CEN-TECH 93233 Operating Instructions Manual

Brand: CEN-TECH

Model: 93233

Category: Telescopes

Type: Operating Instructions Manual

Junior Microscope KitJunior Microscope Kit

Junior Microscope Kit

ASSEMBLY AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

3491 Mission Oaks Blvd., Camarillo, CA 93011

Visit our Web site at http://www.harborfreight.com

manual or any artwork contained herein may be reproduced in any shape or form

without the express written consent of Harbor Freight Tools.

For technical questions and replacement parts, please call 1-800-444-3353

93233

Due to continuing improvements, actual product may differ slightly from the

product described herein.

SKU 93233

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Page 2

Specifications

* Close supervision by a responsible adult is required.

Applications

This instrument may be assembled in 9 different configurations, including Magnifiers,

Telescopes and Microscopes. Each configuration offers different optic specifications.

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SKU 93233

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Page 3

Save This Manual

You will need the manual for the safety warnings and precautions, assembly

instructions, operating and maintenance procedures, parts list and diagram. Keep

your invoice with this manual. Write the invoice number on the inside of the front

cover. Keep the manual and invoice in a safe and dry place for future reference.

Safety Warnings and Precautions

WARNING: When using this device, basic safety precautions should always be

followed to reduce the risk of personal injury and damage to equipment.

Read all instructions before using this instrument!

1. WARNING! Do not look at the Sun or other strong light sources through

this instrument. Injury to eyes, even blindness may result. Do not use

this instrument to look at a Solar eclipse.

2. Observe work area conditions. Do not use tools or instruments in damp or

wet locations. Don’t expose to rain.

3. Store idle equipment. When not in use, tools and instruments must be

stored in a dry location to inhibit rust. They should be put away properly to

prevent loss of small parts or damage.

4. Maintain instruments with care. Keep tools and instruments maintained

and clean for better and safer performance. The various parts must be kept

clean, dry, and free from oil and grease at all times. When cleaning lenses

use only clean lens paper and an approved lens cleaner.

5. Stay alert. Watch what you are doing and use common sense. Do not walk

or run with the instrument held to your eye. Do not look at bright lights through

the instrument.

6. Check for damaged parts. Before using any tool or instrument, any part

that appears damaged should be carefully checked to determine that it will

operate properly and perform its intended function. Check for alignment and

binding of moving parts; any broken parts or mounting fixtures; and any other

condition that may affect proper operation. Any part that is damaged should

be properly repaired or replaced by a qualified technician.

7. Replacement parts and accessories. When servicing, use only identical

replacement parts. Use of any other parts will void the warranty. Approved

accessories are available from Harbor Freight Tools.

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Page 4

Warning: The warnings, cautions, and instructions discussed in this instruction

manual cannot cover all possible conditions and situations that may occur. It

must be understood by the operator that common sense and caution are factors

which cannot be built into this product, but must be supplied by the operator.

Unpacking

When unpacking, check to make sure that all accessories listed below are

included, and that the product is intact and undamaged.

If any parts are missing or broken, please call Harbor Freight Tools at the number

on the cover of this manual.

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Page 5

About Telescopes and Microscopes

For thousands of years mankind has sought ways of looking farther to see

distant objects, or looking closer to better see small objects.

Phoenicians cooking on sand discovered glass around 3500 BCE, but it

took about 5,000 years more for glass to be shaped into a lens for the first tele-

scope. A spectacle maker named Hans Lippershey (c1570-c1619) of Holland

looked at a church steeple through two lenses placed one in front of the other and

saw that the image was magnified. Lippershey is often credited with the invention of

the telescope, but he almost certainly was not the first to make one.

The telescope was introduced to astronomy in 1609 by the great Italian

scientist Galileo Galilei, who became the first man to see the craters of the moon,

and who went on to discover sunspots, the four large moons of Jupiter, and the

rings of Saturn. Galileo’s telescope had limited magnification and a narrow field of

view. Galileo could see no more than a quarter of the moon’s face without

repositioning his telescope.

Later, better telescopes using mirrors and various combinations of lenses

have been developed.

Refracting telescopes use

lenses to gather and bend light making

things seem larger. The lenses used in

refracting telescopes are called

concave and convex. Convex (curved

outward) lenses bend light inward,

making things bigger, but blurry.

Concave (curved inward) lenses bend

light outward, making things appear

small. A combination of these two

lenses can be used to adjust the

apparent size of objects, and make

them appear in focus.

This set contains lenses of different combinations of concave and convex

lenses. Some are individual lenses, and some are combinations of lenses

cemented together.

