INSTRUCTION MANUAL
VHR=31 o
Video cassetterecorder
liim
PAL
i
PRECAUTIONS
•l This VCR is based on a VHS-PAL signal system. Only
video cassettes bearing the ~ symbol can be used.
❑ Video cassette recorders bearing the HQ mark incorporate
VHS high picture quality technology. Note that there is
interchangeability with former VHS video cassette
recorders.
DANGER: This VCR
contains live parts. Do not remove
the cabinet.
WARNING: TO PREVENT FIRE OR SHOCK HAZARD, DO
NOT EXPOSE THIS PRODUCT
TO RAIN OR MOISTURE.
•1
❑
❑
•1
•1
❑
❑
•1
•1
The unauthorized recording of television programmed, video
tapes, films and other such material may infringe upon
copyright or the rights of third parties.
Be sure to use this VCR only in a temperature range of 5°C
to 40°C and at less than 80?4.humidity.
Do not place anything, except VHS video cassette tapes, in
the unit.
Do not allow rain, steam, dew, saltwater, sand, oily smoke,
metal objects, etc. to get into the unit.
Place the VCR on a flat, stable, level surface. Never subjeot
it to violent shaking or any other shock or impact.
Do not expose the unit to high temperatures. Excessive
heat (heat sources such as heaters, ovens, closed car on
hot days, etc.) may damage the unit.
Do not stack anything on top of your VCR, or block the air
vents, to prevent damaging or overheating.
Do not use the unit under the following conditions:
“ in locations with high humidity
● in presence of excessive dirt or dust
● in areas subject to strong vibrations
● near strong magnetic fields (e.g. transmitting antennas,
motors, fluorescent lights, etc.)
If the unit does not operate properly, switch it off, refer to
the “TROUBLESHOOTING” or consult a dealer or a
service center.
The POWER button of this VCR is a secondary circuit, and
does not disconnect the unit from the AC power source, even if
the VCR is in stand-by, as long as the power cord is connected
to an AC electrical outlet.
Note: Stand-by is the condition in which only the time is
Be careful of condensation
Condensation is the moisture that forms on the outside of a
glass when you fill it with cold water. Condensation can also
form inside a VCR when it is suddenly moved from a cold
place to a warm, humid one, or when a heater has been turned
on to quickly heat the room.
Particular care must be taken with your VCR because water
particles that form on the video head drum, which is the main
VCR mechanism, can cause the video tape to stick to the
drum. This prevents proper tape travel and may damage both
tape and mechanism.
Follow
the procedures below the first time you use the
VCR, and whenever you use it in places which are subject
to condensation:
OConnect the aerial cable and make all other necessary
connections.
@Plug the power cord into a wall socket.
@Turn on the VCR power to warm it up and speed up the
drying of any water particles that may have formed on the
video head drum.
ODO not insert a video cassette.
Ittakes about 1-1/2 to 2 hours to completely eliminate
condensation. Wait at least this long before using the
VCR.
Power on display
1
+-
CONTENTS
PRECAUTIONS
....................................................................................................
1
INSTALLATION
CONNECTIONS
..................................................................................................
3
Aerial/RFconnection
.....................................................................................................................................
3
AV connection
..............................................................................................................................................
3
Remote control batteries insertion
...............................................................................................................
3
PLAYBACK
CASSETTE LOADING AND UNLOADING
.....................................................................
7
PLAYBACK
.......................................................................................................
7
Tracking adjustment
.....................................................................................................................................
SPECIAL PLAYBACK
...........................................................................................
;
Forward search, Reverse search, Still picture, Frame advance .....................................................................8
COUNTER MEMORY
...........................................................................................
8
IMMEDIATE RECORDING
RECORDING TELEVISION BROADCASTS
...................................................................
9
Quick Start Recording (QSR) timer
..............................................................................................................
9
Other recording possibilities
.........................................................................................................................
9
TIMER RECORDING
TIMER RECORDING PROGRAMMING
......................................................................
10
Confirmation
........................................................................................................................................ .......
10
Erasing a programmed timer recording
......................................................................................................
10
Notes on timer recording setting
................................................................................................................
11
COPYING A TAPE
.............................................................................................
11
BUTTONS AND DISPLAYS
...................................................................................
12
TROUBLESHOOTING
.........................................................................................
