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Teledyne 633 User manual

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Model 633
Aethalometer
®
Black Carbon Monitor
User Manual
© TELEDYNE ADVANCED POLLUTION INSTRUMENTATION
9480 CARROLL PARK DRIVE
SAN DIEGO, CA 92121-5201
USA
Toll-free Phone: 800-324-5190
Phone: 858-657-9800
Fax: 858-657-9816
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.teledyne-api.com/
Copyright 2012-2013 07645A DCN6170
Teledyne Advanced Pollution Instrumentation 23 April 2013
07645A DCN6170 i
NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT
© 2013 Teledyne Advanced Pollution Instrumentation, user manual expanded
and edited with permission from Aerosol d.o.o./Magee Scientific. All rights
reserved.
TRADEMARKS
The Aethalometer
®
is a registered trademark of Magee Scientific and the
instrument is manufactured by Aerosol d.o.o. in Slovenia. All other
trademarks, registered trademarks, brand names or product names appearing
in this document are the property of their respective owners and are used
herein for identification purposes only.
Model 633 Aethalometer
®
Black Carbon Monitor User Manual Teledyne Advanced Pollution Instrumentation
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Thispageintentionallyleftblank.
07645A DCN6170 iii
TABLEOFCONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 Description 5
1.1.1 ‘DualSpot™’ Technology 6
1.1.2 Automatic Zero and Span 10
1.1.3 User and Communications Interfaces 11
1.1.4 Modular Construction 12
1.2 Technical Specifications 13
1.3 Functional Description 14
2 SAFETY NOTES and LABELS 21
3. INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION 25
3.1 Unpacking the system 25
3.2 The sampling line 25
3.3 Powering on the Aethalometer 27
3.4 Filter tape installation 29
3.4 Manually lifting/lowering chamber optical head 36
4 USER INTERFACE, SETTINGS and OPERATION 37
4.1 User interface and settings 37
4.2 Instrument Status 39
Single Sta
tus Condition 40
Multiple Status Conditions 40
4.3 Downloading and Viewing Data 40
Datafilestr
uctureanddescriptionofthefields 41
4.4 Connecting to External Datalogger or PC 43
4.5 Serial Comm
ands for Communication with the Aethalometer 44
4.6 External Devices 45
5 MAINTE
NANCE and SERVICE 47
5.1 Cleaning the cyclone 48
5.2 Leak test 50
5.3 Autom
atic flow meter calibration 51
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5.4 Manual flow meter calibration 55
5.5 Manual stability test 61
5.5 Manual clean air test 61
5.6 Cleaning the optical head 62
5.7 Changing the bypass cartridge filter 65
5.8 Calibrating the tape sensor 68
6 TECHNICAL SUPPORT and CONTACT INFORMATION 71
7 SPARE PARTS LIST 73
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1Description
Figure1.TheAethalometer®Model633.
TheModel633representsthe“NextGeneration”versionofthereal‐timeAethalometerrack‐
mountinstrumenttomeasureBlackCarbon(BC)particlesinair.Pleaserefertotheoriginal
MageeScientificAethalometermanual for a full description and background information on
themethod(http://mageesci.com/images/stories/docs/Aethalometer_book_2005.07.03.pdf).
TheModel633Aethalometerincorporatesscientificandtechnicaladvancesdesignedtooffer
improvedmeasurementperformanceversuspreviousversionsoftheAethalometerandother
BC instruments, user features, communications and interface, and the ability to perform
routine performance tests to verify correct operation. Most importantly, the instrument
incorporates the patented DualSpot™ measurement method. This provides two significant
advantages:eliminationofthechangesinresponsedueto‘aerosolloading’effects;andareal‐
timecalculationofthe‘loadingcompensation’parameterwhichoffers insights into aerosol
opticalproperties,andhasbeeninterpretedinmodelsofaerosoloriginsandaging.
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The Model 633 Aethalometer has been developed with input from the research and
monitoringcommunities,andis designedforreliableoperationunderall conditionsranging
fromstate‐of‐the‐artresearchtocompliancemonitoring.
