator

lubricating

oil,

which

will

thin

it

sufficient

ly

to

prevent

congealing,

or

fr

ee

zing,

as

it

is

co

mmonly

called.

Y

ou

have

probably

noticed

in

starting

your

car

in

cold

weather

that

pe

rhaps

only

one

or

two

cylinde

rs

will

fire

for

the

first

minute

or

so,

which

indicates

that

the

tim

er

is

in

the

condition

des

cribed

above

and

as

a

consequenc

e a

perfect

contact

is

not

being

m

ade

on

each

of

the

four

terminals.

H

ow

is

th

e A 7\T

67

Magn

et

ore

moved?

nswer .J.VO.

It

is

necessary

;o

take

the

power

plant

out

of

the

car

(s

ee

Answer

N

o.

32)

in

order

to

remove

the

ma

g

neto.

Th

en

remove

crank

case

and

transmission

cover

- ta

ke

out

the

four

cap

scr

e

ws

that

hold

the

1\ywhee\

to

the

c

rank

shaft.

Y

ou

will

then

hav

e

access

to

the

ma

gnets

and

entire

magn

e

to

mech

an

ism .

In

taking

out

these

parts

-o

r

any

parts

of

th

e

car

-

the

utmost

care

should

be

taken

to

make

sure

t

hat

th

e

parts

are

so

marked

that

they

may

be

replaced

properly.

T H E f 0 R D I C

:\

I T I 0

:--'

S Y S T E

~f

31

Wh

en

the

Magn

e

to

gets

o

ut

of

ord

er-w

hat?

A

nswer

No.

68

~he

F?rd

.magneto

is

~ade

of

permanent

magnets

and

ther

e

is

very

httle

hkehho~d

of

the1r

ever

losing

theirstrength,

unless

acted

upon

by

some

outs

t

de

force

.

For

in

stance,

the

attachments

of

a

sto

ra

ge

batt

e

ry

to.

the

':lagneto

te

rmin

al

wi

ll

d~agnetize

the

magnets.

If

anythmg

hke

thts

happens,

it

is

not

advillable

to

try

to

recharge

them

b':lt

rather

install

a

complete

set

of

new

magn

e

ts.

The

new

magnet~

wtll

be s

ent

from

the

nearest

ag

e

nt

or

branch

house

and

will

be

placed

on

a

board

in

identically

the

same

manner

as

they

shou

ld

be

I

I

Magneto

Co

il

Spoo

l

-----

C

op

per

Wire

-

----

...J

End

of

R1b

bon }

Grounded H

ere

-

T o Coil - - -

;--

---F

lywheel

- -

----M

agnet

Clamp

Th

e F

_o

rd

Ma

gneto

.

The

fl

ywheel with m

agnets

revolves w

ith

the

cn

g1ne, while

ma

gne

to

coils remain s

ta

tiona

ry.

(Cut

No

. !

2)

wh

en

installed

on

the

flywheel.

Great

care

shou

ld

be

t aken

in

assemb

ling

the

magnets

and

lining

up

the

m

agne

to

so

that

th

e faces

of

th

e

m

~

gnets

are

se

parated

from

the

surfac

e

of

the

coil

spo

ol

just

iz

of

an

mch.

To

take

out

the

old

magnets,

simp

ly

remove

the

cap

screw

and

bronze

scr

ew

wh

ich

hold

s

each

in

place

,

Th

e ma

gneto

is

often

bl

a

med

when

the

trouble

is

a

weak

curr

e

nt

caused

by

waste

or

~

t

h

~

r

fore

i

gn

ma

tter

accumul

a

ting

und

er

the

cont

ac

t

spring,

wh1ch tS he

ld

in

pl

ace

by

the

bin

d

ing

post

on

top

of

th

e cra

nk

cas

e

co

v

er.

Re

move

the

three

scr

ews

which

ho

ld

th

e

binding

post

in

pla

ce, re

move

binding

post

and

s

pring

and

re

place

aft

er

foreign

subst

ance

has

been

re

moved.

01!

c:

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8.

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en

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0

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-

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ht"

I•

orrl I raul m

1ssto

n

What

is

the

function

of

Answer

7\To.

69

the

Transmission?

J V 1

It

is

that

part

of

the

mechanism

of

an

automobile

which

lies

between

the

engine

shaft

and

the

propeller

shaft

and

by

which

one

is

enabled

to

move

at

differentspeeds.from

th

e

other

.

