Nortel Networks 212777 User manual

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Web OS Switch Software

10.0 Application Guide

Part Number: 212777, Revision A, February 2002

Web OS 10.0 Application Guide

2

212777-A, February 2002

rights reserved. Part Number: 212777, Revision A.

This document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying,

distribution, and decompilation. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form by any means

without prior written authorization of Nortel Networks, Inc. Documentation is provided “as is” without

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infringement or the implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

U.S. Government End Users: This document is provided with a “commercial item” as defined by FAR

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those terms are used in FAR 12.211-12.212 (Oct 1995). Government End Users are authorized to use this

documentation only in accordance with those rights and restrictions set forth herein, consistent with FAR

12.211- 12.212 (Oct 1995), DFARS 227.7202 (JUN 1995) and DFARS 252.227-7015 (Nov 1995).

Nortel Networks, Inc. reserves the right to change any products described herein at any time, and without

notice. Nortel Networks, Inc. assumes no responsibility or liability arising from the use of products

described herein, except as expressly agreed to in writing by Nortel Networks, Inc. The use and purchase of

this product does not convey a license under any patent rights, trademark rights, or any other intellectual

property rights of Nortel Networks, Inc.

Web OS, Alteon 180, Alteon 180e, Alteon 184, Alteon AD3, Alteon AD4, and ACEswitch are trademarks

of Nortel Networks, Inc. in the United States and certain other countries. Cisco

®

and EtherChannel

®

are

registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. in the United States and certain other countries. Check Point

®

and FireWall-1

®

are trademarks or registered trademarks of Check Point Software Technologies Ltd. Any

other trademarks appearing in this manual are owned by their respective companies.

212777-A, February 2002

3

Contents

Preface 21

Who Should Use This Guide 21

What You’ll Find in This Guide 21

Typographic Conventions 23

Contacting Us 24

Part 1: Basic Switching & Routing

Chapter 1: Basic IP Routing 27

IP Routing Benefits 28

Routing Between IP Subnets 28

Example of Subnet Routing 31

Defining IP Address Ranges for the Local Route Cache 35

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 36

Internal Routing Versus External Routing 36

Forming BGP Peer Routers 37

BGP Failover Configuration 37

DHCP Relay 41

DHCP Overview 41

DHCP Relay Agent Configuration 42

Chapter 2: VLANs 43

VLAN ID Numbers 44

VLAN Tagging 44

VLANs and the IP Interfaces 45

VLAN Topologies and Design Issues 45

Example 1: Multiple VLANS with Tagging Adapters 46

Example 2: Parallel Links with VLANs 48

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212777-A, February 2002

VLANs and Spanning Tree Protocol 49

Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) 50

Multiple Spanning Trees 51

VLANs and Default Gateways 58

Segregating VLAN Traffic 58

Configuring the Local Network 60

Configuring Default Gateways per VLAN 60

VLANs and Jumbo Frames 63

Isolating Jumbo Frame Traffic using VLANs 63

Routing Jumbo Frames to Non-Jumbo Frame VLANs 64

Chapter 3: Port Trunking 65

Overview 65

Statistical Load Distribution 66

Built-In Fault Tolerance 66

Port Trunking Example 67

Chapter 4: OSPF 69

OSPF Overview 69

Types of OSPF Areas 70

Types of OSPF Routing Devices 71

Neighbors and Adjacencies 72

The Link-State Database 72

The Shortest Path First Tree 73

Internal Versus External Routing 73

OSPF Implementation in Web OS 74

Configurable Parameters 74

Defining Areas 75

Interface Cost 77

Electing the Designated Router and Backup 77

Summarizing Routes 77

Default Routes 78

Virtual Links 79

Router ID 80

Authentication 80

Host Routes for Load Balancing 82

OSPF Features Not Supported in This Release 82

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OSPF Configuration Examples 83