As you build and experiment with the various combinations of lenses,

think about how each one magnifies or reduces, bends or redirects light.

All lenses have an “Angle of View” which is a measure of the angle the

light is bent by the lens. This is also known as a “Focal Length” which is the

distance from the lens that the light bent by the lens comes back together in

focus. The Body, Drawtube, Eyepieces and Spacers included in this kit allow you

to adjust for the Focal Length of any combination of lenses.

convex lens concave lens

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Page 6

Understanding the various parts in your kit

Before assembling any optical device, please read the instructions. The various

components work together in different ways to produce a specific instrument. After

you understand how each of these parts works, you may experiment to find new

ways to put them together.

Objective Lens #8 is a magnifying lens. It is made of two lenses cemented

together. A lens which is convex on both sides has a lens which is flat on one side

and concave on the other attached to it. The smaller flat/concave lens helps

sharpen the image seen through the double convex lens. When using Objective

Lens #8, the flat side is always pointed toward the object being observed. The

rounded, convex side is pointed toward the eyepiece.

Collecting Lens #4 is a combination of three lenses cemented together. A flat/

concave lens is nearest the objective. It is mounted onto a convex/flat lens which

has a flat/flat lens mounted on the inside nearest the eyepiece. This lens helps align

the image in the image plane, that means the image appears flat in front of the eye.

Inversion Lenses #5 are used to turn the image right side up. A curious effect of

convex lenses like #8 is that, in addition to enlarging the image, they flip them top

to bottom. Inversion lenses are used in “terrestrial” telescopes, which are used on

land. Without an inversion lens it might be confusing to see a bird on a branch

upside down. Inversion lenses are often not used in “astronomical” telescopes,

since stars and planets usually look about the same whether they are upside down

or not. Inversions in astronomical telescopes are confusing only when looking at

familiar objects like the moon. For that reason, some astronomical telescopes

include inversion lenses.

Eyepiece #6 is called a “diversion” lens because it bends light outward. It is a

concave lens that is used in combination with a convex magnifying lens like # 8.

Convex lenses bend light inward, and concave lenses bend light outward. When

used together at the proper focal length, they produce a magnified image with the

light in alignment again. This is the simple design that Gallileo used, and is the

basic refracting telescope illustrated on page 5.

Eyepiece #7 is a “symmetric” combination of lenses. This consists of two sets of

opposite design lenses mounted in opposition to each other. The effect of this lens

is to magnify the image without distortion.

The Body, Drawtube, Eyepieces and Spacers are all provided to adjust the focal

length of any instrument you assemble from this kit. It is necessary to adjust the

focal length to result in an image in the eyepiece which is in focus.

A note on magnification. Magnification is produced by the interaction of lenses of

various sizes and shapes positioned in a certain relation to each other. It is the

perception of an image being larger than it appears in nature. Magnification is

described as being so many times (“X”) its appearance with the unaided eye.

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Page 7

#1 Galilean Hand Telescope

The brilliant 17th century scientist Galileo Gallei designed this telescope

and first recorded using it in 1609. In addition to his many experiments with gravity

and various machines, Galileo wanted to determine if the Earth revolved around

the Sun, or the Sun revolved around the Earth. The answer to this question was not

known in his day. His predecessor, Copernicus, had made mathematical

observations to show that the solar system is “heliocentric”, with the Sun at the

center. But he could not

prove it. Others claimed

that the solar system is

“terracentric” with the

Earth at the center. While

not accepted at the time,

Galileo was the first

Western scientist to prove

through observation with a

telescope like this one

that the solar system is

heliocentric.

This sort of telescope has the advantage of allowing in a lot of light, so it

can be used in dark conditions. Its disadvantage is that its field of view and

magnification are very small.

To assemble a Galilean Hand Telescope:

1. Place the Body (01) on a clean, flat work surface.

2. Fit the Objective Lens (08) into the opening near the decorative covering of the

Body (01). Be sure the flat part of the Objective Lens is facing out.

3. Press the Objective Lens (08) into the Body (01) using the Rod (16) until the

mark on the Rod aligns with the outer edge of the Body.

4. Remove the Rod and set it aside. Insert the Diversion Lens Eyepiece (06) into

the other end of the Body (01).

5. To focus this telescope, move the Eyepiece (06) slowly in and out.

6. If it is not possible to focus the telescope on a remote object, the Objective

Lens (08) may be in the wrong position, or may not be straight in the Body

(01). Disassemble the telescope, and reassemble correctly following the

above directions.

