Rohde&Schwarz SMBV100B User manual

R&S®SMBVB-K131

LoRa®

User Manual

1178971002

Version 07

(;Üï:2)

This document describes the following software option:

●R&S®SMBVB-K131 LoRa® (1423.8720.xx)

This manual describes firmware version FW 5.30.047.xx and later of the R&S®SMBV100B.

Muehldorfstr. 15, 81671 Muenchen, Germany

Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0

Email: [email protected]

Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com

Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding.

R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.

LoRa® Mark and LoRa Logo are registered trademarks of Semtech Corporation.

LoRaWAN® Mark and LoRaWAN Logo are registered trademarks of LoRa Alliance, Inc.

All other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners.

1178.9710.02 | Version 07 | R&S®SMBVB-K131

The following abbreviations are used throughout this manual: R&S®SMBVB100B is abbreviated as R&S SMBVB, R&S®WinIQSIM2

is abbreviated as R&S WinIQSIM2; the license types 02/03/07/11/13/16/12 are abbreviated as xx.

Contents

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3User Manual 1178.9710.02 ─ 07

Contents

1 Welcome to the LoRa option.................................................................5

1.1 Accessing the LoRa dialog.......................................................................................... 5

1.2 What's new.....................................................................................................................5

1.3 Documentation overview..............................................................................................6

1.3.1 Getting started manual....................................................................................................6

1.3.2 User manuals and help................................................................................................... 6

1.3.3 Service manual............................................................................................................... 6

1.3.4 Instrument security procedures.......................................................................................7

1.3.5 Printed safety instructions............................................................................................... 7

1.3.6 Data sheets and brochures............................................................................................. 7

1.3.7 Release notes and open source acknowledgment (OSA).............................................. 7

1.3.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc...................................................7

1.3.9 Videos............................................................................................................................. 7

1.4 Scope............................................................................................................................. 8

1.5 Notes on screenshots...................................................................................................8

2 About the LoRa option.......................................................................... 9

2.1 Required options...........................................................................................................9

2.2 About LoRa....................................................................................................................9

2.3 About LoRaWAN..........................................................................................................11

3 LoRa configuration and settings........................................................ 14

3.1 General settings.......................................................................................................... 14

3.2 Frame configuration settings.....................................................................................17

3.3 Impairments settings.................................................................................................. 20

4 Signal generation control....................................................................23

4.1 Trigger settings........................................................................................................... 23

4.2 Marker settings............................................................................................................28

4.3 Clock settings..............................................................................................................30

4.4 Global connectors settings........................................................................................31

5 Generating LoRa test signals............................................................. 32

5.1 Generating RX sensitivity test signals......................................................................32

Contents

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4User Manual 1178.9710.02 ─ 07

5.2 Generating blocking test signals...............................................................................33

6 Remote-control commands.................................................................36

6.1 Programming examples............................................................................................. 36

6.2 General commands.....................................................................................................39

6.3 Frame configuration commands............................................................................... 43

6.4 Impairments commands.............................................................................................47

6.5 Trigger commands...................................................................................................... 49

6.6 Marker commands...................................................................................................... 54

6.7 Clock commands........................................................................................................ 56

Glossary: Abbreviations and definitions........................................... 57

Glossary: Specifications and references...........................................58

List of commands................................................................................ 59

Index......................................................................................................61

Welcome to the LoRa option

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5User Manual 1178.9710.02 ─ 07

1 Welcome to the LoRa option

The R&S SMBVB-K131 is a firmware application that adds functionality to generate

signals in accordance with LoRa modulation.

The R&S SMBVB-K131 features

●Generation of LoRa up-/downlink signals

●Generation of waveforms for LoRa up-/downlink signals

●Frame configuration including modulation, coding and data configuration

●Impairing the output signal:

– Adding symbol timing error and frequency offset

– Applying a frequency drift to the carrier frequency of the output signal

This user manual contains a description of the functionality that the application pro-

vides, including remote control operation.

All functions not discussed in this manual are the same as in the base unit and are

described in the R&S SMBV100B user manual. The latest version is available at:

www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/SMBV100B

Installation

You can find detailed installation instructions in the delivery of the option or in the

R&S SMBV100B service manual.

