Craftsman 351.217120 Owner's manual

Operator's Manual I

Variable Speed

WOOD LATHE

Model No.

351.217120

CAUTION:

Read and follow all Safety

Rules and Operating

Instructions before First

Use of this Product.

Sears, Roebuck and Co., Hoffman Estates, IL 60179 U.S.A,

WWW, Ilear L Cof11/cr aimf_rlfl 8fl

18184.02 Draft (11/10/02)

WarTar'ity ....................................... 2

Salety Rules .................................. 2-3

Unpacldng ..................................... 3

Assembly ...................................... 4

Installation .................................... 4,-6

Operation ................................... 8-19

Maintenance ................................... 20

Troubleshooting ................................ 21

Parts Illustration and Ust ....................... 24-27

Esp_of .................................... 28-51

FULL ONEYEAR WARRANTY ON CRAFTSMAN

VARIABLE SPEED WOOD LATHE

If this productfallsdue to a detectin materialor workmanship

withinone year fromthe date oi purchase,Sears will at its

optionrepair or replaceit tree d charge.Contactyour near-

est Sears Service Center (1-800-4-MY-HOME) to arrangefor

productrepair,or return thisproductto place d purchase for

replacement.

Ifthis productisusedfor commercialor rental purposes,this

warrantywill applyfor 90 days from the date of pumhase,

This warrantyappliesonly while thisproductis usedinthe

UnitedStates.

Thiswarrantygivesyouspecificlegal rights, and youmay

also haveothar rightswhichvary from stateto state.

Sears, Roebuck and Co., Dept. 817WA, Hottman Estates,

IL 60179

CAUTION: Alwaysfollowproper operating proceduresas

definedin this manual-- even ifyou are familiarwith use of

this or similartools.Remember that being carelessforeven a

fractionct a second can rasuit in severe personal injury.

BE PREPARED FOR JOB

• Wear proper apparel.Do notwear loose dnthing, gloves,

neckties,rings,bracelets or other jewelry whichmayget

caught in movingpads of machine.

• Wear protectivehaircevedng tocontainlonghair.

• Wear salety shoeswith non.aiipsoles.

• Wear saletyglasses onmplying with United StatasANSI

Z87.1. Everydayglasses have only impactresistantlens-

es.Thay are NOT safetyglasses.

• Wear face mask or dustmask it operationis dusty.

• Be alert and think dearly. Neveroperate powertoolswhen

tired, intoKleatedor when taking medicationsthatcause

drowsiness.

PREPARE WORK AREA FOR JOB

Keepwork area dean. Clutteredworkareas ioviteacci-

dents.

Do not use power toets in dangerous environments. Do

not use power tools in damp or wet locations. Do nOt

expose power tools to rain.

• Work area should be properly lighted.

o Sears, Roebuck and Co.

Keepvisitorsat a sate distancefrom workarea.

Keep childrenout oi workplace.Make workshopchild-

proct.Use padlocks,master switchesor removeswitch

keysto preventany unintentionaluse of powertools.

Keep powercordsfrom coming in contactwith sharp

objects,oil, grease, and hOtsurfaces.

TOOL SHOULD BE MAINTAINED

Alwaysunplugtoolprior to inspection.

Consultmanualforspecificmaintainingand adjustingpro-

ceduras.

• Keep toollubricatedand clean for safest operation.

• Keep all pads in worldngorder.Check to determinethat

the guardorOtherpartswilloperate propertyand perform

their intendedfunction.

• Checkfor deranged parts.Check for alignment oi moving

pads, binding,breakage,mountingand any othercondi-

tionthatmay affecta tool'soperation.

• A guard or Otherpad that isdamaged shouldbe properly

repairedor replaced.Do nntpedorm maksshiftrepairs.

(Use partslistprovidedto order replacementparts.)

• Never adjustattachments while running.Disconnectpower

to avoid accidentalstart-up.

• Havedamagedorworn powercordsreplacedimmediately,

• Keep cuttingtoolssharpfor efficientand s_est operation.

KNOW HOW TO USE TOOL

• Use righttoolforjob. Do not Iorce toolor attachment todo

ajob forwhichit was notdesigned.

• Disconnecttoolwhen changingattachments.

• Avoidaccidentalstart-up.Make surethat the toniis in the

=off"positionbefore pluggingin, turningon satelydiscon-

nector activatingbreakers.

• Do not force tool.It willwork most efficientlyat the rate for

whichit was designed.

• K,_ephandsswayfromchuck,centers and Otharmoving

pads.

• Never leave toolrunningunattended.Turnthe poweroff

and do notleovetooluntilit comestoa completestep.

• Do not overreach.Keepproper lootingand balance.

• Never stand ontool,Serious injurycould occurit toolis

tippedor i' centersare unintentionallycontacted.

• Knowyourtool.Learnthe leers operation, application and

specificlimitations.

• Handleworkpiececorrectly.Mountfirmly in holding

devices.Protect handsfrom possibleinjury,

• Turnmachine off ifworkplece splitsor becomesloose.

• Use cuttingtonleas recornmendedin =Operation."

WARNING: Forysurown salety,donot operateyOUrwood

latheuntilitiscompletelyassembledand installedaccordingto

instructions.

PROTECTION: EYES, HANDS, FACE, BODY, EARS

If any part ct your lathe is missing, malfunctioning,or has

been damaged orbrahen,cease operating immediately

untilthe particularpad is properlyrepaired or replaced,

• We="saletygogglesthatcomplywih UnitedStatesANSI

7R7.1 anda face sttaldordustmask it operatlenisdusty,

Wearear plugsor muffsduring_,.'tandedperiodsct operation.

Small loosepieces ofwood or other objectsthat contacta

spinning workplececan be propelledat very highspeed.

Thiscan be avoided by keeping the latheclean.

Never turn the lathe ON before clearing the bed, head and

tailstock ot all tools, wood scraps, etc., except the werkpiece

and related support devicse for the operation planned.

Never place your lace or body in line with the chuck or

faceplate.

• Never plane your fingers or hande in path ut cutting tools.

• Never roach in back of the workpiece with either hand to

support the piece, remove wood scraps, or lor any other

mason, Avoid awkward aperetions and hand positions

where a sudden slip could cause fingers or hand to move

into a spinning workplece.

• Shut the lathe OFF and disconnect power source when

removing the faneplste, changing the center, adding or

removing an a,z<itiary device, or making adjustments.

• Turn _ lock switch to =off" and remove _ when tool is

not in use.

• If the workplece splits or is damaged in any way, turn lathe

OFF and remove the workpiece Imm the holders. Discard

damaged workpiece and start with a new piece of wood.

• Use extra care when turning wood with twisted grain or

wood that is twisted or bowed -- it may cut unevenly or

wobble excessively.

KNOW YOUR CUTTING TOOLS

• Dull, gummf, improperly sharpened or set cuttingtonlscan

ceuse vibrationend chatterduringcuttingoperations.

Minimizepotential injuryby proper care of tools and regu-

ier machine maintenance.

THINK SAFETY

Safety is a combinationofoperator common sense and alert-

ness at all timeswhen the lethe isbeing used.

• Foryour o,,vnsafety,read all rules and pmcautioas in the

operator's manual before using thistool.

• Foreye protection,wear safatyglasses complyingwith

UnitedStates ANSI Z87.1.

• Do netwear looseclothing,gloves,neckties, rings,

bracelets or otherjewelry thatceeldgef caught in moving

parts of machine or workpieee.Wear proteotivehaircover-

ingto contain longhair.

• Tighten all damps, fixturesand tailstsckbefore applying

power.Check to mak_ surethat all tools and wrenches

have been removed.

• With switchoff, rotate workpleceby hand tomake sure

thatthere isadequate clearance.Start the machineon

lowestspeed settingto verity thatthe workpleceis secure,

• Forlarge pieces, create a roughshape on another piece of

equipmentbefore installingon fsceplate.

• Do not mountanyworkpleces thathave splits or knots.

• Remove any center from spindle when using an outboard

devicefor au_itiaryturning.

• Ne/er attempt to remountafaneplateturningto the lace-

platefor any mason,

• Never attemptto remounta between-centersturningit the

original centerson theturninghavebeen alteredor removad.

• When remountinga between-centemturningthat has non-

altered original centers, make surethatthe speed is at the

lowestsettingforetad-ap.

• Use extracaution when mountinge batween.centersturn-

ing tothe faceplata, ora faceplsteturningto between-cen-

ters, for secondary operations. Male surethat the speed is

atthe lowestsettingfor start-up.

• Never perform any operation with this lathe where the

workplece is hand-held. Do net mount a reamer, milling

cutter, drill bit, wire wheel or buffing wheel to the heed-

stock spindle.

• When hand-sanding fsceplate or between-ceeters mount-

ed werkpieces, complete all sanding BEFORE removing

the workplece from the lathe.

Never run the spindle in the wrong directiee. The cutting

tool could be pulled from your hands. The workpiece

should always turn towards the operator.

For spindle tur_ng, ALWAYS paslion the tool rest above the

centedine of the workplece and spindle (sppreKin'kately'_").

Use the ddll chuck accessory in the tall efock only. Do not

mount any drill bit that extends mere than 6" beyond chuck

jaws.

CAUTION; Foilow safely instructions that appear on the

headstock assembly for your lathe.

Refer to Figure1.