13
SPECIFICATIONS
..............................................................................................
14
REPAIRS
.......................................................................................................
14
2
CONNECTIONS
OUnplug the aerial cable from your TV receiver and
reconnect it to the terminal marked AERIAL IN on the VCR.
@Connect the aerial output cable supplied as an accessory
with the VCR to the AERIAL OUT terminal on the VCR.
OConnect the other end of this aerial output cable to the TV
receiver.
@Plug the power cord into the VCR power socket before
using the unit. Insert the plug straight and firmly.
@insert the plug of the power cord into the wall socket.
Both video and audio (monaural) signals are fed to the TV
receiver and can be viewed by setting the TV receiver to your
preset video channel. (See page 4.)
If your TV receiver has a video/audio input terminals, the
following AV connections are also possible. The AV cable is
sold separately.
●
●
●
●
Connect the AUDIO/VIDEO OUT terminals on the VCR to
the video/audio terminals on the TV receiver.
Both video and audio signals are fed to the TV receiver.
The advantage of this connection is a higher quality of
picture and sound during playback.
If you play back a tape, set to the TV receiver to the AV
mode.
Note: To switch the TV input mode, refer to the instruction
manual of the TV.
220-240V AC
t
0.
0
I
!)
[~=
i!!)
,=
.:.:.x.
.:~*,:
WI
. . .. .
::::::::::
., ;,.,,:,,.
+
A “[! “
OOpen the lid.
@Insert 2
“AA (IEC R6)” 1.5 volts batteries according to the
@ and@ signs.
o Replace the lid.
Notes:
Operate the remote control unit within a range of approx.
30° from the front of the VCR.
Operate the unit within approx. 6 m (20 ft) from the front of
the VCR.
The battery life under normal operating conditions is about
six months. If the batteries become weak, the operating
distance will decrease; when this occurs, replace both
batteries.
If the remote control unit is not to be used for a long period
of time, remove the batteries.
-.
1
+.,
1
E
3
VCR PRESETTING
D
After all connections have been made, insert
the remote control batteries then follow steps 1
to 3 to preset the VCR.
The following setting is only necessary when no AV connection
to the TV was made.
When using the
“RF connection” describedin
“CONNECTIONS”, the signalsfromthe VCR are convertedto
a radiofrequency
(RF) for viewing on an ordinary TV receiver.
The outr)ut channel of the VCR [video channel) is Dreset at the
factory ~o be received by your TV receiver on UHF channel 36
or on the designated video channel.
~Turn on the VCR and the TV.
OSet your TV receiver to
“VCR”, “AV” or the position
designedfor
AV equipment input. (For more details,
please refer to your TV receiver instruction manual.)
oFine tune your
TV receiver until the test pattern (2 vertical
bars) appears clear on the TV screen.
This is your video channel.
To view a tape playbackor towatch a TV broadcasttunedon
the VCR tuner, set the TV to the video channel.
Mote: If the clock setting and/or the tuning control
adjustments are completed before setting the video
channel, the test pattern will not appear on the TV
screen.
To display the test pattern, first unplug the VCR
power cord for about one minute to cancel the clock
settings.
If the channels have already been preset, select on
the VCR a channel position number where no
channel is preset or, disconnect the aerial cable from
the
AERIAL IN terminalat the backofthe VCR.
•1
❑
1.
2.
•1
1.
2.
If your TV receiver does not have a position designed for
AV equipment input, select a position not being used by a
broadcaster, then adjust the tuning on the TV (UHF channel
36) so that the test pattern (2 vertical bars) is clear.
If the test pattern does not appear, set the video channel
using a prerecorded VHS video cassette.
Play back the tape.
Tune the TV receiver to obtain clear pictures and sound
while monitoring playback on the TV screen.
If in your area, the output channel of the VCR (UHF channel
36) is used by a broadcaster, the test pattern may be
unstable or interference may appear in the picture. Follow
the steps below to set the output to a different channel.
Select on the TV receiver an available UHF channel
between channel 32 and 41.
Using a small screwdriver, slowly turn the video channel
adjustment screw
(RF CHANNEL) on the back of the VCR,
to the right for a higher channel than 36 and to the left for a
channel lower than 36, until the test pattern (or the video
picture) is clear on the TV screen.
Adjust the tuning on the TV, if necessary, so that the test
pattern is clear.