Example 1: Simple OSPF Domain 84

Example 2: Virtual Links 86

Example 3: Summarizing Routes 90

Example 4: Host Routes 92

Verifying OSPF Configuration 98

Chapter 5: Secure Switch Management 99

Setting Allowable Source IP Address Ranges 100

Secure Switch Management 101

Authentication and Authorization 101

Requirements 102

RADIUS Authentication and Authorization 103

RADIUS Authentication Features in Web OS 104

Web Switch User Accounts 105

Secure Shell and Secure Copy 107

Encryption of Management Messages 108

SCP Services 108

RSA Host and Server Keys 109

Radius Authentication 110

SecurID Support 110

Port Mirroring 113

Part 2: Web Switching Fundamentals

Chapter 6: Server Load Balancing 117

Understanding Server Load Balancing 118

Identifying Your Network Needs 118

How Server Load Balancing Works 119

Implementing Basic Server Load Balancing 121

Network Topology Requirements 122

Configuring Server Load Balancing 124

Additional Server Load Balancing Options 128

Extending SLB Topologies 136

Proxy IP Addresses 136

Mapping Ports 139

Direct Server Interaction 142

Delayed Binding 146

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212777-A, February 2002

Load Balancing Special Services 149

IP Server Load Balancing 149

FTP Server Load Balancing 150

Domain Name Server (DNS) Load Balancing 151

Real Time Streaming Protocol SLB 155

Wireless Application Protocol SLB 158

Intrusion Detection System Server Load Balancing 163

WAN Link Load Balancing 166

Chapter 7: Filtering 169

Overview 170

Filtering Benefits 170

Filtering Criteria 170

Stacking Filters 172

Overlapping Filters 172

The Default Filter 173

VLAN-based Filtering 174

Optimizing Filter Performance 176

Filter Logs 176

IP Address Ranges 178

Cache-Enabled versus Cache-Disabled Filters 178

TCP Rate Limiting 179

Configuring TCP Rate Limiting Filters 180

Tunable Hash for Filter Redirection 184

Filter-based Security 185

Network Address Translation 191

Static NAT 191

Dynamic NAT 193

FTP Client NAT 195

Matching TCP Flags 197

Matching ICMP Message Types 201

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212777-A, February 2002

Chapter 8: Application Redirection 203

Overview 204

Web Cache Redirection Environment 204

Additional Application Redirection Options 205

RTSP Web Cache Redirection 211

IP Proxy Addresses for NAT 213

Excluding Noncacheable Sites 215

Chapter 9: Virtual Matrix Architecture 217

Chapter 10: Health Checking 219

Real Server Health Checks 221

DSR Health Checks 222

Link Health Checks 223

Configuring the Switch for Link Health Checks 223

TCP Health Checks 224

ICMP Health Checks 224

Script-Based Health Checks 225

Configuring the Switch for Script-Based Health Checks 225

Script Format 226

Scripting Guidelines 227

Script Configuration Examples 227

Application-Specific Health Checks 230

HTTP Health Checks 231

UDP-Based DNS Health Checks 233

FTP Server Health Checks 234

POP3 Server Health Checks 235

SMTP Server Health Checks 236

IMAP Server Health Checks 237

NNTP Server Health Checks 238

RADIUS Server Health Checks 239

HTTPS/SSL Server Health Checks 240

WAP Gateway Health Checks 240

LDAP Health Checks 243

ARP Health Checks 245

Failure Types 246

Service Failure 246

Server Failure 246

Web OS 10.0 Application Guide

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212777-A, February 2002

Chapter 11: High Availability 247

VRRP Overview 248

VRRP Components 248

VRRP Operation 251

Selecting the Master VRRP Router 251

Active-Standby Failover 252

Failover Methods 253

Active-Standby Redundancy 254

Active-Active Redundancy 255

Hot-Standby Redundancy 256

Synchronizing Configurations 258

Web OS Extensions to VRRP 259

Virtual Server Routers 259

Sharing/Active-Active Failover 260

Tracking VRRP Router Priority 261

High Availability Configurations 263

Active-Standby Virtual Server Router Configuration 263

Active-Active VIR and VSR Configuration 265

Active/Active Server Load Balancing Configuration 267

VRRP-Based Hot-Standby Configuration 275

Virtual Router Deployment Considerations 277

Mixing Active-Standby and Active-Active Virtual Routers 277

Synchronizing Active/Active Failover 277

Eliminating Loops with STP and VLANs 278

Assigning VRRP Virtual Router ID 280

Configuring the Switch for Tracking 280