TheleadinginnovationsincorporatedintotheModel633include:
The DualSpot™ measurement method, which solves the effects common to all filter‐
based real‐time monitors, in which the instrumental response factor shows a
dependenceontheloadingofmaterialonthefilter.
Featuresforautomatic‘dynamiczero’testingunderaflowofinternally‐generated
cleanair;‘span’testingoftheresponseoftheopticalsourcesanddetectors;calibration
oftheresponseoftheinternalmassflowmeters,ifanexternalstandardflowcalibrator
is connected; and validation of the photometric response by useofakitof‘Neutral
Density’opticalfilterswhosepropertiesmaybetracedtoreferencestandards.
Userandcommunicationsinterfaces,permittingremotemonitoringofoperation;data
retrieval;performanceofinternaltests;andreportingof‘state‐of‐health’parameters.
Modularconstructiondesignedforeaseofroutinemaintenanceservice.
In addition to the above features, the Model 633 Aethalometer offers real‐time aerosol
absorptionanalysisatuptosevenopticalwavelengths,withrapidtimeresolutionto1second
even in multiple‐wavelength mode. This permits the measurement of optically‐absorbing
aerosols–‘Black’Carbonand‘Brown’Carboncomponentsofparticulate matter – in
applications including routine monitoring of ambient air quality for regulatory purposes;
measurements of the concentration of BC in urban, suburban, regional,ruralandremote
locations;sourcetesting;andlaboratory‐basedresearch.

1.1.1 ‘DualSpot™’ Technology
TheModel633AethalometerusesthepatentedDualSpot™methodtocompensateforthe‘spot
loadingeffect’;andalsotoprovideareal‐timeoutputofthe‘loadingcompensation’parameter,
whichmayprovideadditionalinformationaboutthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthe
aerosol.
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The ‘spot loading effect’ is a variable phenomenon which appearsasagradualreductionof
instrumentalresponseastheaerosoldepositdensityofthefiltertapeincreasesfromzeroto
thepredeterminedlimitof‘MaximumAttenuation’(Gundel1984,Weingartner2003,Arnott
2005,Virkkula2007, Kanaya2008).Whenthefiltertape advancestoa freshspot,thedata
undergoesadiscontinuousjumpfromitspreviouslowervalue,calculatedwhenthespotwas
heavilyloaded;toahighervalue,calculatedfromcollectiononafreshspotatzeroloading.In
the Aethalometer the reduction of data at increasing loadings is well described by a linear
functionofattenuation,butitsmagnitudecannotbepredicted:someaerosolsinsome
locations in some seasons may show a small or zero ‘loading effect’; while under other
conditions, the effect may be larger and noticeable. Empirically, it is found that fresher
aerosolsclosertotheircombustionsourceswillshowalarger‘spotloadingeffect’;whilewell‐
agedaerosolsunderatmosphericconditionsofhighchemicalactivityandoxidativeprocessing
may show an almost zero effect. The effect is revealed statistically by processing data
collected over a large number of tape advances, representingmanydatapointscollectedat
loadings(‘ATNvalues’)rangingfromzerotothepresetmaximum.Thedataiscollectedinto
binsaccordingtoloading(attenuation,ATN).Ifthereisasystematic reduction of the
calculatedresultasafunctionofloading,thedatawillshowaclearnegative slope,withthe
interceptrepresentingthe‘zeroloading’value.Figure2illustratestwodatasetsfromurban
locationswithloadingeffectseitherpresentornot.
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Figure2.Aethalometerdatasortedandaveragedaccordingtoloading(attenuation,ATN)onspot–
roadsidelocationinLondon,UK(top);urbansiteinBoston(Roxbury),USA(bottom).
TheLondondatashowasystematicreductionatincreasingloadings;whiletheBostondatado
not.Thisdemonstratesthatanymethodintendedtocompensateforthe‘spotloadingeffect’
mustbeauto‐adaptiveandabletoadjustdynamicallytodifferentsituations.Aninstrument
basedonfirmwarewithafixed‘loadingnon‐linearity’parameterwillnotoperatecorrectlyat
alllocations.The‘loadingnon‐linearity’parametermustbemeasured.