VCR PRESETTING
The VCR clock setting is made using the remote control unit.
When a single digit number is going to be set, press the O/AV
button first, then the desired number.
(ex.: In case of “9”. Press the
O/AVand then 9.)
Example To set December 10,1994,9:30.
OPress the CLOCK buttonto activatethe clocksetting
function.
@Set the date usingthe numericbuttons.
Example: December 10, 1994
Enter 101294
If you entered a wrong number, press the CL button to
erase it, then enter the correct number.
oSet the time using the numeric buttons.
Example: 9:30
Enter0930
~Press the OK button.
Seconds will start counting from “00 as the OK button is
pressed.
~Press the CLOCK button.
@Each press of the CHANNEL (+ or -) button, will advance
or retard the clock by 1 hour.
When
the settings are completed...
~ Press the OK button.
Seconds will start counting from “00 as the OK button is
pressed.
OPress the CLOCK button.
Changing the time
@Each press of the CL button will erase a digit, then enter the
new setting using the numeric buttons.
Changing the date
OEach pressof the CL buttonwillerase a digit,
when all
digits for the time setting have been erased the date will be
displayed.
Continue pressing the
CL button to erase the digits to
correct, then enter the new settings for the date, then for the
time, using the numeric buttons.
When the changes are completed...
@Press
the OK button.
Seconds will start counting from “00 as the
OK button is
pressed.
,,r:
,.
,~{
y::+
I .,>,:,.,+
CLOCK ..,,,:.
11”’ 456
5
i
This VCR has a built-in tuner capable of memorizing up to 44
television channels.
You can select any position from 1 to 44 to preset the channels
that can be received in your area.
Before starting
Set the TV receiver channel to the preset video channel or to
the AV mode.
Example: To preset UHF channel “23”
to channel
position “1”.
O Press
the PRESET button.
This
will activate the channel preset mode and the channel
position number will start to blink.
Channe~position number
@Select the desired channel position number (Example: “1”)
by pressingthe CHANNEL (+ or-) buttonor the numeric
button.
Then, press the OK button.
o Press the CHANNEL (+ or -) button to tune the broadcast
you want to assign to that position number.
The CHANNEL (+) button will access the following
broadcast.
The CHANNEL (-) button will access the previous
broadcast.
The picture from the selected channel will appear on the
screen.
Broadcast tuning i~dicators
mm
O When the broadcast from the desired channel (Example:
channel 23) is received, press the OK button.
If the tuning of a channel is not optimum, it can be improved by
manual fine tuning.
OSelect the channel with the unsatisfactory broadcast.
@Press the PRESET button twice.
@Press the CHANNEL (+ or -) button to obtain the best
picture and sound.
~ When the best picture and sound are obtained press the
OK button.
Channel 23 has been preset to channel position number
“1”.At that time the channel position number will change
from
“l”to “2”.
To assi n a channel to another position number, repeat
steps
do
to’.
@Press the PRESET button.
CASSETTE LOADING AND UNLOADING
When a video cassette is inserted, it will be loaded
automatically and the cassette-in (-) indicator will illuminate.
Auto power on
The power is automatically switched on as a cassette is
inserted while the VCR is in the stand-by condition.
Power off eject
The video cassette will be ejected when the A EJECT buttonis
pressed,
even when the VCR is in stand-by condition.
CAUTION: Do not put your hand or other objects in the
cassette loading slot because of the risk of injury or an
accident.
Be sure to keep small children away from the VCR.
PLAYBACK
Erasure-prevention tab
If the erasure-prevention tab on the back of the video cassette
is removed, the cassette cannot be recorded on.
This tab is designed to prevent the accidental erasure of
recorded material.
Note: The tab should be snapped off at its base, and removed
completely.
To record onto the same cassette again, place two layers of
adhesive tape over the space where the tab was, so as to
cover the space completely.
Erasun+prevention
tab
Press the PLAYB button.
Auto play
The VCR will play back a tape automatically when a video
cassette is inserted whose erasureprevention tab has been
removed.
To stop the playback, press the
■ STOP button.
. To rewind the tape, press the 44 REW button.
. To advance (fast-forward) the tape, press the FFW button.
Auto
eject
When a video cassette without an erasure-prevention tab is
played to the end of the tape, the tape will be automatically
rewound and then the cassette will be ejected.