It

is

the

speed

gear

of

the

car.

It

sends

the

car

forward

at

low

and

high

speeds

and

by

it

the

car

is

reversed.

W1wt

is

meant

by

the

t

er

m

"

Plan

etary

Transmission

• •? Answer No.

70

One

in

which

the

groups

of

gears

always

remain

in

mesh

and

revolve

around

a

main

axis.

The

different

sets

of

gears

are

brought

into

action

by

stopping

the

revolution

of

the

parts

which

support

the

gears.

By

means

of

bands

(simil

ar

to

brake

bands)

the

rotation

of

the

different

parts

is

stopped.

The

planetary

transmission

is

the

simplest

and

most

direct

means

of

speed

contro

l-

and

is

a

dis

t

inct

advantage

of

the

Ford

car.

What

is

the

purpose

of

the

Clu.tch?

Answer No.

71

If

the

crank

shaft

of

the

engine

ran

without

break

straight

through

to

the

differential-and

through

it

applied

its

power

direct

to

the

rear

wheels-the

car

would

star

t

forward

immediat

ely

upon

the

start-

ing

of

the

engine

(were

it

possible

to

get

it

started

under

such

conditions).

To

overcome

this

difficulty

the

ihaft

is

divid

ed

and

by

means

of

the

clutch

the

part

of

the

shaft

to

which

the

running

engine

is

delivering

its

power

is

en

a!:)

led

to

take

hold

of

the

unmoving

part

gradually

and

start

the

car

without

jolt

or

jar.

The

forward

part

of

the

shaft

is

r

efe

rred

to

as

the

crank

shaft,

the

rear

part

as

the

drive

shaft.

How

is

the

Clutch

controlled?

Answer No.

72

By

the

left

pedal

at

the

driver's

feet

(see

Answer

No.

9)

.

If

the

clutch

pedal,

when

pushed

forwar

d

into

slow

spee

d,

has

a

tendency

to

stick

and

not

to

come

back

readily

into

high,

tighten

up

the

slow

speed

band

as

directed

in

Answer

No.

74.

Should

the

machine

have

an

inclination

to

creep

forward

when

cranking,

it

indicates

that

the

·

clutch

lever

screw

which

bears

on

the

clutch

lever

cam

has

worn,

and

requires

an

extra

turn

to

hold

the

clutch

in

neutral

position.

When

the

clutch

is

released

by

pulling

back

the

hand

lever

the

peda

l

should

move

forward

a

distanceofl

%'"

in

passing

f

rom

high

speed

to

neutr

al.

See

that

the

hub

brake

shoe

and

connections

are

in

proper

order

so

that

the

brake

will

act

sufficiently

to

prevent

the

car

creeping

very

far

ahead.

Also

be

sure

the

slow

speed

band

do

es

not

bind

on

account

of

being

adjusted

too

tight.

Don't

use

a

to

o

heavy

grade

of

oil

in

cold

weather,

as

it

will

have

a

tendency

to

congeal

between

the

clutch

discs

and

prevent

proper

action

of

the

clutch.

(

33

1

..

ij

~

1 s

]

.;::<nZ

.r .§

.2""2

~

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VI

~

j j

0.::

V')

V")

/

~

~

~

~

~ t

..

...

deS~

e

<0

j

.

~

...

.i

l5.;;:

""

u..J!

<

~.,

.il

~

·

~

..

" a.

""-'"'

v

~

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..

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....1

e

~

...,

~

..

~

"

~

u

V>

0

z

T H E F 0 R D T R A N S

~~

I S S I 0

>;

35

How

is

the

C

lut

ch

adjusted?

Answer

No.

73

R

emo

ve

the

plate

on

the

transmission

C9!ver

under

the

floor

boards

at

the

driver's

feet.

T

ake

out

the

cot

ter

ikey on

the

first

clutch

finger

and

give

the

set

screw

one-half

to

one

cpmplete

turn

to

the

right

with

a

screw-drive

r.

Do

the

same

to

the

otper

fing

er

set

screws.

But

be

sure

to

give

each

the

same

number

of

turns

and

don't

forget

to

replace

the

cotte

r

key.