Synchronizing Configurations 282

Stateful Failover of Layer 4 and Layer 7 Persistent Sessions 283

What Happens When a Switch Fails 284

Viewing Statistics on Persistent Port Sessions 286

Web OS 10.0 Application Guide

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212777-A, February 2002

Part 3: Advanced Web Switching

Chapter 12: Global Server Load Balancing 289

GSLB Overview 290

Benefits 290

Compatibility with Other Web OS Features 290

How GSLB Works 291

Configuring GSLB 293

IP Proxy for Non-HTTP Redirects 304

How IP Proxy Works 305

Configuring Proxy IP Addresses 307

Verifying GSLB Operation 308

Configuring Client Site Preferences 308

Using Border Gateway Protocol for GSLB 312

Chapter 13: Firewall Load Balancing 313

Firewall Overview 314

Basic FWLB 316

Basic FWLB Implementation 317

Configuring Basic FWLB 319

Four-Subnet FWLB 326

Four-Subnet FWLB Implementation 327

Configuring Four-Subnet FWLB 329

Advanced FWLB Concepts 346

Free-Metric FWLB 346

Adding a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) 349

Firewall Health Checks 351

Chapter 14: Virtual Private Network Load Balancing 353

Overview 354

Virtual Private Networks 354

How VPN Load Balancing Works 354

VPN Load-Balancing Configuration 356

Requirements 356

VPN Load-Balancing Configuration Example 356

Web OS 10.0 Application Guide

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Contents

212777-A, February 2002

Chapter 15: Content Intelligent Switching 371

Overview 372

Parsing Content 373

HTTP Header Inspection 374

Buffering Content with Multiple Frames 374

Content Intelligent Server Load Balancing 375

URL-Based Server Load Balancing 375

Virtual Hosting 380

Cookie-Based Preferential Load Balancing 383

Browser-Smart Load Balancing 386

URL Hashing for Server Load Balancing 387

Header Hash Load Balancing 389

DNS Load Balancing 390

Layer 7 RTSP Load Balancing 392

Content Intelligent Web Cache Redirection 394

URL-Based Web Cache Redirection 395

HTTP Header-Based Web Cache Redirection 403

Browser-Based Web Cache Redirection 405

URL Hashing for Web Cache Redirection 406

Layer 7 RTSP Streaming Cache Redirection 409

Exclusionary String Matching for Real Servers 410

Configuring for Exclusionary URL String Matching 410

Regular Expression Matching 412

Standard Regular Expression Characters 412

Configuring Regular Expressions 413

Content Precedence Lookup 414

Requirements 415

Using the or and and Operators 415

Assigning Multiple Strings 416

Layer 7 Deny Filter 417

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212777-A, February 2002

Chapter 16: Persistence 421

Overview of Persistence 422

Using Source IP Address 422

Using Cookies 423

Using SSL Session ID 423

Cookie-Based Persistence 424

Permanent and Temporary Cookies 425

Cookie Formats 425

Cookie Properties 426

Client Browsers that Do Not Accept Cookies 426

Cookie Modes of Operation 427

Configuring Cookie-Based Persistence 430

Server-Side Multi-Response Cookie Search 436

SSL Session ID-Based Persistence 437

How SSL Session ID-Based Persistence Works 437

Chapter 17: Bandwidth Management 441

Overview 442

Bandwidth Policies 444

Rate Limits 445

Bandwidth Policy Configuration 445

Data Pacing 446

Classification Criteria 447

Server Output Bandwidth Control 447

Application Bandwidth Control 447

Combinations 448

Precedence 448

Bandwidth Classification Configuration 448

Frame Discard 449

URL-Based Bandwidth Management 449

HTTP Header-Based Bandwidth Management 451

Cookie-Based Bandwidth Management 451

Bandwidth Statistics and History 452

Statistics Maintained 452

Statistics and Management Information Bases 452

Packet Coloring (TOS bits) for Burst Limit 453

Operational Keys 453

Web OS 10.0 Application Guide

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Contents

212777-A, February 2002

Configuring Bandwidth Management 454

Additional Configuration Examples 457

Preferential Services Examples 460

Glossary 471

Index 475

212777-A, February 2002

13

Figures

Figure 1-1: The Router Legacy Network 29

Figure 1-2: Switch-Based Routing Topology 30

Figure 1-3: iBGP and eBGP 37

Figure 1-4: BGP Failover Configuration Example 38

Figure 1-5: DHCP Relay Agent Configuration 42

Figure 2-1: Example 1: Multiple VLANs with Tagging Gigabit Adapters 46