~ Auto-tracking adjustment
If the playback picture is disturbed by noise interference press
the ATR button, adjustment to the optimum point will occur
automatically.
@ Manual tracking adjustment
If the playback picture still shows interference, manually adjust
it with the CHANNEL (+, -) buttons, to minimize the noise.
If you wish to return the tracking adjustment to its original
“centra position” after having changed it, press both
CHANNEL (- and+) buttons on the VCR simultaneously.
1- 1
I
I
Noise in~erference
(-) ~Ceha~ (+)
7
i
SPECIAL PLAYBACK
❑ Press the FFW button during playback or fast-forward
operation. The picture can be viewed while the tape is
advanced at a fast speed.
❑ Normal playback will resume as the PLAY> button is
pressed.
❑ Press the 44 REW button during playback or rewind
operation. The picture can be viewed while the tape is
rewound at a fast speed.
❑ Normal playback will resume when the PLAYF buttonis
pressed.
Note To searchfor a particularscene youcan switchfrom
fastforwardtoforwardsearch and viceversa bysimply
pressingthe FFPP button,or fromrewindto reverse
searchbysimplypressingthe 44 REW button.
❑
Press the II PAUSE/STILL button during playback. A still
picture can be viewed.
❑ Normal playback will resume when the PLAY* button is
pressed.
Still verticai iock adjustment
•l
If the still picture moves up and down, press the CHANNEL
(+, -) buttonsto adjustthe stillpicture.
COUNTER MEMORY
❑ Press the II PAUSE/STILL button during still playback to
advance the picture frame by frame. Each press advances
one frame.
❑ Normal playback will resume when the PLAY> button is
pressed.
Notes:
● If still picture playback is continued for about five minutes,
the VCR will automatically change to stop mode in order to
prevent the tape from being damaged.
● During special playback modes the picture may contain
some noise or vibration. But this is not a malfunction.
This convenient feature for finding the beginning of a specific
recording etc., is made possible by the “Linear Tfme
Press the RESET then the MEMORY button before
Counter” that indicates the tape run time in hours, minutes
starting recording or playback. The zero point of the
m
and seconds.
counter is now memorized and the memory indicator
“~” will illuminate.
● Whenever you load a cassette tape, the counter will be
reset to “0:00:00”.
● The counter operates using control signals which are
When the
44REW buttonispressedat the end of
recorded on the tape, hence if you play back a tape or
recording, or playback, the tape will be rewound
portion of tape which has nothing recorded on it, the counter
automatically to the memorized position and then stop.
will not operate.
Notes:
● When rewinding further back from position “0:00:00”, the
counter shows figures beginning with “-”.
● The tape stops at the memorized position even when using
fast forward when the counter reading begins with “-”.
8
i
RECORDING TELEVISION BROADCASTS
Insert a videocassette.
Press the numeric buttons, or the CHANNEL (+ or -)
button, to select the channel to be recorded.
Example Position number “2”
Press the
● REC buttons.
Video recording starts. This is the normal video
recording procedure.
Mis-erasure prevention eject
The cassette will automatically be ejected if recording is
attempted on a video cassette without an erasureprevention
tab.
To stop the recording, press the
■ STOP button.
Auto rewind
The VCR automatically rewinds the tape when it reaches the
end. Thisfunctiondoes notoperatewithtimer recordingor
QSR timer recording.
Timer recording is simple.
You can start a recordina and then mocvamme when the VCR
is to stop recording and ~o to stand%y-mode automatically.
~ Press the
● REC buttons to start recording.
@Press
the ● REC buttonsagain andthe “OFF --:- -“
indication will start flashing on the VCR display.
mm
Within 10 seconds, set the recording end time by using the
● REC and CHANNEL (+ or -) buttons. The timer indicator
(IZi) will light after the recording end time is set.
❑ Each press of the. REC buttons will advance the
recording end time by units of 30 minutes.
❑ Each press of the CHANNEL (+) button will advance the
recording end time by units of 1 minute.
❑ Each press of the CHANNEL (-) button will retard the
recording end time by units of 1 minute.
m
❑ To stop the recording at any time, press the H STOP
button.
Checking/Changing
When the ● REC buttons are pressed during QSR recording,
the recording end time will blink for 10 seconds.