Check forshippingdamage.If damage has occurred, a claim

mustbe filedwith carder.Check for completeness.

Immediatelyrepod:missingpartsto dealer.

Yourwoodlatheisshippedcompleteinone c_ton and includes

amotor.Separate allpadsfrompackingmaterialsandcheck

each one withthe unpaddnglistto make certainall items are

accountedforbeforediscardingany packingmaterial.

If anyparts am missing, do not attempt to assemblethe lathe,

plugin the pawer cord,ortum the switchon untilthe missing

pads are chtained and properlyinstalled.

A lathe

B Leg (4)

C Brace(2)

D TSP(2)

E Support(2)

F 12"Teel Reef

G 6"ToolRest

H 4" Face Plate

Parts Bag (Lathe) - NOtShown

PartsBag (Stand)- Not Shown

IMPORTANT: The bed is coatedwith a protediant.To ensure

proper fitand operation,removecoating,Coatingis easily

removedwithmild solvents,such as mineralspirits, and a soft

doth.Avoidgettingcleaningsolution on paint or anyof the

rubberor plasticparts,Solventsmay deterioratethesefinish-

es. Use soapand water on paint, plasticor rubbercompo-

nents.Wipe all partsthoroughlywith a clean dry cloth.Apply

pastewax to the bed,

Rgum I -Unpacking

Refer to Figu="es2 - 3.

CAUTION: Do not attempt assembly if parts ere missing.

Use this manual to order replacement parts.

• Remove all components from the shipping carton and verify

against the parts list on page 3. Clean each component and

remo_ shipping preservatives (coatings) as required.

ASSEMBLE STAND

NOTE: Hand tightenall I_ nutsduringstand assembly.Do

notcompletelytightennutsuntilstand assemblyis complete.

• Piecebcthtoppiecesepside downee flooror benchtop.

Attach|font and rearsqoportstotopsusingtheca,'dagebolts,

flatwashers,lockwashersand hexnuts.

• Attach legs toinside nt tops usingcarriagebols, flat

washers, lockwashers and hexnuts,

• Attachbracesto insideof legsusingcarriagebolts,flatwash-

ers, lechwashersand hexnuts.

• Turnstand upright,level standandsecuresil nuts.

Suppo_

Rgum 2 - Lalhe Stand Asmmbied

MOUNT LATHE TO STAND

NOTE: Lathe weighs apprceimately130 Ibs.Two peoplemw

be requiredforthis operation,

• Obse_e Iocehend meentingholesin thestand top.Pceitinn

latheon stand top sothatthe mountingholesinthe standare

alignedwithhobs inthe headstockand n_tor suppodcast-

ing.Securelathefrom underneathstand usingsed_ head

boltsandflatwashe(s.

• Insert6" or 12" toolrest intoholderand securein position

with lockinghandle.

• Attach speed controlknQb.

• Whenthe woodlethe isreedj/foruse,it shouldappear as it

doesin Figure3,

Inboard Spinde Toel ReSt

Headstock

Spinde

Bed

Halide

Knob

Rgum 3 - Pmls of the Lathe

• Examine the liee cord to male ,,_Jrethel the ping is in geed

condition and that the insulation has not been damaged

during transit.

Reler to Figures4-9,

LOCATION OF WOOD LATHE

The latheshouldbe positionedsothat neitherthe operator

nor acasual observer isforcedto stand in linewith the spin-

ningchuck.

INSTALLATION OF CENTERS

The spur center and the bearing center have Morsetaper #1

tomatch the spindleand tail stockbores.Toinstall the cen-

ters,slide them intothe boreswith a firm,swift movement.

Theywill be furthersecured when a workpieceissqueezed

between the centers.

REMOVAL OF SPUR CENTER FROM SPINDLE

• To remove the spur centerfromthe spindle, insert the cen-

ter removalrod intothe spindle and gentlytap the center

out.Refer to Figure 4.

Spur Center

R_ure 4 - Spur Center RBmovzd

REMOVAL OF BEARING CENTER FROM RAM

• To remove bearing center from tall atock quill, insert the

center remavai rod into the quill and gently tap the center

out.Refer to Figure 5.

Beanng

Removal Rob

RRure 5

POWER SOURCE

WARNING: Do nat connectwood lathetothe power source

untilall assemplysteps have been completed,

The motorisdesignedforoperationontheveltageand IreqnenoJ

spedled.NotTnatloadswillbe handledsafelyan voltagesnot

morethan10% aboveorbelowspecifiedvolage. Ruanklgthe

un! onvoltageswhichare notwthin rangemaycauseoverheat-

n:j and motorburn-out.Heavyloadsrequirethatvoltageat mator

terminalsbe nolessthanIhevoltagespecified onnamepla_.

• Powersupplyto the motoriscontrolledbya single polelock-

ingrod_r switch.Rerno_ the kayinthe rockerswitchtopre-

ventunauthorizeduse.

GROUNDING INSTRUCTIONS

WARNING: Improper conr_dion d equipmed grounding con-

ductor can ras.J inthe dsk d electrical shod<.Eq_ment should

be grounded while in use to protect operstor from eleddcal shock.

• Check with a qualified elestdcian if grounding instructions

are not understood or i in doubt as to whether the tool is

propedy grounded.

• This tool is equipped with as appmvad 3*conductor cord

rated at 300V and a 3-prong grounding type plug (see Figure

6) for your protection against shock hazards.

pmpedy Grounded Outlet

Grounding Prong

3-prong Plug __

Rgum 6 - 3-1ProngRmceptado

Groundingplugshouldbe plugged directlyintoa properly

installedand grounded3-preeg grounding-typereceptacle,

as shown(Figure6).

• Do not ran'x_e or alter groundingprong in anymanner.In

the eventot a maitunctionor breakdown,groundingpro-

vides a path ot least resistancefor electricalshock.

WARNING: Do notpermit lingers to touchthe terminalsot

plug when installingor removing lrem outlet.

• Plugmustbe pluggedintomatchingoutistthatispropeby

instaled ond groundedin accordancewithal localcodasand

ordinances.Do notmodly plugprovided.If itwillnO[ft in

outlet,haveproperoutletinstalledby aqual|ledelectrician.

• Inspecttoolcordspedodicellyand if damaged, have them

repairedby an authorized seP.'iceIacitity.

• Green (orgreen and yellow)conductorin cord isthe

groundingwire. If repairor replacementofthe electriccord

or plugis necessary, do notconned the green (orgreen

and yellow)wire to a liveterminal.

• Where a 2-prong wall receptacle isencountered,it mustbe

replacedwith a properlygrounded:)-prongreceptacle

installedin accordancewith NationalElectdcCode and

local codes and ordinances.

WARNING: This work should be pedormed by e qualified

electrician.

A temporary 3-preng to 2..prenggroundingadapter(see

Figure7) isavailableforconsentingplugsto a twopole outlet

ifit isproperlygrounded.

Do not use a 3-preng to2-preng groundingadaptor unless

permittedby local and nationalcodas and ord'mances.

(A3-prongto 2-pronggroundingadapter isnot permitted

inCanada,) Where permitted,the rigidgreen tab orterm'l-

natonthe side ot the adaptermust be securelyconnected

to a permanent electricalgroundsuchas a propedy

groundedwater pipe, a properlygroundedoutlet b_( or a

properlygroundedwire system.

• Many coverplate screws,water pipes and outletbosasare

notproperlygrounded.Toensure properground,grounding

means mustbe testedby a qualifiedeleotrician,

Qmunding Lug M_<e Sum

This Is

Adspter_ __ConnectedTo

_A Kqown

3-Prong Ground

2-Prong Receptacle

Rgure 7 - 2-Prong Receptacle with Adapter

EXTENSION CORDS

• The use of any extension cord will cause some drop in

volnge and loss of power.

• Wires of the _tension cord must be ol sutficisnt size to

carry the ourmnt and maintain adequate voltage,

• Use the table to determine the minimum wire size (A.W.G.)

extension cord.

• Use only 3-wire eadenslen cords h_iug 3-prong grounding

type plugs and 3-pob mcept asles which accept the tool plug.

• If the extension cord is worn, cut, or damaged in any way.

replace it immediately.

Extemdon Cord length

Wire Size A.W.G.

Up to 25 tt..................................... 18

NOTE: Using extension cords over 25 It, long is not

recommended.

MOTOR

The wood lathe is assembled with rector and wiring installed.

Horsepower (Maximum Developed) ................... 1

Voltage ................................... 120/240

Amperes ..................................... 814

Hertz ........................................ 60

Phase ..................................... Single

RPM ....................................... 1725

Rotation (viewed Iron', mater shatt) ....... Counterclockwise

120V IPower L2

Rgure B -Wiling Schemstic

Green

ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS

WARNING: Make sureunit isoff and disconnectedfrom

powersourcebesominspectingany wiring.

The motoris installedand wiring connectedas illustratedin

the widngschematic(see Figure8).

The latheisprewiredlot useon a 120 volt,60HZ powersupply.

The powerst4)plytothe motoris controlledbyasinglepole

leddng roder swich.

The powerlines are inserteddirectly ontothe switch.The

0teen groundline must remainsecurelyfastenedtothe freme

to properlyprotect againstelectricalshock.

• Removethe key to preventunauthorizeduse.

240 VOLT OPERATION

• To use the lathe with a 240V, single-phase pov,,er supply,

have s qualified electrician attach a 240 volt. 15A 3-prong

plug Onto lathe line cord and install the proper connectors

and receptacles to power supply.