And

after

a

considerable

period

of

service

the

weat

in

the

clutch

may

be

taken

up

by

installing

another

pair

of

clutch

discs,

rathe

r

than

by

turning

the

adjusting

screws

in

too

far.

CAUTION:

Let

us

warn

you

ag3fnst

placing

any

small

tools

or

objects

over

or

in

the

tra

n

smission

case

without

a

gooa

wire

or

cord

attached

to

them.

It

is

almos

t impossible

to

r

eco

v

er

them

without

taking

off

the

tr

ansmiss

i

on

cover.

How

are

the

Band

s

adjusted?

'

Ans

we

r No.

74

T

he

slow

speed

band

may

be

tightened

by

loosening

the

lock

nut

at

the

r

ight

side

of

the

transmission

cover

,

and

turning

the

adjusting

screw

(see

Cut

No.

14)

to

the

rig~.

To

tighten

the

brake

and

revers

e

bands

remove

the

transmission

se

cover

door

and

turn

the

adjust

-

ing

nuts

on

the

shafts

to

the

ri ·

t.

See

th

at

the

bands

do

n

ot

drag

on

the

drums

when

di

sengaged,

s

they

exert

a

brake

effec

t,

and

t

end

to

overheat

the

motor

.

How

ev

r,

the

foot

brake

shou

ld

be

adjusted

so

that

a

su

dd

en

pressure

will

~top

the

car

imm

edia

tely,

or

slide

the

rear

wheels

in

case

of

emergency.

The

bands,

when

worn

to

such

an

exte

nt

that

they

will

not

take

hold

properly,

should

be

relined,

so

that

they

will

engage

smoothly

without

causing

a

jerky

movement

of

the

car.

The

lining

is

inexpensive

and

may

be

had

at

any

of

the

eight

thousand

Ford

servic

e

stations

at

small

cost.

How

are

the

Band

s r

emove

d?

Answer No. 75

Take

off

the

door

on

top

of

tra

nsmission

cover.

Turn

the

reverse

adjustment

nut

and

the

br

a

ke

adjustme

nt

nut

to

the

ex

tr

eme

end

of

the

pedal

shafts,

then

re

move

.

the

slow

speed

ad

ju

s

ting

screw.

Remove

the

bolts

holdin

g

the

transmission

cover

to

crank

case

and

lift

off

the

cover

assembl

y.

Slip

the

band

ne

a

rest

the

ftywhe

el

over

the

first

of

the

triple

gears,

then

turn

the

band

around

so

th

at

the

opening

is

downward.

The

band

can

now

be

removed

by

lifting

upward.

The

operation

is

more

easily

accomplished

if

the

three

sets

of

tr

iple

gears

are

so

placed

that

one

set

is

about

ten

degrees

to

the

right

of

ce

nter

at

top.

E

ach

band

is

remo

ved

by

the

same

operation

.

It

is necess

ary

to

shove

eac

h

band

forward

on

to

the

triple

gears

as

at

this

point

on

ly

is

there

sufficient

clearan

ce

in

the

crank

case

to

allow

the

ears

of

the

transmi

ss

ion

bands

to

be

turned

downward.

By

reversing

this

operati

on

the

bands

may

be

installed.

After

b

eing

placed

in

their

upright

po

s

ition

on

the

drums

pass

a

cord

around

the

ears

of

the

three

bands,

holding

them

in

the

ce

nter

so

that

when

put

-

ting

the

transmission

cover

in

place

no

trouble

will

be

experienced

in

g

etting

the

pedal

shaft

s

to

rest

in

the

notch

es

in

the

band

ears.

Th

e

clutch

re

l

ease

ring

must

be

placed

in

the

rear

groove

of

the

clut

ch

shaft.

With

the

cov

er

in

place

re

mov

e

th

e

cord

wh

ich

held

the

band

s

in

pl

ace

w

hil

e

th

e

cover

was

being

insta

ll

ed.

\

•

...

j

T H E F

~

T R A

:\

s II I s s I 0 N

3i

How

is

the

Transmission

assembled?

Answer

No.

76

Cut

No.

15

shows

"

the

transmission

pa~s

in

their

relative

assembling

positions

and

grouped

in

their

di

fferen:·

operations

of

assembling.

The

first

operation

is

the

assembling

o

group

No.

2,

which

is

as

fol-

lows:

Place

the

brake

drum

on

ta

e

with

the

hub

in

a

vertical

position,

place

the

slow

speed

plate

ver

the

hub

with

gear

upper

-

most.