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Itisclearthattheeffect,whenpresent,islinearwithloading(‘ATN’).Thiscanberepresented
as:
BC(reported)=BC(zeroloading)*{1‐k•ATN}
where BC (zero loading) is the desired ambient BC value that would be obtained in the
absenceofanyloadingeffect;andkisthe‘loadingcompensation parameter’ (similar to
Virkkula,2007).
The analysis of a large number of datasets from a wide variety oflocationsshowsthatthis
relationshipislinearinallcasesstudied;butwithdifferentvaluesofk.Itisthereforepossible
toeliminatethe‘loadingeffect’ofkbymakingtwosimultaneousidenticalmeasurementsBC1
andBC2atdifferentdegreesofloadingATN1andATN2.
BC1=BC*{1‐k•ATN1}
BC2=BC*{1‐k•ATN2}
Fromthesetwolinearequationswemaycalculatethe‘loadingcompensation parameter’ k;
andthedesiredvalueofBCcompensatedbacktozeroloading.
The Model 633 Aethalometer analyzes the Black Carbon component of aerosols on two
parallel spots drawn from the same input stream, but collected at different rates of
accumulation,i.e.atdifferentvalues of ATN. By combiningthedataaccordingtotheabove
equations,theModel633yieldsthevalueofBCextrapolatedbackto‘zeroloading’;aswellasa
real‐timeoutputofthe‘loadingcompensationparameter’kwhichprovidesinsightsintothe
aerosolnatureandcomposition.Thisprocessisperformedinreal time for all wavelengths:
examinationofthe‘k’valuesasafunctionofwavelengthprovidesfurtherinformationabout
the aerosol composition. An example of this is shown for extreme concentrations of black
carbon(Figure3).
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2000 3000 4000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
BC concentration (ng/m
3
)
time (sec)
IR, 1 second
raw BC1
raw BC2
compensated BC
Figure3.Thetimeseriesof633rawandcompensatedBCconcentrationswith1secondtimebase–note
theextremeconcentrationsandloadingeffects.
1.1.2 Automatic Zero and Span
The Model 633 Aethalometer is capable of automatically checking the ‘zero‐air’ response of
the instrument under dynamic operating conditions. This test is implemented by back‐
flushingtheinletconnectionwithanexcessflowofinternally‐filteredairandcirculatingthe
filteredairintheinstrument.Thedatareportedduringthisperiodareanalyzedforthemean
value and the point‐to‐pointvariation. Themean valueshould beclosetozerounderideal
conditions;anypositivevaluegreaterthanzerorepresentstheleakageofBC‐containingroom
air into the instrument’s analytical zone. The point‐to‐point variation represents the
instrument’smeasurementnoiselevelunderactualoperatingconditionsofactualflow–i.e.,a
‘dynamic’test.Thepoint‐to‐pointvariationforthewavelength370nmatthetime‐basesetto
onesecondisabout125ng/m3,whichtranslatestoacoupleofng/m3at1minutetime
resolution(Figure4).
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-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
14:30:00 14:35:00 14:40:00 14:45:00 14:50:00 14:55:00 15:00:00 15:05:00 15:10:00
1 second time-base
30 per. Mov. Avg. (1 second time-
base)
131 ng/m
3
119 ng/m
3
Point-to-point variation @ 1 second:
126 ng/m
3
Figure4.‘Zeroair’check–theModel633Aethalometerswitchesfromsamplingambientairtofiltered
air–1secondtimeresolutionpointtopointvariationisverystable.
TheresponseoftheopticaldetectorsoftheModel633Aethalometermaybeverifiedusinga
standardkitofNeutralDensityopticalfilters.Theseareglasselementswitharangeofknown
and stable optical absorptions, from light to dark, which are traceable from manufacturing
records back to primary standards. When these are inserted into the Model 633
Aethalometer, its photodetectors will give a certain output signal.Thestabilityand
reproducibility of the relationship between optical signal and ND Filter density from one
validationtesttoanother;andthecomparisonwiththeoriginalfactoryvalues;isameasureof
theconsistencyofperformanceoftheinstrument’soptics.