1.1 Accessing the LoRa dialog

To open the dialog with LoRa settings

► In the block diagram of the R&S SMBV100B, select "Baseband > LoRa".

A dialog box opens that displays the provided general settings.

The signal generation is not started immediately. To start signal generation with the

default settings, select "State > On".

1.2 What's new

This manual describes firmware version FW 5.30.047.xx and later of the

R&S®SMBV100B.

Compared to the previous version, it provides the new features listed below:

●Time-based triggering, see "Time Based Trigger" on page 25 and "Trigger Time"

on page 25.

What's new

Welcome to the LoRa option

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●Editorial changes

1.3 Documentation overview

This section provides an overview of the R&S SMBV100B user documentation. Unless

specified otherwise, you find the documents at:

www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/smbv100b

1.3.1 Getting started manual

Introduces the R&S SMBV100B and describes how to set up and start working with the

product. Includes basic operations, typical measurement examples, and general infor-

mation, e.g. safety instructions, etc. A printed version is delivered with the instrument.

1.3.2 User manuals and help

Separate manuals for the base unit and the software options are provided for down-

load:

●Base unit manual

Contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also provides an

introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control com-

mands with programming examples, and information on maintenance, instrument

interfaces and error messages. Includes the contents of the getting started manual.

●Software option manual

Contains the description of the specific functions of an option. Basic information on

operating the R&S SMBV100B is not included.

The contents of the user manuals are available as help in the R&S SMBV100B. The

help offers quick, context-sensitive access to the complete information for the base unit

and the software options.

All user manuals are also available for download or for immediate display on the Inter-

net.

1.3.3 Service manual

Describes the performance test for checking compliance with rated specifications, firm-

ware update, troubleshooting, adjustments, installing options and maintenance.

The service manual is available for registered users on the global Rohde & Schwarz

information system (GLORIS):

https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com

Documentation overview

Welcome to the LoRa option

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7User Manual 1178.9710.02 ─ 07

1.3.4 Instrument security procedures

Deals with security issues when working with the R&S SMBV100B in secure areas. It

is available for download on the internet.

1.3.5 Printed safety instructions

Provides safety information in many languages. The printed document is delivered with

the product.

1.3.6 Data sheets and brochures

The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S SMBV100B. It also

lists the options and their order numbers and optional accessories.

The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific char-

acteristics.

See www.rohde-schwarz.com/brochure-datasheet/smbv100b

1.3.7 Release notes and open source acknowledgment (OSA)

The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current

firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.

The software makes use of several valuable open source software packages. An open-

source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the used open

source software.

See www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/smbv100b

1.3.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.

These documents deal with special applications or background information on particu-

lar topics.

See www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/smbv100b

1.3.9 Videos

Find various videos on Rohde & Schwarz products and test and measurement topics

on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@RohdeundSchwarz

Documentation overview

Welcome to the LoRa option

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On the menu bar, search for your product to find related videos.

Figure 1-1: Product search on YouTube

1.4 Scope

Tasks (in manual or remote operation) that are also performed in the base unit in the

same way are not described here.

In particular, it includes:

●Managing settings and data lists, like saving and loading settings, creating and

accessing data lists, or accessing files in a particular directory.

●Information on regular trigger, marker and clock signals and filter settings, if appro-

priate.

●General instrument configuration, such as checking the system configuration, con-

figuring networks and remote operation

●Using the common status registers

For a description of such tasks, see the R&S SMBV100B user manual.

1.5 Notes on screenshots

When describing the functions of the product, we use sample screenshots. These

screenshots are meant to illustrate as many as possible of the provided functions and

possible interdependencies between parameters. The shown values may not represent

realistic usage scenarios.

The screenshots usually show a fully equipped product, that is: with all options instal-

led. Thus, some functions shown in the screenshots may not be available in your par-

ticular product configuration.

Notes on screenshots

About the LoRa option

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2 About the LoRa option

2.1 Required options

The basic equipment layout for generating LoRa signals includes the options:

●Base unit

●Baseband real-time extension (R&S SMBVB-K520)

●Option LoRa (R&S SMBVB-K131)

You can generate signals via play-back of waveform files at the signal generator. To

create the waveform file using R&S WinIQSIM2, you do not need a specific option.