• See wiring diagram (Figure 9) for wiring instructions.

C 3 C 2

__L_

C 4 )

L1 1_ _

_ 2 )

L1 240V 1.2

Figure 9 -Wiring S<d'lemallc

Referto Figures10 - 74.

DESCRIPTION

Craftsman 36" variable speed wood latheprovidescapability

toturn woodenworkpieces upto 36' longand 4" diameter.

This lathe can also turn b_wls upto 12" diameterand 4"

thick.The motorrofstosat 1725 RPM and the spindle speeds

are 380-2150 RPM. Outboard spindle allows convenientout-

boardturning of bowls up to 15"diameter.

SPECIFICATIONS

Turninglength (max.) ............................ 38"

Bowldiareeter(max.)............................12"

Overalllength................................. 60_

Overallheight................................. 13"

Width ....................................... 15"

Inboard SpindleSpeed ............... 380 to2150 RPM

OutboardSpindle Speed ................ 190-1075 RPM

SpindleTaper................................. 1MT

SpindleThreed................................ 1".-8

TailStock Taper............................... 1MT

Switch ........................... SP, Lockingrocker

Motor .......................... 120/240V, 8/4 AMPS

Weight ................................... 130 bs

WARNING: Operationof any powertoolcan result in foreign

objects being thrownintothe eyes, whichcan resultin severe

eye damage.Alwayswear satety gogglescomplyingwith

UnitesStatesANSI Z87.1 (shown onpaskage) before com-

mencingpower tooloperation.Salaty gogglesate availableat

Sears retail storesor catalog.

CAUTION: Always Observethe followingsafelyprecautions:

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

• Whenever adjustingor replacinganyparts onthe tool, turn

switchOFF and removetheplug frompowersource,

• FlesheckallIoddnghandles,ThaymustbetightensdseoJraly.

• Mak_ sure allmovingparts are free and clear ofany

intederence.

• Mal® s_.a'eal fastonarsamtightand have nctvbratedloose.

• With power disconnected,test eperetion by handforclear-

ance and adjustit necessary.

• Always wear eye protectionorface shield.

• Alter turningswitchon, alwaysallow the spindle tocome

upto lull speed before turning.

• Be suremeter runscounterclockwisewhen viewing spindle

fromthe rightend (inboardside of headstock).

• Keep handsclear of spindle,centers, faceplates and other

reeving partsofmachine.

• For optimum performance,do not stall motoror reduce

speed. Do not forcethe toolintothe work.

ON-OFF SWITCH

Refer to Figure19.

Power supplytothe lathe iscontrolledby the lockingrocker

switch.To turn latheon:

• Pullred_r snitchuptothe ON position.

Toturn lathe_f:

• Switchoffthe rockersNitCh.

The rocker switch hase removable_ to preventunsetho-

dzBd use or accidentalstart-upofthe lathe.Removingthe kay

will !ockthe lathe from use.

To lock the lathe:

• Switchoffthe rockerswitch.

• Disconnectthe linecordlram powersource.

• Pullout the removablekey.The keyhas the words,

"Remove to Lock".

• Storekeyin a sale pla_e

NOTE: Withthe kay removed,the rockercan be "ROCKED",

butthe switchcannot be actuated,

Tounlockthe Isthe:

• Positionthe rockerin the OFF pneltinn.

• Insertthe keyintothe rocker,

• Connect linecord topower source.

• The switch cannow be actuated.

• _ Spindle

Rgum 10 RemovableI_ _/ _Roc_erSwltch

CHANGING SPEEDS

Tovaly spindlespeeds, rotatespeed controlImopto the

desiredsetting.The speed label on the headstock shows

inboardspindlespeeds in black and outboardspindle speeds

in red.Referto speed chartfar specific turningoperations.

CAUTION: Change speeds only while motoris running.

SPINDLE TURNING

If you have never done any amountot wood turning,we sug-

gestthatyou practiceusing the variouswood turningtools.

Start witha small spindleturning.

Be sureto studythe follo_vingpages ofthis manuel.They

explainand illustratethe correctuse at the turning tools,the

positioningot the tool rest, and other informationto help you

gaine_pedence.

• Selecta plese ot wood 2" x 2" x 12".

• Drawdiagonallines on each end to locatethe centers.

Diagonal Unes on

Both Ends

• Observe the speed chart (see page 14). For example, a 2"

square turning uP to 18" long should run at 1100 RPM for

"roughing'. Rotate the wood by hand to make sum that the

corners do not strike tim tool rest and verify that the index-

ing pin is not engaged.

Rgure 11

• On one end, make a saw cut epprosJn'_ely 'A," deep on

each diagonal line,This isfor the spor o_nter,

• The other end uses the bearing center. Place the point ot

the bearing center on the wood where the diagonal lines

cross`

• Drivethe bearingcenter intothe wood.Use a wooden mat-

let or a plastic hammer, butput a piece ofwood onthe end

ofthe bearing centerto prctect itfrom harm.

Rgum 12

• Remove the bearing center and drivethe spur center into

the otherend ofthe wood. Make sum the spurs are inthe

saw cuts.Remove the spur center.

• Make surethe centers and the hole in thespindle and the

tailstock ramare clean. Insertthe spurcenter intothe

headstock and the bearingcenter intothe tail atock.Tsp

them in lightlywith apiece ot wood. Do notdrivethem in.

• IIthe tall stock centeris not ot the ball bearingtype, put a

dropofoil or wax an thewood where itcontactsthe cen-

ter.This willIt_,ricatethe woodwhile it is tumiag.

• Placethe woodbetweenthe centers andlockthe t6ilstock.

• Movethe bearingcenterintothe woodby turningthe hand

wheel.Make surethatthe bearingcenterand spur center

=seated"into thewood inthe holesmadeeadier.Rotate

the woodby handwhileturningthe handwheel.

• Adjustthe toolrest approximately',_"away fromthe cor-

nersof the wood and %"shove the centerline.Note the

angledpositionof the toolrestbase. Lockthe toolrest

base and the tool rest.

Rgure 13

1_ _'

,oo°

TOOL REST _._

Rgure 14

INDEXING

Referto Figume15,

The spinulepu[k3yhas24 agu_Jlyspaced slots(15° apart).The

irides(pinpsssesthroughthe headstockengageswithonect the

24 slotsemdlocksthespindle fromturningwhileyouput amark

on thewod_lec_

iSlots

Rgure lS

Forexample, to locatethe positionot sixflutes on a cylinder:.

• Openthe rearcaver.

• Pushindexpin untilthe indexpin engages one ef the 24

slats inthe spindle pulley.

• Adjustthe 12" toolmeattothe centerlineot the workplece

and make e mark.

• Pullindexpin outto release pin,Slowly rotate the work-

piece untilpin is located60" (4 holes)from initial position.

Engage indexpin intothe pulleyand place another mark

on the workpiece.

• Continuethese stepsuntilthere are 6 marks onthe work-

piece.

• Bowlturningsor wheel turningscan be marked inthe

S_ rn_qReL

WARNING: The indexingpin mustbe disengagedfor all

nther operations on the lathe,

OUTBOARD TURNING

This technique mat_s it possible to do jobs on this machine

that are too large to mount conventionally. It is straight forward

laospiste turning, except, because of the work size, caution

must be talon and speeds must be restricted to minimums. If

you anticipate doing outboard turning you must use a bowl

turning rest (see Recommended Accessories, page 27). The

bowl turning rest is attached to the lathe bed. See Figure 16,

page 8.

figure 16 - Bowl Turning Rest

Rgure19 Cuttin S "

CAUTION: Do not try topush this support when cutting.Do

nottry to mountwork so large that the motor must strain to

turnit. If youwish toexperimentwith thistechnique,do so

with softwoods.Let the heavier, herder wood come later.

USING WOODWORKING CHISELS

Many operationsrequirethat the cuttingchiselsbe used for

scraping,but scraping chiselsare practicallynever used for

cutting.Scrapingdullsa chiselmuch faster, especiallythe

razorsharp cuttingchisels.

Cuttingisfaster than scrapingandproduces asmootherfinish

whichrequiresless sanding.However,it isfar more difficultto

master.Scraping, on the other hand, islar morepreciseand

easier to control.

SELECTION OF CHISELS

Betterchiselshave handles approximately10" longtoprovide

plentynt gripand leverage.Sharptoolsare essentialIordean,

easywork.Select toolsthatwilltake and holdkeen edges.

GOUGE SKEW PA_TfNG T_04_

SPEA fl POINT FLATNOSE ROUND NOSE

Figure| 7-The Six CommonlyUsedChimlTypes

THEORY OF TURNING

The twoclasses ot chisels are those intendedpdmadlyIor

cutting,and chisels usedonly forscraping,

• The cuttingchisels are the gouge,skewand partingtool.

These are the mostused.They are commonlysharpened

to a razoredge by honingon both sides.

• The scrapingchiselsare the flat n_e, roundnose and

spear point.These are not honedon the flat sides- the

wire edgesproduced by grindingare felt on to aidin the

scrapingprocess.

Cutting Chisel Scraping Chisel

Rgum 18

Cutting and Scraping

• To cut, the chisel is held so that the sharp edge actually

digs into the revolving work to peel otf shavings.