The recording end time can be changed by pressing the
● REC and CHANNEL (+ or -) buttonsduringthis 10-second
period.
[f you wish to avoid recording unwanted material
O
During recording, press the II PAUSEISTILL button.
The TV picture and sound will not be recorded.
o Press the II
PAUSE/STILL button or ● REC bu~ons, and
the recording will resume.
Note If the record pause mode continues for about five
minutes, the VCR will automatically go into the stop
mode in order to prevent damage to the tape.
Recording
one programme while watching another
OStart recording the desired TV programme selected on the
VCR.
@Select on the TV receiver the programme you want to
watch.
9
TIMER RECORDING PROGRAMMING
❑ Timer recording enables you to set up to 6 recordings upon
a period of up to 1 year.
❑ Daily recordings (Monday through Friday) are possible.
❑ Before setting the timer recordings, be sure that the present
displayed time is correct.
Example: To record a programme on channel position
number “5” from 21:30 to 23:15 on December
26, 1994.
Press the PROG button.
The timer recording setting mode is then activated, to
return to the normal mode press the
PROG button
again.
Set the channei position number using the numeric
buttons, for single channel number
(Exampie: “5”),
pressthe OIAVbutton
first.
❑ When recording from an external source, press the O/AV
button twice. The indicator “AV” will light.
If you entered a wrong number, press the
CL button to
erase it then enter the correct number.
Set the date on which the recording has to take place.
Exampie: For December 26 (26/12)
Enter 2612
l!llmEl
•l When recording in the everyday (Monday through Friday)
mode, press the CHANNEL (+) button. The indicator “E”
will light. The selected channel will be recorded everyday at
the same time.
Set the time at which the recording has to start.
(ON-time)
Example: For 21:30
Enter 2130
Illm%El
Set the time at which the recording has to end.
Example: “For 2315
Enter 2315
Illmmil
Press the OK button.
This comrdetes the setting of timer controlled recording
and the VCR will automa~cally go into timer stand-by -
mode. The timer indicator (Q) wili light.
mllllRl
Note If no video cassette is loaded when going into timer
stand-by mode, the timer indicator (Q) will flash.
❑ By repeating steps El to H, up to 6 different timer
recordings can be preset.
~ Press the
PROG button, if less than 6 recordings have been
preset, “- - --:--
“ will be displayed first, press the
PROG
button repeatedly and the settings (channel position and
date) for the recordings are displayed in sequence.
OBy pressing the CHANNEL (+ or -) button, the date display
will change to the ON-time and OFF-time setting for settings
confirmation.
I
Erasing a programmed timer recording ~
ODisplay the recording you want to erase by pressing the
PROG button repeatedly.
@When the desired setting is displayed, press the CL button.
10
i
TIMER RECORDING PROGRAMMING
The timer recording will not operate if...
● A cassettewith no erasure-prevention tab is loaded.
The (Q) indicator will flash and the cassette will be ejected,
Programme priority
}
If several timer recordings have overlapping recording
times, the recording with the earliest start time will be
recorded first, until the end.
19:00 2000 21:00 22:00 2300
~
These positions will not be recorded
Notes:
● TO stop a timer recording, press the ■ STOP button.
● If 6 timer recordings have been set, you will first have to
erase one of the programmed timer recordings (see page
10) before you can set a new timer recording.
COPYING A TAPE
Copying (dubbing) a tape can be done using two video
recorders, a playback VCR and a recording VCR.
A
0 ----- . - . - . . ---- .-...---,
,
,
,
a
,
,
*
220-240V AC
,
,
......... ... .. .. .. ... ...’
Connect VCR A (or Camcorder) and VCR B.
Insert the pre-recorded tape into VCR A (playback
Inseri the blank video cassette into
VCR B (recording
Set the VCR B tothe “AV” mode.
Setting the VCR to the “AV” mode.
❑ Press
the OIAV button once to display “AV” instead of a
channel position number or,
❑ Press the CHANNEL (- or +) buttonto display“AV” instead
of a channelpositionnumber.
Set VCR B to recordpause mode. (The recordpause -
mode isset bypressingthe ● REC buttonthen the
II PAUSEKTILL button.)
Start playback on VCR A by pressing the PLAYb
When the desired starting position is reached on VCR
A, start recording
on VCR B bypressingthe
II PAUSE/STILL buttonorthe ● REC
button.