To play back the waveform file at the signal generator, you have two options:

●Install the R&S WinIQSIM2 option of the digital standard, e.g. R&S SMBVB-K255

for playing LTE waveforms

●If supported, install the real-time option of the digital standard, e.g. R&S SMBVB-

K55 for playing LTE waveforms

For more information, see data sheet.

2.2 About LoRa

The term LoRa refers to a "Long Range" end-to-end communication technology based

on a PHY with a proprietary modulation scheme. The standard is owned by Semtech

Corporation, Camarillo California, USA.

Modulation

LoRa modulation is based on a proprietary CSS modulation scheme. The modulation

scheme is used to encode data onto swept frequency chirps, i.e. rapid changes of the

modulation frequency.

A chirp (compressed high intensity radar pulse) is a signal whose frequency changes

at a fixed rate (chirp rate). Each modulation symbol is represented as a rapid change in

the frequency of the chirp.

The spreading factor represents the number of encoded bits per symbol and thus the

change in frequency per unit time.

About LoRa

About the LoRa option

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The higher the spreading factor, the lower the change in frequency per unit time.

Chirp rate RC, signal bandwidth Δf, spreading factor SF, sample rate RS, symbol dura-

tion TS, bit rate RB and coding rate CR are linked as in the equations below. Further

more, typical values are given for SF, Δf and CR.

Symbol rate: RS = 1 / TS = Δf / 2SF ⃒ 125 kHz ≤ Δf ≤ 500 kHz;

Chirp rate: RC = RS * 2SF = Δf ⃒ 7 ≤ SF ≤ 12;

Bit rate: RB = SF * Δf / 2SF * 4 / (4 + CR) ⃒ 1 ≤ CR ≤ 4

A coding rate CR = 0 corresponds to no coding.

For related settings, see "Modulation and Coding Configuration" on page 18.

Channel allocation

LoRa communication channels can be freely attributed by the network following the

spectrum allocation rules defined by the regional radio regulation authorities. In

Europe, the allocation rules are defined by ETSI in the specifications ETSI Specifica-

tion EN 300 220-1 and CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03. In North America, the allo-

cation rules are defined by FCC in the FCC Specification 47 Part 15.247.

For detailed info about regional LoRa performance requirements, see LoRaWAN

Regional Parameters Specification.

Table 2-1: Example: LoRaWAN regional parameters for Europe and North America

Parameter Europe (ETSI) North America (FCC)

Frequency band 863 MHz to 869 MHz 902 MHz to 928 MHz

Number of channels Up- and downlink: 10 Uplink: 64 x 125 kHz and 8 x 500 kHz

Downlink: 8 x 500 kHz

About LoRa

About the LoRa option

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Parameter Europe (ETSI) North America (FCC)

Channel bandwidth Uplink: 125 kHz and 250 kHz

Downlink 125 kHz

Uplink: 125 kHz and 500 kHz

Downlink: 500 kHz

TX power Uplink: 14 dBm (20 dBm allowed)

Downlink: 14 dBm

Uplink: 20 dBm (30 dBm allowed)

Downlink: 27 dBm

Spreading factor Uplink: 7 to 12 Uplink: 7 to 12

Data rate 250 bit/s to 50000 bit/s 980 bit/s to 21900 bit/s

Link budget Uplink: 155 dB

Downlink: 155 dB

Uplink: 154 dB

Downlink: 157 dB

For related settings, see Chapter 3.1, "General settings", on page 14.

Message and frame structure

For related settings, see Chapter 3.2, "Frame configuration settings", on page 17.

2.3 About LoRaWAN

The LoRa Alliance, Inc. specifies a wide area network (WAN) stack for long range com-

munication as shown in Figure 2-1 (1MA295). The LoRa modulation physical layer

enables the long-range communication link. The LoRa MAC and application layers

affect battery lifetime of the end-device, network capacity, quality of service and secur-

ity.

About LoRaWAN

About the LoRa option

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Figure 2-1: LoRaWAN stack

Network architecture

A LoRaWAN architecture has a star-shaped structure as shown in Figure 2-2

(1MA295). End-devices exchange data with the network server via gateways. Also, the

network server is connected to application servers, on which typically IoT applications

run.