Galilean Hand Telescope

distance “d”

distance “D”

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Page 8

#2 A Telescopic Magnifier

If you set the position of the Objective Lens (08) using the mark on the Rod

(16) as discussed in step 3 on page 7, the telescope is set for a focal length

that will focus on astronomical objects. However, if you position the Objective

Lens (08) farther from the Diversion Lens Eyepiece (06), you will set the

telescope for a focal length that is much shorter.

To make a Telescopic

Magnifier

1. Insert the Objective Lens (08) into

the very end of the Body (01) at

the end with the decorative

covering.

2. Insert the Diversion Lens

Eyepiece (06) in the other end.

The Telescopic Magnifier is best suited for looking at objects that are only 1/2

to 2 meters distant (approximately 1/2 to 6 feet).

The distances of the Objective Lens to the Eyepiece and the Objective Lens to

the observed object are “inversely proportional”. That means as one gets

larger, the other gets smaller in some mathematical relationship to each other.

When the Objective Lens was midway in the Body to make the Galilean

Telescope, we could call the small distance from the Objective Lens to the

Eyepiece distance “d”. We were able to focus on a distant object, like the

Moon. We can call that long distance to the Moon “D”.

With the Telescopic Magnifier, we increased the small distance “d” to the end

of the Body, so let’s call the new small distance “d+”. Now the distance to the

observed object is much smaller. Let’s call it distance “D-”.

So we learn that “d” and “D” are inverse to each other. As “d” became “d+”, “D”

became “D-”. Through observation, we can learn that they are also

proportional, that means the differences have a mathematical relationship.

This mathematical relationship shown by telescopes of various lengths and

objects of various distances opened the door for thinking about all sorts of

mathematical relationships in nature; and helped generations of inspired

thinkers create the foundations of modern science.

Telescopic Magnifier

distance “d+”

(08)

(06)

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Page 9

#3 Astronomical Kepler Telescope

Johannes Kepler (1570-1630) was a German scientist who lived during and

after Galileo’s lifetime. Kepler was very interested in Galileo’s work, and continued

to improve the telescope. He is credited with developing the Symmetric Lens, which

he described in his book “Dioptrics” which was published in 1611.

When you look at the cross section of the Symmetrical Lens Eyepiece

(07) in the diagram, notice that the space between the two opposite lenses is itself

shaped like a lens. Kepler is credited with recognizing that these “negative spaces”

can be as important in lens optics as lenses themselves.

In 1600 Kepler was invited to become assistant to Tyco Brache,

mathematician at the court of Emperor Rudolph II of Prague. Brache’s most

important contribution to modern science was not theory, but his extensive

observations of the movements of the planets, which Kepler assisted him in

collecting.

The famous fictional 19th century sleuth Sherlock Holmes stated “ it is

useless to theorize ahead of the facts”. Brache refused to advance theory of

planetary motion until he had made numerous observations himself, using Kepler’s

improved telescopes. Every clear night for many years Brache carefully observed

and plotted the relative locations of the known planets and prominent stars. By the

time of his death, he had compiled the most accurate and extensive record of

planetary motion ever made. But he had not proposed any additional theories to

explain the facts he had observed.

At Brache’s death, his extensive records were inherited by Kepler. Kepler then

postulated his 3 laws of planetary motion. Later Isaac Newton built upon Kepler’s

laws to form the basis of modern “Newtonian” physics.

To assemble a Kepler’s Hand Telescope

1. Insert the Objective Lens (08) into

the end of the Body (01) which has

the decorative covering as you did

to make the Telescopic Magnifier.

2. Insert the Symmetric Lens

Eyepiece (07) in the other end of

the Body.

3. Adjust the position of the

Eyepiece (07) to focus the

instrument.

NOTE: The complex lenses in Kepler’s symmetrical eyepiece change the simple

“inverse proportion” calculations of focal length. However, if you do the math, the

rules still apply. Also, the image seen in a Kepler’s telescope will be inverted.

Kepler’s telescope

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Page 10

#4 A Terrestrial 10X Hand Telescope

Kepler’s telescope greatly improved on Galileo’s in terms of its magnification

and field of view. However, Kepler’s telescope, like Galileo’s produced an

inverted (upside down) image.

The inversion is caused by the convex sides of the magnifying lens directing

the light waves past each other, top to bottom and side to side.

Inversion Lenses (05) used in pairs can be used to make the image appear

through the telescope as it does in nature.

The Terrestrial 10X Hand Telescope is useful for seeing things on earth, at a

distance greater than 10 meters (32-1/2 feet).

To assemble the Terrestrial 10X Telescope

1. Fit the Objective Lens (08) into the Body (01) at the end with the decorative

covering.