• To scrape, the chisel is held at a dgN angle to the work sur-

lace. This tool remcves fine particles instead of shavings.

WhenYou Can Cut andWhanYou Must Scrape

There are twoditlemnt approaches:

• One sppr_ch istowardedrcunfemsce oftheworkpiece_or

exampleturningdowntheoutersurfaced a cylinderor the

innerwalld a hollowroundbex).In thisapproach,thesulfase

hek'igturnedtravelsunderthechisel edgelikean endlessbelt.

• The secondapproachistowardthe diameterd a workpiece

(aswhen turningthefaced a fsceplate turning,orthe sided

a largeshoulderon a spindleturning).In thisapproach,the

sudscebeingturnedrotatesIke a discunderthechiseledge.

• Sometimesthe optirnum approachwill be a sent)ination of

both methods.

Diameter

Approach

Rgum 20

Eithera cuttingor scrapingactioncanbe used when the

approachis towarda circumference- the shavingis mmaved

like apeelingfrom apotato.Scraping can onlybeusedwhen

the approachistowarda diameter.The mason is obvious

whenyou considerthatfaceplateturningpracticallyalways

requires removalof woodacrossthe grain,Wood does not

peel easily acrossthe grainand attemptsto useany inappro-

pdate cuttingmethodswilllikelymsul in damagetothe work-

piece.There isalso dangerthatthe toolcouldbe pulledfrom

the handsofthe operator.

In general, a cueingactionis used for the majorityofspindle

turningoperations while taceplateturningisusuallyaccom-

plishedby the scrapingmethod.When a combination

approach isto be used,the operator will haveto judge,by the

feel ot the work,when tostopcuttingand start scraping.

Never try to cutwhen itbecomesdifficultto holdthe chisel

againstthe mughnese ofthe wood grain.

Haw to PosltlonTool Rest for Clrcurnterenoa Cutting

When cutting,the object isto piercethe outer skinof woodto

a certain desireddepthand thento holdthe chiselsteady

with the bevel edge parallelto the workcimundemnceso that

itwillpeel oft ashaving at this desireddepth,

• The only sure methodof holdingthe chiselsteady is to

mat the b_vel against the work(Figure 21A).When the toni

mat isat the proper height, the chiselcan be held withthe

bevelpressed againstthe work, and the tool restwill act

as a fulcrum tosupport the chiselagainstthe downward

forceof the revolvingwork.

• If the restis placed too low, sothat thechisel isheld with

the bevel out fromthe work (Figure21B), the cuttingedge

will continueto dig deeper intothe work.It will dig inuntil

the "bite" becomes so deep thatyour hands have difficuly

holdingthe chisel- then the improperlysupportedchisel

will beginto bounce or chatter against the workplace.

• ffthe rest is placed ton low,the chiselmustbe held

extremely high topositionthe bevel against the work

(Figure 21C).Then the rest losesrno_ of itsvalue as a ful-

crumand the downwardforce ofthe revolvingworkplecu

tends tokick the chiselback out of yourhands.

Fig. 21A Rg, 21B Rg. 21C

No aJp_xt

ae_ _ S • . F_ Kickback/i

Xhr=, '_ Chan /d" Bev_ Kickba=_.

^_ml B_ _ • [ pelnl

Ctlisel (_jn_g pl_er _ _ R_I Too L

Olbd TOU H G'lz_m d TOO Itl_h

Fig. 21D I_ Fig, 21E RI_ 21F

..... _I_R_ I Handle e

TooHi_

Rest Too D_IW31* ChbalToo High

P_nl Too Fat From Rmt

Fig. 21G

Rgure 21

Ifthe restis placedtonhigh(Figure21D) and the chiselis

correctlyposlioned tar cutting,itstdkes the workplecunear

the topwhere the directionof torceeKartedby theworkplace

isnearlyhorizontal- and kickbackwillagain result.

• Ifthe rest isplacedtoofar outIromthe work surface

(Figure21E), then, when correctlyheld, the chisel is again

tonhighon the work.Also,you hawetessleverage onyour

side of the tool restand it iseven more difficultto holdthe

chisel.With large diameter work(Figure21F), the tool rest

canbe above the workplece centedine,and sornewhalout

from the work sudace,With small diameterwork (Figure

21G), the restshouldbe closertothework surface.As

workgrowssmaller,the restshouldbe mpositioned.

How to Po_ltlon Tool Rest for Clmunfference Soraplng

In scrapingoperations,the toolrestpositionis notas critical

as it isfor cuttingoperations.

• The chiselgenerally is held horizontally,though itcan be

held at an angle to reach intotightplaces,Consideringthat

the wire edge of the chiseldoesthe scraping,Figures 22B

and 22(3 showthe resultsof ton low or ton higha position

forthe rest.

Fig, 22A

• ioe

figure 22

• Figure 22A showsthe chiselactionwith the restcorrectly

positioned.

How to PoalUon Chisel and Rest for Diameter Scraping

When scraping on the diameter, that portico of sudase tothe

right of center is moving upward (Figure 23A). if a chisel is

placed in this area, it will simply be carrisd up oft the rest and

out of your hands.

• All diameter approach aparations must be done st the k_t

of center,

Three differentchiselcontactpoints are shownin Figure23B.

Itwill be notedthatwhen a chiselis abovethe workpieoscen-

ter (orbelowit) the work sudasesweeps pastthe chiseledge

at an angle and tends tocarrythe chisel in one directionor

the otheralongthe rest.

• Onlywhenthe chiselcentasts the work on the cehtedine,

doesthework surfacepass squarelyunderthe chisel

edge.This, then, is the positioninwhich it is easiest to

holdthe chiselsteady.To abtain this position,placethe

restagpreximataly 'k" (thicknessof chisel)balsw center.

Fill- 2SA FI w. 23B

Uw_

Rgum 23

UISING THE GOUGE

Three gouges,the 'k, ',_and =k"sizes, are adequateforgener-

al hornesheptumieg, Other sizesfrom 'kto 2" canbe pur-

chased to providemoreIleKibinty.

The chiefuse of the gouge is for roughcircumfarenoscutting

ofraw stock down toa cylinderof worfdngsize.It is best to

usethis toolfor rapidcuttingaway of large areas ofthe work-

piece.When the tool is usedthisway, it doesnot producea

smoothsudace,With practice,the gougecan be usedforcut-

tingcovesand the shapingof longcats.

CuttingEdge

P_fflt

Hgum 24

• When ussdfor o-tting,thegougeisalwaysheldwiththecon-

veKsidedown.Itshould he rolledapprodmatel),30=to45_in

thedirectioninwhich| is beingadvancedalongthe restand

thecuttingedge shouldhe slightlyaheadct thehandle.

USING THE SKEW

• Two skews, the '/zand 1" sizes, am all that are needed for

general use. Other sizes are avallsble,

This tool isnearly always used to ma_ fbished cuts, to cut vees

and beads, and to square shoulders. Properly used, i produces

the best finish that can he obtained with a chisel. It is not recom-

mended for scraping because the edge tends to dul more qalddy.

For finish cutting, the skew is held with the cutting edge

considerably in advance of the handle, bevel side down.

Keep the base ol the bevel against the work. It is good

practice is to place the skew well o_,er the wod_, pull it back

until the edge begins to cut, then owing the handle into

position to advance the cut.

Both the toe and the heal d the slew can be used for taking light

cuts, but do not penetrate the wood too deeply without cutting

_s.There is danger ol burring the tip of the tooL

Rgure25

USING THE PARTING TOOL

The pwting tool has just one prrnaw purpose: to cut into the

workpiece as deeply as desired, or all the way through to make a

aJt-off, It is,the_ore, a very narrow tool ak" wide) and shaped to

cut its own clearance so that the edge will not he burned.When

used for scraping, however, the parting tool should be backed off

regularly to prevent overheating.

Unli_ the gouge and slew, the parting tool is seldom hatd with

the beval against the work. Since the _nt of stock removal is

small, a support for the bevel is not neoes_y.

The tool is simply led into the work at an angle (for cutting), or

pointed at the workpleoe center (Ior scraping). It can be held eas-

ily in one hand.

Cutting Scraping

4--,,

USINGTHE SCRAPING CHISELS

• A '/l' wide spear point chisel, a '/z"wide round nose chisel,

and a 1" wide flat nose chisel complete the list of tools

ordinarily used by crattsmen and hobbyists.

Each of these scraping chisels can be purchased in various

other sizes Ior special purposes. All am very useful for diame-

ter scraping operations and for circumference scraping when

cutting methods cannot be employed.

• The spear point is used for line soraping and delicate oper-

ations such as the forming of beads, parallel grooves and

shallow vses.

• Edges and bowl contours can be rounded with the round

nose chisel.

• Any flat sudaca can be scrapedwiththe flat nose chisel.

Spear Round Flat nose

Point Nose

figure 27

USING SHAPER OR MOULDING KNIVES

• An old chisel can be made to serve as a holder for shaper

or moulding knives.

Such knives male it possible to scrape many interesting

shades into the workpiece surface using _ or two operations

instead of the many operations required wih standard chisels.

it is generally not practical to use cutting mathods with spedal

shape tools. Scraping methods should he used instead.

• The holder should provide a shoulder against which the

butt end of lhe krlite can be firmly seated,The knife must

be securely mounted, either by means nt a screw threaded

into the holder, or by compressing it between two prongs

bolted together.