Figure 2-2: LoRaWAN network architecture

For more information, see the LoRaWAN Specification.

Device communication classes

There are three classes specified for LoRaWAN compliant devices:

●Class A: Bi-directional end-devices (mandatory support)

Bi-directional communication between LoRa network server and receiver. A sched-

uled uplink transmission slot (Transmit) is followed by two downlink receive slots

(Rx 1 and Rx 2).

About LoRaWAN

About the LoRa option

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Figure 2-3: Class A communication

●Class B: Bi-directional end-devices with scheduled receive slots (optional support)

Besides Class A communication, more downlink receive slots (Rx) are available

due to a time synchronized periodic beacon signal (Beacon) from network gateway.

Figure 2-4: Class B communication

●Class C: Bi-directional end-devices with maximal receive slots (optional support)

Besides Class A and B communication, there are continuously open receive slots

except during transmission.

Figure 2-5: Class C communication

Typically, power consumption increases and latency decreases from Class A to Class

C communication.

Key features and applications

Devices compliant with the LoRa technology and operating in a LoRaWAN offer the fol-

lowing key features:

●Long range: outdoor coverage of up to 30 miles/48.3 km (line of sight)

●Low power consumption: battery lifetime of up to 20 years

●Low cost: low-cost end-devices and open software

The key features meet the requirements for IoT applications in rural areas.

About LoRaWAN

LoRa configuration and settings

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3 LoRa configuration and settings

Access:

► Select "Baseband > LoRa".

The remote commands required to define these settings are described in Chapter 6,

"Remote-control commands", on page 36.

Settings:

●General settings......................................................................................................14

●Frame configuration settings...................................................................................17

●Impairments settings...............................................................................................20

3.1 General settings

Access:

► Select "Baseband > LoRa".

The tab comprises the standard general settings.

Settings:

State..............................................................................................................................15

Set to Default................................................................................................................ 15

Save/Recall...................................................................................................................15

Generate Waveform File............................................................................................... 15

Bandwidth..................................................................................................................... 16

Idle Interval....................................................................................................................16

General settings

LoRa configuration and settings

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Sequence Length..........................................................................................................16

Oversampling................................................................................................................16

Sample Rate Variation...................................................................................................16

State

Activates the standard and deactivates all the other digital standards and digital modu-

lation modes in the same path.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:STATe on page 42

Set to Default

Calls the default settings. The values of the main parameters are listed in the following

table.

Parameter Value

"State" Not affected by the "Set to Default"

"Bandwidth" 125 kHz

"Idle Interval" 100.0 us

"Sequence Length" 1 frame

"Oversampling" 4

"Sample Rate Variation" 500.000 000 kHz

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:PRESet on page 40

Save/Recall

Accesses the "Save/Recall" dialog, that is the standard instrument function for saving

and recalling the complete dialog-related settings in a file. The provided navigation

possibilities in the dialog are self-explanatory.

The settings are saved in a file with predefined extension. You can define the filename

and the directory, in that you want to save the file.

See also, chapter "File and Data Management" in the R&S SMBV100B user manual.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:SETTing:CATalog on page 40

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:SETTing:STORe on page 41

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:SETTing:LOAD on page 41

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:SETTing:DELete on page 41

Generate Waveform File

With enabled signal generation, triggers the instrument to save the current settings of

an arbitrary waveform signal in a waveform file with predefined extension *.wv. You

can define the filename and the directory, in that you want to save the file.

Using the ARB modulation source, you can play back waveform files and/or process

the file to generate multi-carrier or multi-segment signals.

General settings

LoRa configuration and settings

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Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:WAVeform:CREate on page 43

Bandwidth

Sets the channel bandwidth.

The sample rate and FFT size are calculated internally and updated automatically.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:BWIDth on page 40

Idle Interval

Sets the time of the interval separating two frames.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:IINTerval on page 40

Sequence Length

Sets the sequence length of the signal in number of frames. The signal is calculated in

advance and output in the arbitrary waveform generator.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:SLENgth on page 41

Oversampling

Sets the oversampling factor of the generated waveform. The ARB generator of the

R&S SMBV100B requires low oversampling factors and still provides excellent signal

quality in terms of EVM and ACP.