2. Fit the short end of Collecting Lens (04) into the end of the Drawtube (02).

3. From the other end of the Drawtube, insert 13mm Spacer (12) until it touches

the end of the Collecting Lens.

4. Next insert Inversion Lens (05) with the marking toward Spacer (12).

5. Next insert 16.2mm Spacer (13)

6. Now insert the other Inversion Lens (05) with the marking “5” to the outside

facing away from 13mm Spacer (12).

7. Insert the Symmetric Eyepiece (07).

8. Insert the Collecting Lens (04) into the Body (01) to join the two parts of the

telescope together.

You can now focus the telescope on objects more than 10 meters away by

adjusting the Eyepiece.

the Terrestrial 10X Telescope

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Page 11

#5 The Terrestrial 20X Telescope

This telescope has magnification double that of the 10X telescope. However,

its angle of view is 2 times smaller. Consequently, it is useful for viewing

objects at least 20 meters (65 feet) away.

Build the 20X telescope the same way as you built the 10x with the following

changes:

In step 3 insert 1.8mm Spacer (09), instead of Spacer (12).

In step 5 insert 5mm Spacer (10) instead of Spacer (13).

NOTE: If you have difficulty focusing either Telescope 10X or 20X, recheck the

position of all parts. You may also adjust the position of Objective Lens (08)

slightly.

Terrestrial 10X Telescope

#6 17X Microscope

Microscopes are used for examining very small objects. Microscopes work

very much like telescopes, but have very different focal lengths between the

eyepiece and lens “d”, and between the lens and object “D”.

To assemble the 17X microscope:

1. Place the Microscope Base (03) on a clean, hard and flat surface.

2. Place the Drawtube (2) on end on the work table with the number “2” at the

bottom. Insert the 21mm Spacer (14) into the Drawtube and press it all the

way to the bottom. (If Spacer (14) has distinctive rings on one side, insert that

side down.)

3. Insert Inversion Lens (05) into the Drawtube with the marking “5” towards the

Spacer below it.

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Page 12

4. Then insert 16.2mm Spacer (13).

5. Insert the other Inversion Lens (05) with the “5” marking toward the top.

6. Press all parts into place using the Assembly Rod (16).

7. Insert the Symmetric Lens Eyepiece (07).

8. Remove the 21mm Spacer from the bottom of the Drawtube (02). Spacer (14)

is used only to position the other parts correctly in the Drawtube.

9. Place your specimen to be examined on the Glass Slide (15), and place the

Glass Slide in the Microscope Base (03).

10. Place the Drawtube assembly on the Microscope Base, and focus using the

Eyepiece (07).

11. You will need a lot of light to see clearly. Turn the opening on the side of the

Microscope Base toward a strong source of light. The light will be reflected up

through the specimen by the mirror which is mounted in the base.

#7 the 35X microscope

Assemble the 35X microscope the same way as the 17X microscope, except:

In step 2, place the 9.8mm Spacer (11) in the Drawtube (02) instead of Spacer

(14).

In step 4, insert the 5mm Spacer (10) instead of Spacer (13).

the 35X microscope

the 17X microscope

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Page 13

Hand Held Magnifiers

#8 5X Magnifier

The Collecting Lens (04) can be used as a hand held magnifier, with a focal

length of 10-15mm.

#9 17X Magnifier

The Symmetric Eyepiece (07) can be used as a hand held magnifier, with a

focal length of 4-8mm.

This optical telescope and microscope kit can be useful to you in learning about

how lenses work both for seeing things very far away, and for seeing very small

things nearby.

As a young scientist, you might think about how lenses work, and how lenses of

various designs and sizes can be used to see objects of interest. There are other

telescope and microscope designs, using mirrors, or electrical impulses or

decaying atoms. You might think of new ways to observe very small or very large

objects.

You might also think about which objects it will be interesting to see. What objects

can you think of that have not yet been seen? How large, how far away or how

small is the limit of things that can be seen? Can you think of ways of passing

those limits?

You might also think about how seeing things can answer other questions. For

example, Galileo observed the position of several planets relative to the Earth and

Sun to learn that the solar system is heliotropic. Recently the United Nations used

pictures of the Earth’s surface taken by satelite mounted telescopes over time to

show the impact of increased population and climate change on the Earth’s

ecosystems. What things can you think of to observe that will help us learn

something?

NOTE: Some parts are listed and shown for illustration purposes only and are not

available individually as replacement parts.

5X Magnifier

17X Magnifier

CEN-TECH 93233 Operating Instructions Manual

Brand: CEN-TECH

Model: 93233

Category: Telescopes

Type: Operating Instructions Manual

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CEN-TECH 93233 Operating Instructions Manual

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