Figure 2-2: Example 2: Parallel Links with VLANs 48

Figure 2-3: Using Multiple Instances of Spanning Tree Protocol 51

Figure 2-4: VLAN 3 Isolated in a Single Spanning Tree Group 52

Figure 2-5: Implementing Multiple Spanning Tree Groups 53

Figure 2-6: Default Gateways per VLAN 58

Figure 2-7: Jumbo Frame VLANs 64

Figure 3-1: Port Trunk Group 65

Figure 3-2: Port Trunk Group Configuration Example 67

Figure 4-1: OSPF Area Types 70

Figure 4-2: OSPF Domain and an Autonomous System 71

Figure 4-3: Injecting Default Routes 78

Figure 4-4: OSPF Authentication 80

Figure 4-5: A Simple OSPF Domain 84

Figure 4-6: Configuring a Virtual Link 86

Figure 4-7: Summarizing Routes 90

Figure 4-8: Configuring OSPF Host Routes 92

Figure 5-1: Authentication and Authorization: How It Works 103

Figure 5-2: Monitoring Ports 113

Web OS 10.0 Application Guide

14

Figures

212777-A, February 2002

Figure 6-1: Traditional Versus SLB Network Configurations 119

Figure 6-2: Web Hosting Configuration Without SLB 121

Figure 6-3: Web Hosting with SLB Solutions 121

Figure 6-4: SLB Client/Server Traffic Routing 122

Figure 6-5: Example Network for Client/Server Port Configuration 123

Figure 6-6: Basic Virtual Port to Real Port Mapping Configuration 140

Figure 6-7: Direct Server Return 143

Figure 6-8: Mapped and Nonmapped Server Access 144

Figure 6-9: DoS SYN Attacks without Delayed Binding 146

Figure 6-10: Repelling DoS SYN Attacks With Delayed Binding 147

Figure 6-11: Layer 4 DNS Load Balancing 151

Figure 7-1: Assigning Filters According to Range of Coverage 172

Figure 7-2: Assigning Filters to Overlapping Ranges 172

Figure 7-3: Assigning a Default Filter 173

Figure 7-4: VLAN-based Filtering 174

Figure 7-5: Configuring Clients with Different Rates 180

Figure 7-6: Limiting User Access to Server 183

Figure 7-7: Security Topology Example 185

Figure 7-8: Static Network Address Translation 192

Figure 7-9: Dynamic Network Address Translation 193

Figure 7-10: Active FTP for Dynamic NAT 195

Figure 7-11: TCP ACK Matching Network 197

Figure 8-1: Traditional Network Without Web Cache Redirection 204

Figure 8-2: Network with Web Cache Redirection 205

Figure 11-1: Example 1: VRRP Router 250

Figure 11-2: Example 2: VRRP Router 252

Figure 11-3: A Non-VRRP, Hot-Standby Configuration 253

Figure 11-4: Active-Standby Redundancy 254

Figure 11-5: Active-Active Redundancy 255

Figure 11-6: Hot-Standby Redundancy 256

Figure 11-7: Active-Active High Availability 260

Figure 11-8: Active-Standby High-Availability Configuration 263

Figure 11-9: Active-Active High-Availability Configuration 265

Figure 11-10: Hot-Standby Configuration 275

Figure 11-11: Loops in Active-Active Configuration 278

Figure 11-12: Cross-Redundancy Creates Loops, But STP Resolves Them 279

Figure 11-13: Using VLANs to Create Non-Looping Topologies 279

Figure 11-14: Stateful Failover Example when the Master Switch Fails 284

Web OS 10.0 Application Guide

Figures

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212777-A, February 2002

Figure 12-1: DNS Resolution with Global Server Load Balancing 291

Figure 12-2: GSLB Topology Example 294

Figure 12-3: HTTP and Non-HTTP Redirects 304

Figure 12-4: POP3 Request Fulfilled via IP Proxy 305

Figure 12-5: GSLB Proximity Tables: How They Work 309

Figure 12-6: Configuring Client Proximity Table 310

Figure 13-1: Typical Firewall Configuration Before FWLB 314

Figure 13-2: Basic FWLB Topology 316

Figure 13-3: Basic FWLB Process 317

Figure 13-4: Basic FWLB Example Network 319

Figure 13-5: Four-Subnet FWLB Topology 326

Figure 13-6: Four-Subnet FWLB Process 327

Figure 13-7: Four-Subnet FWLB Example Network 329

Figure 13-8: Basic FWLB Example Network 346

Figure 13-9: Four-Subnet FWLB Example Network 347

Figure 13-10: Typical Firewall Load-Balancing Topology with DMZ 349

Figure 14-1: Basic Network Frame Flow and Operation 355

Figure 14-2: VPN Load-Balancing Configuration Example 356

Figure 14-3: Checkpoint Rules for Both VPN Devices as Seen in the Policy

Editor 368

Figure 15-1: Content Intelligent Load Balancing Example 372

Figure 15-2: URL-Based Server Load Balancing 376

Figure 15-3: Balancing Nontransparent Caches 387

Figure 15-4: Load Balancing DNS Queries 390

Figure 15-5: URL-Based Web Cache Redirection 396

Figure 15-6: URL Hashing for WCR 408