When the copy is completed, press the
■ STOP button
on VCR B then on VCR A.
11
——
.—
BUTTONS AND DISPLAYS
The function of each button is described below.
The messages displayed on the VCR digital display are also shown.
CHANNEL (-, +) Channel selectiondown/up
Trackingadjustmentduringplayback
Verticallockadjustmentduringstillpicture
Finetuninaadjustment
~
EJECT
I
Unload the cassette tape
POWER
Power on
PLAYk Playback
● REC
Immediaterecordirm
If pressed during n;rmal recording, easy programmed recording (QSR) is possible
W STOP
IStop tam travel
On the remote control only
1 ...0
Numeric buttons for channel direct access
1
CLOCK I Clock set
PRESET
To presetthe TV programmesto channelpositionnumbers
PROG To programmetimer recordings
CL To
cancel a wrong number or a programmed timer recording
OIAV External input mode (AV mode) select button
OK To confirm entered data
ATR I Auto-tracking adjustment
44 REWt@l ! Rewind
Reverse search during playback
IFEIIFFW
Fast-forward
Forward search during playback
II
PAUSE/STILL Stillpictureduringplayback
Recordingpause
RESET Counterreset
MEMORY
I Counter memorv
VPS
I This button is not used
1-44
T-:-
.:.
=
L
OFF--: --
1-44
I
DATE 1
AV
I
3
T
. . :--
< (Blinking)
4
➤ (Blinking)
b
b II
m II
1
Q!!!EJG!! -
-.aOu -
<-.—nA, ---
12
I
TROUBLESHOOTING
This VCR is highly sophisticated. It is shipped from the factory after having been checked
and adjusted under the most rigid quality control and inspection system. Should problems
occur, check the following points.
The remote control
I
● The batteries are low.
unit doesn’t oDerate
.
I
No TV programmed
● Are the connections between your VCR and TV correct?
received
● Was tuning correctly preset?
Off the air reception
● The video channel setting of the TV receiver does not
on the VCR is poor
correspond to the video channel presetting of the VCR.
Playback picture does
● The video channel setting of the TV receiver does not
not appear
correspond to the video channel presetting of the VCR.
Interference
in
● Adjust the tracking control.
playback picture
● Dust or dirt on video heads. Take the VCR to an Authorized
Service Station or dealer.
No
recording
● The erasure-prevention tab on the cassette has been
removed.
Timer recording is not
● The startingday and time have not been set correctly.
possible
● The clock time is not set correctly.
● There has been a power interruption of more than 60
minutes.
13
i
SPECIFICATIONS
General
Video format
Television system:
Video heads:
Tape speed:
RF converter:
Converter output:
Timer indication:
Timer recording:
Power requirement:
Dimensions (W x H x D):
Weight
Power consumption:
Electrical characteristics
Video input
Video output
Audio input
Audio output
Video SIN:
Horizontal resolution:
Accessories
Instruction manual ...................
VHS PAL
CCIR: 625 lines, PAL colour signals
2 heads
23.39 mm/see
Built-in UHF converter
On channel 32-41
24-hour indication
1 year 6 programmed with every day recording function
220-240 V AC, 50 Hz
360 x89x 290 mm
Approx. 4 kg
22 w
0.5- 2.0 Vp-p, 75 t 5 ohms
1.0 ~ 0.2 Vp-p, 75+ 5 ohms
-6.0 dBs, more than 50 kohms
-6.0 dBs, less than 10 kohms
More than 43 dB
More than 240 lines
...................1
Power cord .................................................l
Aerial output cable .....................................1
Remote control unit ....................................l
“AA (IEC R6)” size, 1.5-volt battery ............2
Apperance and specifications are subject to change without notice.
REPAIRS
This VCR is a precision instrument and, if treated with care, will provide years of
satisfactory performance. However, in the event of difficulty, the owner is advised not to
attempt to make repairs or open the cabinet. Servicing should always be referred to your
servicing dealer or Authorized Warranty Station.
14
Siiqw
o
lAC6Pl P0330--
TE1/NZ (0993MC-SYO1)
SANYO Electric Co., Ltd.
Printed in Japan
,,-
-
1
-
2
-
3
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
-
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-
12
-
13
-
14
-
15
-
16