USING A BLOCK PLANE

Clear, glass.smooth linishes (especially on softwoods) can be

obtained by using a block plane sat to take a fine shaving.

• The tool rest should be raised up apprasimately to the top

of the workplece - and the plane should be horizontal, but

turned slightly in the direction of travel so that it will tale a

shearing cut,

• Two tool rests, one in front and the other behind the work, can

be used to advantage in p_itioning the plane so as to eKaotly

limit the dep(h of cut (and fi_ size of the wod_piece).

Rgum 2g

USING WOOD RASPS AND FILES

• A wood rasp will remove stock quickly when held against

the revolving workpisce. Cam should be talen to support

the rasp firmly against the tool rest. An improperly held

rasp, when used on a rough sudaoe, can kick back and

cause operalor injury,

• The rasp will leave avery rough finish.

• Finer finishes (similar to those produced by scraping) can

be obtained by using files in the same manner. Various

types of files can be used for shaping vees, beads, caves,

eLc. if pressed too hard into the wood, some files can burn

the workpiece.

• Keep the file clean to keep it cutting uniformly. Files work

best on hardwoods.

Figure 3Q - Using a Rup

HAND POSITIONS

When usinganyofthe chisels,thehandtales a naturalposition

on thetoniheedl_This pssitionmavbe nearthe middled the

handleor towardsthe end,dependingupanthe amesntof

leveragerequired.The positisnd theI'_nd neartheted re.stis a

matterd individualprdemnee,bUttheream threegenerally

acceptedpositions,each bestforcertaintypesd operations

Roughing Off

Roughingofl and other heavywork requires a firm grip and

solidpositioningofthe chiselagainstthe rest.This is best

obtainedby the toet-mathand positionedillustrated.The wrist

is droppeddownso that the heel of the handbelowthe little

finger acts as a slidingguide against the rest,The handle

hand controlschiselposition.

Rgure 31 - Roughing

Finish Cutting

Finishcuttingrequiresmore control- with less force.Finish

cUttingis betterdone withthe palm of the toolresthand

turned up.The wristis stillheld down, and the side ot the

indexfinger acts as a guide along the rest. In thispselico,

controlof the chiselis shared by both hande.The lingers of

the teet-reethand are free to assistin positioningthe tooL

Figure 32 - Finilh Cutting

Intdeete Cutting

intricate,delicatecuttingrequireseKtremecontrolwithpracti-

callyno force.This isbest accomplishedby guidingthe chisel

withthe fingers of the tool-resthand.The hand is held palmup

withthe wristhigh.The littlefinger isplaced againstthe restto

steady the hand.The chiseldoesnottouchthe restandthe

handlehand iscompletelysecondaryto the tooFresthand.

NOTE: The firstand secondpositionsare equallygoodfor

scrapingoperations,hotthe thirdpositionispracticallynever

usedforscraping.

Rgure 33

Cutting to Depth

Many scraping operations and cUtting to depth with the part-

ing tool can be easily accomplished with the one hand. The

chisel is grasped firmly with the index finger on top to press it

down against the rest. it is thrust straight into the work.

Holding the tool in this manner leaves the other hand free to

hold a p_tem or calipers, atc., to check work in progress.

%..

Rgure 84

MAKING STANDARD CUTS

THE ROUGHING-OFF CUT

Reducing a square or odd shaped workDieos down to a cylin-

der of approximate size for finish turning is called "roughing-

off". Faosplste turnings and large diameter spindles should

first be partly reduced by sawing, but small spindles are easily

turned down entirely with the large (',_') gouge.

RO_o

• Start the firstcutabout2" fromtail stock end - then runit

towardthe tailatnekand off the end of theworkpieos.

• Nsst, startanothercut 2" nearerthe headstock- and run it

back towardsthetaiistnek,to mergewith the firstcUt.

• Continuecuttingin thismanner until2 to 4" from the head-

stock is lettuncut.Reverse the directionof tooltraveland

workone or twocUtsin successiontoward the headstock

and(_f thisend of the workpieee.

• Never start a cUtdirectlyst the end - ifthe chisel catches

the end, it willdamage the wod_leco.

• Never take longcutswhile cornersremain onthe work,as

this tends totear longdivers fromthe corners,

• The first series of cuts shouldnottieton deep. It isbetter

topartiallyreduce the workto a cylinderall along its

length.Afterthat, start a second series of cutsto complete

reducingitto a cylinder.

* Once a cylinder has been Iormed,step latheup to next

fasterspeed. Furtherreductionsin size can nowhe

accomplishedby cuttingas deeply as desired at anyspot

along thework.Atthis stage, longcutscan be madefrom

the centerto eitherend.

• Generally,roughingoff iscontinueduntilthe cylinder is

approKimately %"lan:jerthan the desired finished size.

• Roundness can be tested by laying the gouge on top of

the work - it will not ride up and down when cylinder is

perfectly found.

Flrst Cuts

Testing Roundness

Figure 36

ROUGH-CUTTING TO SIZE

The roughing-ooIcut can be made to accuratelysize the cylin-

der to a given diareeter.

Anothermethod isto make a numberof sizing cuts at inter-

vals alongthe work, then use the gouge to reduce the whole

cylinderdowntothe diameter indicatedby these cuts.

MAKING SIZING CUTS

Sizingcuts am useJulto establishagprexim_e finishedsize

diametersat various pointsalong a workpieos.The workcan

thenbe turned downto the diametersindicatedand be ready •

for finishing.

Diametersfor sizingcutsshouldbe plannedto be about ',_"

greater than the desiredfinishdiameters.A sizingcutis

made withthe partingtoot,

• HoOdthe toolin one hand, and use the other hand to hoOd •

an outsidecaliper presetto the desiredsizing-cutdiameter.

• As the cut nears completion,lowerthe chiselpointmore

and moreinto ascrapingpnettion.

• When the calipersslip overthe workoieseat the bottom oO

the groove,then the cut is linished.

Figure 37

SMOOTHING A CYLINDER

The final ',_"can be removed intwoways,Either usethe 1"

skaw,workingfrom the center towardbothends and taking

lighterand lightercuts untilfinished,or use ablockplane as

illustratedin Figure 29.

CUI"rlNG A SHOULDER

A shouldercanbe the side of a squareportion left inthe

workpisce,the side of a tarriedsection,or the end of the

workpisce.Most shouldersare perpendicularto thework axis,

but a shouldercan be at any angle.

• First,rnarkpositionof the shoulderwith a pencilheld to

the revolvingworkpieoe.

• Second, make a sizingcutwith the partingtool,placing

thiscut about '/,."outsidethe shoulderpositionand cutting

towithinabout '/," ofthe depthdesired forthe area outside

at the shoulder.

• If shoulder isshallow,the toe of the skewcan be used to

make the sizing cut.Do not go in doeperthon',_"withthe

si_w unlesswider and widervees are cutto provideclear-

ance for this tool.

Figure 38

• Use the gouge to remove any waste stock outside of shoul-

der. Smooth this section, up to within ',_"oOshoulder, in the

usual manner. Finishing at the shoulder, unless it is more

than 1" high, is best done with the q,_"sl_w.

The toe of the skaw is used to rem_x,e the shavings from

the side of the shoulder - down to finished size.

Hold skewsothe bottom edge of bevel neKttothe shoul-

der willbe vely nearlyparallelto side oOshoulder- but

with cuttingedgeturnedaway at the top so thatonly the

extremB toe willdo the cutting.If cuttingedge isflat

againstshoulder,the chisel will run.

Startwith handlelow,and raise handleto advancetoe into

the work.

Cut down to finished diameter of outside area. Then, clean

out the corner by advancing heel of the skBw into it along

the surface of the outside area.

Tilt the cuttingedge, with handleraised upso thatonlythe

extrsme heel doesthis cutting.

II shoulderis at end ofwork, the processis calledaguadng

the end.In thiscase, mduse outerportionto a diameter

about '_" largerthan toolcenterdiaree_acThen,later, saw

off the waste stock.

Rgure39

CUTTING VEES

Vee groovescanbe cut witheitherthetoe or heel ofthe skew.

• When the toe is used,the cuttingactionis exactlythe

same aswhen trimminga shoulderaxsspt thatthe skew is

tiltedto cut at the requiredbevel. Lightcutsshouldbe

takenon firstone side and thenthe other,gradually

enlargingthe vee to the required depth andwidth.

• When the heel is used, the skmNis rotated downintothe

work, usingthe restas a pivot.Otherwise,cuttingposition

and sequence ot cuts am the same.As when usingthe

toe, it is importantthat cuttingbe doneonly by extreme

end of cuttingedge.

• If deep vees are planned, it is quickerto start themby

maldngasizingcut at the centerof each vee.

• Voes can alsobe scrapedwith the spearpoint chisel or a

three-sidedfile.

Roure 40

CUTTING BEADS

This operationrequires considerablepractice.

• First,make a pencilline to locatethe tops (highestpoints)

of two or more adjoiningbeads,

• Then, male a yea greave st the axact centerbetweentwo

linesanddowntothe desired depthd the separation

betweenthe beads.Be carefulnottomake the groeveton

wide oryou willremovepodionsof the desiredbeads.The

sidesolthe two adjoiningbeads arenow cutwiththe heeld

thesksw.Use a %"skew,unlessbeadsam very la,'ge.