Then

place

reverse

plate

over

he

slow

speed

plate

so

that

the

reverse

gear

surrounds

the

slow

spee4J

gear.

Fit

the

two

keys

in

the

hub

just

above

the

slow

speed

gear.

f

Put

the

driven

gear

in

position

with

the

teeth

downward

so

that

t,hey

will

come

next

to

the

slow

speed

gear.

Take

the

three

triple

l

gears

and

mesh

them

with

the

driven

gear

according

to

the

puncl"l

marks

on

the

teeth,

the

revers

e

gear

or

smallest

of

the

triple

gear

assembly

being

downward.

After

makip.g

sure

that

the

triple

ge

ars

are

properly

meshed

tie

them

in

place

by

passing

a

cord

aro\md

the

outside

of

the

three

gears.

Tak

e

the

flywheel

and

place

it

on

the

table

with

the

face

downward

and

the

transmission

shaft

in

a

vertical

position;

then

invert

the

group

which

you

have

assembled

over

the

.

transmission

shaft,

setting

it

in

position

so

that

the

triple

gear

pins

o n

the

flywheel

will

pass

through

the

triple

gears.

This

will

bring

.

the

brak

t

drum

on

top

in

a

position

to

hold

the

clutch

plates,

etc

.

The

next

step

is

to

fit

the

clutch

drum

key

in

the

transmission

shaft.

Press

e

clutch

disc

drum

over

the

shaft

and

put

the

set

screw

in

plac

f.

to

hold

the

drum.

Put

large

dis

c

over

the

clutch

drum,

then

a all

di

sc,

alternating

with

large

a

nd

small

discs

until

the

entire

set

f

discs

ar

e

in

position,

ending

up

with

·a

large

di~c

on

top.

If

a

small

disc

is

on

top

it

is

liable

to

fall

over

the

clutch

drum

in

changing

the

speed

from

higli

to

low

and

as

a

result

you

would

be

unable

to

chan~e

the

speed

back

in

to

high.

Next

put

the

clutch

push

ring

over

the

clutch

drum

,

and

on

top

of

the

discs,

with

th

e

three

pins

projecting

upward

(see

Group

No.4,

Cut

No.

15

).

You

will

note

the

remaining

parts

are

placed

as

th

ey will

be

assembled.

Next

bolt

the

driving

plate

in

position

so

that

the

adjusting

screws

of

the

clutch

fingers

will

bear

ag

ainst

the

clutch

push

ring

pins.

Befor

e

proceeding

further

it

would

be

a

good

plan

to

test

the

transmission

by

moving

the

plates

with

the

hands

.

If

the

transmission

is

properl

y

assembled

the

flywheel

will

revolve

freely

while

holding

any

of

th

e

drums

stationary

,

The

clu

tch

parts

ma

y

be

assembl

ed

on-the

driv-

ing

plate

hub

as

follows:

Slip

the

clutch

shift

ov

er

the

hub

so

tha

t

the

small

end

rests

on

the

ends

of

th

e

clutch

finge

rs.

Next

put

on

th

e

clutch

spring,

placing

the

clutch

supports

inside

so

th

at

the

flang

e

will

rest

on

the

upper

coil

of

the

spring

and

press

into

plac

e,

in

s

ert-

ing

the

pin

in

the

driving

plate

hub

through

the

holes

in

the

si

de of

the

spring

support

.

Then

turn

the

clutch

spring

support

un

til

th

e

1=in

fits

into

th

e

lugs

on

th

e

bottom

of

the

support.

The

easie

st

method

of

compressing

t

he

spri

ng suffi

cien

t

ly

to

insert

the

pin

is

t o

loosen

the

te

nsion

of

the

clu

tch

finger

by

mea

ns

of

the

adjusting

screws.

When

tighteqing

up

the

clutch

again

the

spring

should

be

compressed

to

within

fl.

space

of

two

or

two

and

one-sixteenth

inch

es

to

insure

against

the

/

clutch

spring

slipping.

Car

e

should

be

ex

er-

cised

to

see

that

the

screws

in

the

finge

rs

are

adjus

te

d

so

th

e sp

rin

g

is

compres

s

ed

evenly

1

all

around.

I

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Ford T series User manual

Brand: Ford

Model: T series

Type: User manual

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