1.1.3 User and Communications Interfaces
The Model 633 Aethalometer incorporates the following user, data and communications
features:
• 21‐cm(8.25”)colorgraphicstouch‐screenfordatadisplayandlocaluserinterface;
• USBportsforinsertionofamemorystickforlocaldatadownload;
• USBportsforconnectionofakeyboard,ifnecessaryforinitial setup of parameters,
suchasstationidentification;
• RS‐232 COM ports for data transmission from auxiliary instrumentsortothedigital
datalogger;
(Ethernetportinstalledforfuturesoftwareimplementation).
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1.1.4 Modular Construction
TheModel633Aethalometerisconstructedwithamodulardesign,sothatsub‐unitsmaybe
easilyserviced.Theonlyitemrequiringattentioninroutineuseiscleaningoftheoptical
inserttoremoveaccumulateddustorothercontaminationwhichmaybebroughtinwiththe
sampleairstream.Theopticalchamberisattachedwithabayonetfittingforquickremoval;
easy cleaning; and reliable re‐assembly. The entire instrument is hermetically sealed to
reducetheentryofdust.
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1.2TechnicalSpecifications
Operation:
Supplyvoltage:100‐240V~,50/60Hz
Maxpowerconsumption:90W
Measurementwavelengths:370,470,525,590,660,880and940nm
Airflow:adjustable2,3,4and5LPM
Environmentaloperatingconditions:
Indooruse
Altitude:upto3000mwithinternalpump,otherconfigurationspossible
Temperaturerange:10–40degreesCelsius(instrument)
Relativehumidityrange:non‐condensing
Mechanicalspecification:
Chassismaterial:sheetmetal
Frontplatematerial:plastic
Dimensions:standard19”/6U,rackmount
Weight:approx.20kg
Connectors:
Samplingair:inlet/outlettype–¼”NTPF
Communication:3xUSBtypeA,3xRS‐232COM,1xEthernet
Userinterface:
8.4”SVGAdisplaywithLEDbacklight
Basiccontrol:touch‐screen
Optionalcontrol:standardPCkeyboardandmouse
Red,Yellow,RedstatusLEDs
Datastoragecapacity:10+years,at1‐minuteintervals
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1.3FunctionalDescription
TheModel633featuresmodulardesignandiscomposedofseveralsubsystemswhichareso
interconnected that most simple and safe handling of the instrument is possible. Presented
hereareafunctionalblockdiagramfollowedbyaflowdiagram.
Figure5.Model633functionalblockdiagram
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ENCLOSURE
The Model 633 enclosure is very robust and made from sheet metal.Theenclosure
mechanicallyprotectsthedelicateinnermeasurementparts.Thedimensionsoftheenclosure
meettherackmountstandardfortheinstrumentation.
POWERSUPPLY
Thepowersupply moduleiscomposedofthe mainsinlet,the powersupplyelectronicsand
thecoolingfan.Sincethepowersupplyelectronicsheatsup,itismechanicallyintegratedina
separatedandthermallysealedarea.
MAINSINLET
ThemainsinletacceptsstandardEU,USorUKsupplycords.Itiscomposedoftheinletitself,
theEMCfilter,themainfuseandtheprimaryON/OFFswitch.Theswitchisapartofthepower
supplymodule.
COOLINGFAN
Thecoolingfanisalsoapartofthepowersupplymodule.Thecontrolelectronicsmeasures
thetemperatureofthepowersupplyareaandswitchesonandoffthecoolingfan.
MAINCOMPUTER
Themaincomputerprocessoralsogeneratesquitealotofheat.Itisintegratedinthepower
supplyareasoitcanbecooleddowntogetherwiththepowersupplyelectronics.Thehighest
level control software and the user interface are implemented on the main, PC based
computer.
ELECTRONICBOARDS
The system features modular design so the electronics is composed of various electronics
boardswhichmechanicallyfittogetherwithothermechanicalmodules.Thelowlevelcontrol
firmware is implemented with microcontrollers, which are located on separate electronic
boardssoparallelrealtimedataprocessingispossible.