Placeskew st rightangleswiththeworkaxis,flatagainstthe

sudase,andwellup near the top.The axtrerneheelshould

be justit_sidethe pencillinethatmarksthe topof the bead.

Now, drawslew straightback whiioraisinghandleslowly-

untiledge nt the heel at the pencil linestartsto cut,

• As edge beginsto cut, roll sl_w in the directionol the vee

so thatthe _act portionof the edge whichstarted cutting

willtravel in a 90" arc downto bottom of the vea.

Upenreachingbottomd thevee,the slew shouldbe en adge.

Reversethe movementsto cutside ol the adjacent bead.

_S_ng Tod

Rgure 41 - Cutting Beads

It is important that only the _treme heel should do the cut-

tiag.This means that the bottom edge nt the bevel naxt tothe

vea must at all times be tangent to the arc nt the bead being

lormed.

Easier beads can be shapedwith the spear pointchisel.

• Use pencilmarks and sizingcuts as belore.

• Pushthe chiselstraightintoeach cut end rotate horizontal-

ly to roundoff the adjacentedges. It mustbe movedslight-

lyin the directionof rotationat the sametimeto keep the

pointfromdiggingintothe adjacent bead.

Start Rnish

Rgure 42

CUTTING COVES (CONCAVES)

This isthe m_t difficultsinglecutto master- butone ofthe

most importantin goodwood turning.

• First,use pencilmarks to indicatethe edges.

• Then, roughoutthecave,towithinabout ',_"ct thedesiredfin-

ishedsudace,byscrapingwi_ thegougeor muadnese d'Ls-

el.Iftheceveistobevery wide,alziogcutscenhe madeto

platthereeghingout.Once it isroughedout, thecovecanhe

finishedin twocuts,onefrom eachsidetothebottomcenter.

• At the start of either cut, gouge is held with handle high

and the two sides of blade held between the thumb end

fore_ingar of tool rest hand, just behind the bevel.

Position the fingers so that they are ready to roll the blade

into cove.

* Holdbladessothstbevel isat 90° angletotheworkaxis

withpointtouchingthepencillineandpointedk'itowork a_is.

• Fromthis start, depresspoint slightlyto stad cut, thencoo,

tldueto movepointdownin an arc towardthe bottomcen-

ter cove - at the sametime roilingchiseluniformlyso that,

at the end ol the cut,it willbe flat at the bottomof the

cove.The objectisto keep the axtrerne pointofgouge

doingthe cuttingfrom start tofinish.Reversethese move-

mentsto cutthe opposite side.

_R_t CUttingCoves

Rgure 43

Coves alsocan be scrapedtofinishusingthe roundnose

chisel or a rattailfile.These methods do nutgenerallypro-

duceperfectlycurvedcoves.

MAKING LONG CONVEX CUTS

•Firat, turnwork downto eppraximate size, using sizingcuts

(as required)to determinevariousdiameters` Finishcuts

can thenbe madewith eitherskewor gouge.

• Ifthe slew isused, the pdncipiosof the operatlen are the

same asthose employedin cuttinga bead- exceptthat

the curve isleager and maybe irregular.Use the eKtreme

heel throughout- startat longer end of curve(ifcurve is

irregular)and progresstowardsteeper end.

• If gouge is used, make cut in the same direction.Start with

the handlewell backof point- swinginghandleinthe

directiondi tooltravelto overtakethe point,if necessary,

whenthe steep part ofthecurve is reached.Object isto

have the axtrerne point doingthe cuttingthroughoutwith

the bevelas tangentto curveas possible,

Rgure 44 - Chitl inclined in Direction of Cul

MAKfNG LONG TAPER CUTS

Long toper cuts are made UI_ long convax cuts, with the sksw

or gouge, However, the angle between the cutting edge and

hac,dle is kept constant during the entire cut.The handle is

not swung around.

• Always cut downhill. Do nat cut too deeply at the center of

the taper.

SPINDLETURNINGS

PLOTrlNG THE SHAPE

Once the basiccutsha_'ebean mastered, you are ready to

turn outfinished work.

• The firststep istoprepare a planfor the proposedturning.

This can be laidout on a suitablesheet ol paper.The lay-

outshouldbe to full size.

• Next.prepare the turningstockby squanng itupto the

size ot the largest square or roundsectionin your plan.

The stock canbe cutto the exact length of the proposed

turning.However, in mast cases, itis best to leavethe

stock a littlelong at one or both endsto allowfor trimming.

• Mount the stock in the latheand roughit otf to a maxi-

mum-sizecylinder.

• Now,projectyour pian onto the turningbypencil marking

the variouscriticaldimensionsalongthe lengthal the spin--

die.These dimensionscan be laidoutwith an ordinary

ruler or byusinga template. Make the pencilmarksshout

'/z"longso they willbe visiblewhen the work isrevolved

under power.The lines can be quicklytraced around the

spindleby touchingeach linewiththe pencil.

Diameters

1'_" 2" 1',_"2'k'1_'1",_="2=,_," 1",_'17_'1"_,'1"

I I _ I 1 = I

I _ 14'u' o -)=.-I

SizingCuts

Rgum 45

• After marking, use the parting tool to make sizing cuts at

all ot the important shoulders.When learning, you will find

it best to make sizing cuts to aocurately plot the various

dian_ters` Experienced wood workers can manage with

lewer such cuts at the important shoulders,

• Plan each sizing cut so that it is in waste stock and make

each cut deep enough so that there will be just enough

wood left under the cut for the finishing process.

• Once the sizing cuts have been completed, rough-out the

excess wood wiLh s gou9e. Then, proceed with the finish-

ing process by maldng the vadous types ut cuts required.

RECOMMENDED SPEED

Alwaysfollowrecommendedspeed to do spindle turning

dependingupon the size and length ofworl_iece.

ROUGH FINISH

SQUARE LENGTH RPM RPM

1 to 2" 1 to 12" 1300 2000

1 to2" to 24" 1100 2000

1 to 2" to 38" 1000 2000

2to4" 1 to 12" 1000 1800

2 to 4" to24" 900 1600

2t04" to38" 700 1400

N' Pins 1 Io12" 800 1400

4" Plus to 24" 600 1100

4" Plus to 38" 400 800

DUPMCATETURNINGS

Identical turnings require great accuracy when plotting the

work and pedorming the various cuts. Many methods hove

been devised to aid in pedecting the work.

Use cA'Patterns

Prdassionsiworkersgenerallyusea paltemorIsyoutheard.This

isa thinpleseofwood or cas:iboarduponwhichisdmNns fulF

sizeh_ sectiond theturning.Thecontcorofthe fid...dr_dsudase

isdrawnfist. Then, the diametersat variousoriUcalpointsate

drawntosc_e asverticallinesintersectingthe contourr.-_

• Byplacingthe patternagainstthe roughed-out cylinder,you

can quicldymarkthe variouspointsut the criticaldiameters,

• To make each sizingout,use outsidecalipersand set

these byactuallymeasuring the lengthel thevertical lines

an the paltem whichrepresentthe diametersdesired.

Make the sizingcut downto the properdiameter by using

the calipersto determinewhen the cutis finished.

• Alter maidngthe sizingcuts,hang the pattern behindthe

lathe where itwillserve as aguidefor completionut the

workpiece.

Rgura 46

Using aTemplate and a Diameter Board

When many identicalturningsare tobe produced,it isconve-

nientto have a preparedtemplate.This can be made ofthin

woodor cardboard.Itis outon a band saw or scrollsaw to

hovethe e¢actcontouror the finished turning.The number

one finished turningcan alsobe used as a template.Attach

the templateto a boardand then mountthe board behindthe

lathe,on hinges,so thatthe template can be moveddownto

touchthe workpiaceand allow you to closelydbser'.'e

progressof yourwork.

Ifa greatmanyturningsarebeingproduced,a diameter board

willsavethetime usedfor resettingcalipers.Thisis simply a thin

bo_d alongtheedgeofwhicha oumper d semicircularcuts

havebeenpreparedtorepresentallthevariouscalipersettings

requiredhx measuringthe sizingcuts.Eachsemi-drcalarcutis

held against thew0d<pleceinsteed ut usingthecalipers.

Rgum 47

UsingaTemplete

Usinge DiameterBoard

LONG SPINDLES

A long turningcan be worked in shortsections, withjoints

arrangedto be at shoulderswhere they will notbenoticed.

Longthinworkthatislikelyte whip while tumthgshouldbe

supportedal one ortwoplaces by a backstick.Thisis easy

to make.A simple backstickconsistsut a shortlength of

wood mountedverticallyin an emtratoolrest and notched

so thatit canbe usedto supportthe spindle frombehind.

An improvedtype,whichuses 2 roller =+kalewheelstoform

the notch,alsois shown.

• Position the backstid_against a pre4umed portionnearthe

centerofthe spindle,thisportionbeing at least'/+"overlinish

sizeto allowforlaterremovalof anymarksmade upon it.

• Operate lathe at a slower speedthan normal.Lubricatethe

workpleceat pointof contactwiththe backstick+Use

beeswax (preferred),lard or grease.

Alter completing the turning, remove the bankstick and fin-

ish off the original point of contact. Sand off aw slight

burns remaining on workpiece,

CUTTING DOWELS

Dowelsof any size can be turnedquicklywiththe simplejig

shown.It the stock isprepa,-odas a splitor quarteredturning,

half roundand quarter roundswillbe produced.