Figure 15-7: Content Precedence Lookup Protectors Example 415

Figure 15-8: Content Precedence Lookup Multiple Strings Example 416

Figure 15-9: Configuring Layer 7 Deny Filter 417

Figure 16-1: Cookie-Based Persistence: How It Works 424

Figure 16-2: Insert Cookie Mode 427

Figure 16-3: Passive Cookie Mode 428

Figure 16-4: Rewrite Cookie Mode 429

Figure 16-5: SSL Session ID-Based Persistence 438

Web OS 10.0 Application Guide

16

Figures

212777-A, February 2002

Figure 17-1: Bandwidth Management: How It Works 442

Figure 17-2: Bandwidth Rate Limits 444

Figure 17-3: Virtual Clocks and TDT 446

Figure 17-4: URL-Based Bandwidth Management 450

Figure 17-5: URL-Based Bandwidth Management with Web Cache Redirection 450

Figure 17-6: Cookie-Based Bandwidth Management 451

Figure 17-7: Cookie-Based Preferential Services 467

212777-A, February 2002

17

Tables

Table 1-1: Subnet Routing Example: IP Address Assignments 31

Table 1-2: Subnet Routing Example: IP Interface Assignments 31

Table 1-3: Subnet Routing Example: Optional VLAN Ports 33

Table 1-4: Local Routing Cache Address Ranges 35

Table 2-1: Ports, Trunk Groups, and VLANs 49

Table 2-2: Multiple Spanning Tree Groups per VLAN 54

Table 2-3: Route Cache Example 59

Table 5-1: User Access Levels 105

Table 5-2: Web OS Alteon Levels 106

Table 6-1: Web Host Example: Real Server IP Addresses 124

Table 6-2: Web Host Example: Port Usage 126

Table 6-3: Well-Known Application Ports 128

Table 6-4: Proxy Example: Port Usage 137

Table 7-1: Well-Known Protocol Types 171

Table 7-2: Well-Known Application Ports 171

Table 7-3: Filtering IP Address Ranges 178

Table 7-4: Web Cache Example: Real Server IP Addresses 186

Table 7-5: TCP Flags 197

Table 7-6: ICMP Message Types 201

Table 8-1: Web Cache Example: Real Server IP Addresses 206

Table 11-1: Active Standby Configuration 252

Table 11-2: Sharing Active-Active Failover 260

Table 11-3: VRRP Tracking Parameters 261

Web OS 10.0 Application Guide

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Tables

212777-A, February 2002

Table 12-1: GSLB Example: California Real Server IP Addresses 296

Table 12-2: GSLB Example: California Alteon 180 Port Usage 297

Table 12-3: Denver Real Server IP Addresses 300

Table 12-4: Web Host Example: Alteon 180 Port Usage 301

Table 12-5: HTTP Versus Non-HTTP Redirects 305

Table 15-1: Standard Regular Expression Special Characters 412

Table 15-2: Real Server Content 416

Table 16-1: Comparison Among the Three Cookie Modes 427

Table 17-1: Bandwidth Rate Limits 445

Table 17-2: Bandwidth Policy Limits 445

212777-A, February 2002

19

New Features

The following table lists the new features in Web OS 10.0 and the supported platforms:

Feature Alteon Web Switches

AD3/180e

Alteon Web Switches

AD4/184

Vlan-based default gateway No Yes

Vlan Filtering No Yes

Multiple Instances of Spanning Tree Yes Yes

Layer 7 deny filter Yes Yes

Increase real server support to 1024 No Yes

SYN Attack Detection/Protection Yes Yes

Enhanced Port Mirroring Yes Yes

Reporting Classification Manager: SYSLOG and

SNMP

No Yes

Reporting Classification Manager: Ability to fil-

ter SYSLOG based on severity

No Yes

Reporting Classification Manager: SNMP traps

defined for VRRP state changes

No Yes

Reporting Classification Manager: SNMP traps

defined for failed login

No Yes

Selectable Hash Parameters Yes Yes

Layer 4 DNS Load Balancing (UDP and TCP

ports)

Ye s Ye s

L7 DNS Load Balancing Yes Yes

Enhanced DNS Health Check Yes Yes

TCP Rate Limiting Yes Yes

Web OS 10.0 Application Guide

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New Features

212777-A, February 2002

Hash on any HTTP header Yes Yes

Increase support of 16 rport to vport No Yes

Increased number of scripted health check to 16 No Yes

Descriptive names for filters Yes Yes

OSPF No Yes

LDAP health check Yes Yes

Streaming Cache Redirection Yes Yes

L7 Parsing of RTSP SLB Yes Yes

ARP health check Yes Yes

Telnet client Yes Yes

Increase logging buffer Yes Yes

Support of OPER command on Web OS BBI and

SNMP

No Yes

Enhanced Web OS Browser-based Interface

support

No Yes

Configurable prompt name Yes Yes

Bandwidth management No Yes

Feature Alteon Web Switches

AD3/180e

Alteon Web Switches

AD4/184

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