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ETHERNETCONNECTOR
The Ethernet connector allows the connection of the Model 633 measurement system to
Ethernetbasedcommunicationnetworks.
COM1,COM2,COM3CONNECTORS
TheCOMconnectorsallowtheconnectionofthesystemtoRS232baseddevices,likeexternal
sensorsordataloggers.
USBCONNECTOR(rearpanel)
TheUSBconnectorallowstheconnectionofthesystemtoUSBbased devices, like external
sensorsordataprocessingunits.
AIRINLETandOUTLETCONNECTORS
Theairinletandoutletconnectorallowstheconnectionoftheinstrumenttoexternalairflow
system. The measured air enters the instrument through the inlet connector and leaves the
instrumentthroughtheoutletconnector.
BALLVALVE
The ball valve is an electrically actuated valve which is connected directly to the inlet
connectorandconnectsorseparatestheinstrumentfromtheexternalairsystem.
CRC
The CRC (also called muffler) is a filter used to decrease the noise in the airflow which is
createdbymechanicalrotationofthepump.
AIRPUMP
The air pump pumps the measured air through the inlet connector, directly to the
measurementchamber.Itisoneofthemaincomponentsinthesystem.
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FLOWMETERS
Twoflow metersmeasure theairflow indifferentpointsinthesystem.One ofthemis used
alsointheairflowregulationloop.
SOLENOIDVALVES
Threesolenoidvalvesareusedtoswitchtheairflowthroughdifferentairflowpathswhenthe
instrumentissetindifferentoperatingmodeslikemeasure,tapeadvanceorsimilar.
CHAMBERLIFTMECHANISM
Thechamberliftmechanismallowsthemeasurementchambertobe lifted manually or
electromechanically. During tape advance the automated chamber lift procedure isinvoked.
During tape replacement the manual chamber lift procedure can be engaged. The manual
chamberliftmechanismfeaturesalsoaspeciallockingmechanismwhich simplifiesthe tape
replacementorchambercleaningprocedure.Themainelectroniccomponentsofthechamber
liftmechanismarethesteppermotorandthechamberliftpositionsensor.
TAPEADVANCEMECHANISM
The advance mechanism allows the instrument to perform automatic tape advances during
measurements.Themainelectronicpartsofthetapeadvancemechanismareasteppermotor
andthetwotapesensors.
ROLLONandUNROLLTAPESPOOLS
Theroll‐onandtheun‐rolltapespoolsholdthemeasurementtape.Duringautomatedtape
advancethetapeunrollsfromtheun‐rollspoolandrollsontheroll‐onspool.Iftheun‐roll
spoolisempty,theeventisdetectedautomaticallythankstothetapesensors.Thetape
replacementproceduremustbeperformedmanuallybytheoperator.Themeasurementtape
isoneofthemainpartsofthesystem.
TAPESENSORS
Thetwotapesensorsareusedbytheinstrumentsoftwaretodetecttheamountoftapeonthe
un‐rollandroll‐onspools.
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LIGHTSOURCE
ThelightsourceintegratesgroupsofLEDsofdifferentlightwavelengths.Itisoneofthemain
partsofthesystem.
DETECTOR
The detector detects what amount of light passes through the measurement tape. A special
algorithmisusedtocalculatetheblackcarbonconcentrationusingtheinformationfromthe
detectorandtheflowmeter.
FRONTPANELDOOR
Thefrontpaneldoorcanbeopenedwhichallowstheaccesstothe instrument for tape
replacementorchambercleaning.
DISPLAYandTOUCHSCREEN
The display and the touch‐screen are the mainuser interfaces of the instrument.Using this
interface the operator can perform all necessary operations for proper functioning of the
instrument.
USBCONNECTORS(frontpanel)
ThetwoUSBportsonthefrontpaneldoorcanbeusedtoconnectakeyboard,mouseoraUSB
keyfordatadownloadordataupload.
STATUSLEDS
Thered,yellowandgreenstatusLEDsshowthecorrectorincorrect operation of the
instrument. This status is replicated on the screen with the Status Condition (see, 4.2
Instrument Status).
DOORKNOB
Thedoorknobisusedtoopenthefrontpaneldoor.
/