The jig uses a ',_"gouge as the cuttingtool and will produce

dowelssp toT,_,"diameter.Make the jig fromsuitable haJ'd-

wood stockas shown.

• The hole throughthe jig mustbe large enough st the side

to the left of the gouge toallowpassage of the square

stock. At the rightof the gouge,this holemust be just the

diameter of the finisheddowel.Make the jig so thatyou

can holdand guide itby hand.

• To start, centerthe stock like a spindle turningand turn

downabout 2" at the rightend to desiredsize.

• Then, remove the stock. Place yourjig over the turned

end, withturned portionthroughthe smallerjig hole,and

recenterthe stock on the lathe.

• Holdthe jigfirmly and start the lathe.

• Pushthe jig slewly rightto left along the stock untilthe

whole dowelis completed.

Rgure 49

MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS

GUIDE BLOCKS FOR SCRAPING OPERATIOI_

A guideblock can be damped to a chiselto limitthe depthof

cut andaid inthe productiond perfect_linders, tapers and

facingsonleceplate turnings.Scrapingmethods mostbe

used when the guideblockis employed.

figure 50

DRILLING

There are se,remlmethods of usingthe lathefordrillingcen-

ter holesthroughwood stock.When the drillisproperly

mounted, centeringof the holeisautomatic,

• One method is to mount addll in the tailstock The work-

piece is held and revolvedby the headstock. If the ddll has

a Morse taper shank, it can be mounted directly in some

tail stock rams. OthenNise, it can be mounted in a chuck fit-

ted with the proper type shank.

• Another method of holding the drill is to mount it in the

headstock using a 4-jaw (metal-lsthe) chuck or a Jacobs

chuck When this method is employed, there is no accurate

support for the workpiece so that center drilling is difficult.

Hcwover, crose drilling, or drilling random holes through

stock can be accomplished quickly in this manner.

Figure 51

• For crossddllingfist sidedwork, use a (metal-lathe) drill

pad in the tailstock and place a scrapbne_dbetween the

pad and the work. Forcross drillingroundstock, use a

(metal-lathe)crotchcenter inthe tallstock Largework-

pieces canbe locatedon supportingblocks laiduponthe

lathe bed.They can be held by band or can be supported

Irom behindby a ddllpad mountedin the tallstock.

Rgare 52 -Cross Drilling

FACEPLATE AND CHUCKTURNINGS

PLANNING THE WORK

Make a I;_ont first,to providea visualpattem to followwhile

workingthe turning.Patterncan be laidout inthe same man-

net as spindle patterns- or templates canbe madewhich

can be held againstthe workforvisualcomparison.Circlesto

locatethe variouscritical points(stwhich the contoursof the

faceplatetake distinctform)can be quicklysorbed on the

rotatingworkby usingthe dividers.

_9_e

PLANNINGVARIOU$ CUTS

The circomi'erenceol a laceplate turningisroughed-outand

finishedin the same mannerthat a spindleisworked.

Practicallyallof the balanceof the operations, however,are

done by usingscrapingmethods.A few of the standard con-

tourawhichmust oftenbe tuned are illustratedin the accom-

panyingsketchwhichalso shewsthe properchiselsforshap-

ingthese contours.Any roughingout todepth is generally

accomplishedwiththe gougeheld inthe scrapingposition.

See Figure 54, page 16.

Round Nose Sposr-Pdnt Measuring

Chisel Chisel Depth

Rgure 54

RECOMMENDED SPEED

Always follow recommended speed to do |aneplete and chuck

turning depending upon the size and thickness of workpisce.

ROUGH FINISH

SQUARE THICKNESS RPM RPM

4t07" Up to2" 1300 2000

4t07" 2 to 4" 1200 2000

4t07" 4" Plus 1000 2000

Up to 2" 1000 1800

8to11" 2to4" 900 1700

8 to 11" 4" Plus 700 1400

12to 15" Upto 2" 700 1200

12 to 15" 2to4" 550 1000

12to 15" 4" Plus 400 800

DEEP RECESSES

• The first step is to mmo,_ as much wood as possible by

boring into the center with the largest wood bit available.

This can be accomplished as iliustrsi_edin Figure 59. Be

carelul to measure in advance the depth to which ddll can

be allowed to go.

Figure55-_

• Now, removethe bulkol the waste _torough-outthe

desiredrecess)by scrapingwiththe round-nosechisel or

the gouge.Remove upto within'Y"nt linishedsize in this

manner.Finishdf the insidecircun_emnceby scrapldg

withthe spearpointchiselor skew,Smooth the bottomo(

the recessby scraping it flat withthe Ilal nosechisel.

• pruper supportmustbe providodat elltimesfor the scraping

chisels.Severaltoolrestpositionsare showninthe auccom-

pawing illustrations.Alwaysendeavorto positionthepad of

the restthatsupportsthe rod as _ totheworking surface

as possible.Thedepthandsquarenessd the sides d the

reoss_canbe quicklycheckedby haldingoneofthe straight

sidedchiselsand a combinationsquare as shown.

Rgure 56

FANCY FACEPLATE TURNINGS

PREPARING A PLUG CHUCK

A plug chuck is an at_iliaq/wood chuck mounted onto a faos-

plste. The chuck can be any size diameter, but it should be

about 1%" thick for stability. The wood chuck should be pro-

vided with a '_;or _,_"hole in the center for receiving a tenon

turned st the end of the workpieos.

Rgure 57

Once made, suchchucksare permanent usefulf_tures for

turningballs,goblets,etc. In use,the wood stock for tuming is

turnedbetween centersto producea tenon at one end which

wlilbe a drivingfit inthe hole ofthe chuck,When mountedin

the chuck, the workp;aceis sobelantialiysupportedfor any

faosplstetyped turning.

Rgums8

TURNING CYUNDIBRIS

Stockfor cylindersshould be mountedon the screwcenter or

asmalllaceplale.The tail stock can be broughtupto support

the workwhilethe circunteranceis being turned and finished.

Afteiwards,the tailstockisbackedoff and the outerend of

the cylinder is recessed, using methodsalreadydescribed|or

makingdeep recesses.

• Aftermaking a recess at least ',_d theway throughthe

workpiece,and finishingthis on the inside,mmave the

workpiecefromthe lathe,

• Nowmounta shodlengthd sdtwond stockon the screw

centerandturnthisdownto|orma dowelthatwillbe a tight

press(notdriving)fit insidethe recessedend o( the cylinder.

• Mount the cylinderon thiswonden chuck, and recessthe

unworkadend deep enoughto |orm a perfecthole through

the entirecylinder.

I I

R_m Sg

RECHUCKING

Rechucidng is the general term used to descnbe any addition-

al work mounting that is necessary to complete a turning pro-

jeot.The method of working ojlinders, and the use of a plug

chuck as already described are typical examples. Another

good eKample is the rechuddng of a bowl,

• The work is mounted on a wood bac_dng block secured to

the large faceplate and it is turned in the usual manner. All

sudases ere cut e_cept the back side (which is against the

mounting block), The work is then removed from the

mounting block.

• An aL_itiary chuck of softwood is now made in the same

manner that the cylinder chuck is made. This chuck must

have a turned recess properly sized to accommodate the

rim of the bowl in a tight press fit.

• When the bowl is mounted in this chuck, the bottom can

be cleaned off and slightly recessed to complete the

desired contours.

Rgure 60

TURNING A RING

One method of turning a ring requires a spindle chuck,

• The work stock is first mounted to a bacldng block held by

the large taceplste and is turned to shape on the outer

side. The inside diameter of the ring is also shaped - all

the way through to the bacldng block.

• The work is then removed from the backing block.

• A spindle chuck is now prepared so that it will be a tight

press to fit inside the ring.The ring is raversed and mount-

ed on this chuck. With the ring mounted, the remaining

contours can be turned to shape.

Rgure el

Another method of turning a ring makes use of a recessed

chuck,

• The work stock is mounted ne a sorew center and oce heit of

the ring is |ormed, but the ring is not cut away from is center.

• The stock isthen removed, and a mcesssd chuck - mounted

on the large facaplete - is prepared to receive the ring in a

tight press tit.

• Alter being shucked, the remaining face of the ring can be

turned to the proper contour, thus cutting away the center

portion.

• In work of this type, take constant measumrneats or, better

yet, use a template to guard against over or under cutting.

1 2 3 4

Rgure 62

TURNING BALLS

• Wooden balls of large size are lirst roughly turned between

centers, using standard procedures.

• Smaller balls can be mounted as taseplates on the small

facoplate or screw center.

• Unes drawn to indicate the center and ends of the ball

shape are helpful in plotting the curve.

• A template should always be used for accurate visual

observation of the work progress.

Figure64

Iftheballis mountedas afacoplateturning,almostthe entire

surfacecanbe turnedbeforeit becomescecessaryto rechuckit.

Flechuddngcanbe be accemplishodina dsepcupchuck

whichwillholdthetirishedportionoftheballin stightprosetit.

Anothermethodof reshuddngisto use a shallow cupchuck

whichwillnot supportthe ball alone, but must be used incon-

junctionwiththe tall stock,

• When usingthe shallowchuck, awsed blockis fittedtothe

tailstock sothat the ball can revolveuponit. This block

shouldbe lubricatedwith bees'vaxor grease.

• In usingthe shallONchuck method,the ball isconstantly

shifted- nevermorethan ',_turn- and alwaysin a definite

pattern.