A reduced sample rate saves significantly the amount of memory or allows an

increased signal cycle time, and vice versa.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:OSAMpling on page 42

Sample Rate Variation

Sets the sample rate of the signal. A variation of this parameter affects the ARB clock

rate; all other signal parameters remain unchanged.

When changing values of the affecting parameters, the sample rate is reset according

to the equations below:

●Symbol Timing Error disabled:

Sample rate = Bandwidth * Oversampling

●Impairments enabled:

Sample rate = ( abs(Freq. drift deviation) + abs(Freq. offset + ( bandwidth * over-

sampling) / 2 ) * 2

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:SRATe:VARiation on page 42

General settings

LoRa configuration and settings

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3.2 Frame configuration settings

Access:

► Select "Baseband > LoRa > Frame Configuration".

This tab comprises the general and data settings to configure the frame structure.

Settings

Payload Reduced Coding Mode................................................................................... 17

Unmodulated Preamble Length.................................................................................... 17

Sync Mode.................................................................................................................... 18

Modulation and Coding Configuration...........................................................................18

└Coding Rate....................................................................................................18

└Spreading Factor............................................................................................ 18

└Encoder Active................................................................................................18

└Interleaver Active............................................................................................ 18

Data...............................................................................................................................18

└Data Length.................................................................................................... 19

└Data Source....................................................................................................19

└Payload CRC.................................................................................................. 20

└Header Configuration......................................................................................20

└Header Active....................................................................................... 20

└Compressed Mode............................................................................... 20

└Burst Mode........................................................................................... 20

└Reserved Bit......................................................................................... 20

Payload Reduced Coding Mode

Activates the payload reduced coding mode.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:FCONfiguration:PRCMode:STATe on page 46

Unmodulated Preamble Length

Sets the unmodulated preamble length.

Frame configuration settings

LoRa configuration and settings

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Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:FCONfiguration:UPLength on page 47

Sync Mode

Sets the synchronization mode of the preamble.

Public A preamble with a public sync word is generated.

Private A preamble with a private sync word is generated.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:FCONfiguration:SMODe on page 46

Modulation and Coding Configuration

Configures the modulation and coding information in the frame configuration.

Coding Rate ← Modulation and Coding Configuration

Sets the coding rate. The coding rate RCoding is calculated as follows:

RCoding = 4 / (4 + "Coding Rate")

"Coding Rate = 0" corresponds to no coding, i.e. RCoding = 1.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:FCONfiguration:CRATe on page 43

Spreading Factor ← Modulation and Coding Configuration

Sets the spreading factor for the modulation.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:FCONfiguration:SFACtor on page 47

Encoder Active ← Modulation and Coding Configuration

Activates encoding of the modulation symbols.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:FCONfiguration:EACTive:STATe on page 45

Interleaver Active ← Modulation and Coding Configuration

Activates the interleaver in the frame.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:FCONfiguration:IACTive:STATe on page 46

Data

Access:

Select "Baseband > LoRa> Frame Configuration > Data".

Configures header and payload data settings.

Frame configuration settings

LoRa configuration and settings

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Data Length ← Data

Sets the data length of the payload in the frame.

Remote command:

[:SOURce<hw>]:BB:LORA:FCONfiguration:DLENgth on page 45

Data Source ← Data

Selects the data source for the payload.

The following standard data sources are available:

●"All 0, All 1"

An internally generated sequence containing 0 data or 1 data.

●"PNxx"

An internally generated pseudo-random noise sequence.

●"Pattern"

An internally generated sequence according to a bit pattern.

Use the "Pattern" box to define the bit pattern.

●"Data List/Select DList"

A binary data from a data list, internally or externally generated.

Select "Select DList" to access the standard "Select List" dialog.

– Select the "Select Data List > navigate to the list file *.dm_iqd > Select" to

select an existing data list.

– Use the "New" and "Edit" functions to create internally new data list or to edit

an existing one.

– Use the standard "File Manager" function to transfer external data lists to the

instrument.

Rohde&Schwarz SMBV100B User manual

Rohde&Schwarz SMBV100B User manual

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