Woodblod(

B.B.

Center Shallow Beadng Center

Rgure 64

• Since turningbstween senters makesthe worka periect

sphereacross the grain,the ballmust be mountedinthe

chucksothat the firstscrapingcuts willround it up in the

oppositedirection.

TURNED BOXES

Turned boKes irlvoivedeep reses_ng together with a special sys-

tem ofworking the lid and body of the boKtogether as one unit.

• The inside of the lid is turned first.

• Next, the inside of the body is turned. A care/ul check must

be made when turning the lip of the body podiorl so that

the lid will be a tight press fit.

• The lid isthen pressed onto the body and the outer circumfer-

ence and face of the lid, together with the outer drcumference

of the body, are turned all at one tk_e.This insures accurate

matching of the two pieces.

• After the work is complete, the tight fit nt the lid can be

relieved by sanding the lip of the body.

BadgingBlock

Route 65

SEGMENTED TURNINGS

Segrnehted bowls and boKes are exceptionally attractive- and

this method of preparing wood stock is more economical than

the use d a large piece of stock. Far some typos of work, seg-

meriting isthe only practical method because a block (f obtain-

able) would be so laKje that it would be very lilely to warp.

• The bowl illuetrsted in Figure 66 requires 12 segrnont pieses

lot"the sides. Bowls can also be worked with 6 or 8 pieces.

• To make the 12-piece bowl, a board about _/,x 3 x 30" is

cut into pieces about 2'/," long, the saw blade being tilted

15= and the board being turned altemetely lace up and

face down to make the successive cuts.

• These 12 pieces am glued together and clamped by wrap-

ping the assembly with wire (or equivalent).

• When dry, the rim thus Iormed is glued to a temporary cir-

cular b ad,,,ingwhich is mounted on a large laceplate.

Rgure e6

• A"/,"deep recess of the largestpossiblediameteris

turned inthe open end of the rim.

• The rim is removedfrom the lethe and stock forthe bottom

is mountedin its place on asecond laceplete. This is

turnedto size - and a rim about'/," deepis turnedto

exactlyfitthe recess prepared in the rim.

• The dm isthen fittedoverthe bottomandglued, making a

drumshepe with a faceplate st each end,

• This drum iscut cee'plately intwo at a pointabout =,_"

above the bottom- completingthe cutwith a handsaw.

• Bothparts of the cut surfaceare faced offsquare and

smooth- then reglued together,breakingthe jointsexactly

hall and hall The cuttingand regluingprocessisrepeated

with a sectionabout 1'/*"wide.

• Alter this,the temporanjbacklogblockiscut oft, leaving

the bowl as shown inthe linal illustretion.Fromthis point

on,the work issimply a matter of turningdownthe bowl to

any desired shape.

Rgure 67

TURNING PLASTICS

TYPES OF PLASTICS

There are twogeneral groupsof plastics.The firstincludesall

phenolplasticsmnided underheat and pressure.Bakeliteand

Formicaare examples. In the second am all catalystsetting

plasticsef variousbases sold undersuchtrade names as

Lucite,Cetalin, Cast Bakelite,Marbiette,Tenite andTraltord.

Thosein the secondgroupare mostgenerally usedforcreft

work.They are easy to turn,being a Iffiie harderthanwood,

butmuch salter than are/of the softmetals.

MOUNTING THE WORK

The most usefulmountingdeviceisthe 4-jaw (metallathe)

chuck.When thisis not available,cylinderscan be mounted

on a slightlytaperedwooden mandrel. Reds canbe mounted

between centers, usingeither thewood mountingcenters or

metalmountingarrangements.When the spurcenter isused,

slotsshouldbe sawed acrossthe work.

USE OFWOODTURNING CHISELS

Standard wood turning chisels are excellent for turning pies-

tics by means of scraping methods.

• The tool rest should be slightly below center and the chisel

handle should be held a little higher than the cutting edge

to give a negative rake.

• Scraping tools should be kept to a minimum. A large con-

tact area, such as the lull edge of the epear-polnt chisel,

will cause chatter and probable chipping.

• Properly worked, the chip comes off in a continuous rbbon.

• In cetd weather, plastic may hecome brittle and shsold be

tempered inwarm water for about ton minutes before turning.

Rgure68

USE OF FORMEDTOOLS FOR PRODUCTION BEADING

AND SIMILAR OPERATIONS

When a number of identicalpiecesare to be produced,all

havinga distinctivesurfacepettem,pre/ormed toolswill

speedthe work and assureunilorm_y.Pettems likethose

illustratedcan be created by grindingthin(.020 to .01(7')

gaugealuminum strips.A holder,likethe one shown,can

thenbe usedto supportany of your prepared stripsand to

guideit againstthe workpiece.See Figure69, page 19.

Rgure 69

TURNING BALLS

Plasticballs are rough turned in the usual mannerand then

broughtto perfect roundnessby using a tubetool,The tube

shouldbe slightlyless in diameterthan the finishedsize of

the ball.It can be brass or steel, groundsquare acrossthe

end.The tool is usedwith orwithouta rest, and isworkedby

swingingitfrom side to side.

Figure70

POLISHING PLASTICS

Start withsanding.

• First use 150-grit drypaper to removetool marks.

• Then finishoffwith 150-grit and 400-grit papers,in succes-

sion. These abrasives should be wet.

• Press lightlyto avoidoverheating and marringthe work.

• Buffinggives thefklaipolish,usingthe polishingcompounds

commonlysuppliedforthispurpose.Do notpresstoo hardor

holdthewheel at one spottoolong- keep movingaround-

otherwise the plasticmightbecome heatmarled.

SANDING, BUFFING AND POLISHING

USINGTHE LATHETO SANDTURNINGS

• Turalngsshouldbe sandedwith the Isthe runningin sec-

ond I(_Nestspeed.

• A largesheet of sandpaperis usefulforsmoothingcylinders,

• All othersandingoperationsare done with a narrowstrip

oi abrasive paper.The best finishinggri is 3/0 forsoft-

wood, 4/0 forhardwoods.Worn 2/0 paper is oftenused,

and is the equivalentof 3/0 or4/0 newpaper.

Rgure 71

The aopicatianofthe sandpaperstrip isshownintheilustretians.

• Care must be exercisedin order to pr_ent dubbingthe

cornersof beads, shoulders, etc.

R0are 72

WoodFibers

Sandpaper

J®

Fiberstilted aridCut Off

OF BANDING DRUMS

Referto Figure 73.

Standardsandingdrums are usuallyrubber cylinderswhich

can be expandedto holdan abrasive sleeve inplace. Similar

cylinders, turned onthe latheand coveredwith abrasive

paper,willbe adequeteforthe job.These have the advantage

thstspecial sizes,lagers, etc. canbe made.Adhesivepapers

mustbe glued to the cylindrical surfacepreciselyand com-

pletely.

Rgure 73

The drumis usedmainlyforsandingthe edges oi curvedwork.

• The squarenessof the edgeof thework canbe best

retainedby usinga simpleformofverticalfence_ shown.

• The standardsandingdrums are commonlymade with a

threadedholetofit the lethe drivespindle.

• Toguard against leeeen_g of thetaper shankwhilethe

drum isinoperation,it isadvisabletosupportthe freeend,

usingeithera baibearingorplain60'=centerin the tailstock.

USE OFWOOD CHUCKS FOR SANDING

Quick-acting chucks can be very useful for sanding operations

on doplicate production pads. The chuck is made slightly

cversized, and a piece oi rubber hose (for small parts) is

inserted in the recess to grip the workpieoss.

WARNING: Make certainthat the unitis disconnectedfrom

powersourcebefore attemptingtoservice or removeany

component.

CLEANING

Keepmachine and wort_shepdean, Do not ailow sawdustto

accumulate on the tool,Keep centers clean.

Be certain motoris keptclean and isfrequentlyvacuumed

line ofdust.

Use soap and water to cleanpaintedparts, rubberparts and

plasticguards.

LUBRICATION

The shieldedball beadngs in thistoolare permanently lubri-

cated at the factow.They requireno furtherlubricefine.

KEEP TOOL IN REPAIR

• If pcwer cord isworn, cut, or damaged in any way, hove it

replaced immediately.

- Replace any damaged or missing parts. Use parts list to

order parts.

Any attempt to repair motor may create a hazard unless

repair is done by a quaiified service technician. Repair service

is available at your nearest Sears atom.

REPLACING DRNE BELT

Referto Figures75 and 77.

• Remove cover (3 screws)

Loosensocket head boit.

Pushmotortowardsbed and remove belL,

• Replace belt and assen_)le in roversoorder.

Screw

Rgure 75

Bed Transmission Pulley

Socket

Mat_r pulley

REPLACING WORN VARIABLE SPEED BELT

Refer to Figures 76 and 77.

NOTE: Snap ring pliers are required for this operation.

• Remove rear cover (4 screws).

• Ren'Kx,e outboard spindle assembly and drive bet (3 screws).

Remove snap ring, outboard spindle drive puller, and sta-

tionary apindie pulley from spindle.

Remove snap ring, cap, apdng and pulley from drive shaft.

CAUTION: Cap is spring loaded and in tension.

• Remove and replace belt.

• Assemble in reverse order.

Outboard Spinde Assembly

Figure 78

Craftsman 351.217120, 351217120 Owner's manual

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