Teledyne 633 User manual



Model 633

Aethalometer

®

Black Carbon Monitor

User Manual



9480 CARROLL PARK DRIVE

SAN DIEGO, CA 92121-5201

USA

Toll-free Phone: 800-324-5190

Phone: 858-657-9800

Fax: 858-657-9816

Email: [email protected]

Website: http://www.teledyne-api.com/

Teledyne Advanced Pollution Instrumentation 23 April 2013

07645A DCN6170 i

NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT

and edited with permission from Aerosol d.o.o./Magee Scientific. All rights

reserved.

TRADEMARKS

The Aethalometer

®

is a registered trademark of Magee Scientific and the

instrument is manufactured by Aerosol d.o.o. in Slovenia. All other

trademarks, registered trademarks, brand names or product names appearing

in this document are the property of their respective owners and are used

herein for identification purposes only.

Model 633 Aethalometer

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Thispageintentionallyleftblank.



07645A DCN6170 iii

TABLEOFCONTENTS



1 INTRODUCTION 5

1.1 Description 5

1.1.1 ‘DualSpot™’ Technology 6

1.1.2 Automatic Zero and Span 10

1.1.3 User and Communications Interfaces 11

1.1.4 Modular Construction 12

1.2 Technical Specifications 13

1.3 Functional Description 14

2 SAFETY NOTES and LABELS 21

3. INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION 25

3.1 Unpacking the system 25

3.2 The sampling line 25

3.3 Powering on the Aethalometer 27

3.4 Filter tape installation 29

3.4 Manually lifting/lowering chamber optical head 36

4 USER INTERFACE, SETTINGS and OPERATION 37

4.1 User interface and settings 37

4.2 Instrument Status 39

Single Sta

tus Condition 40

Multiple Status Conditions 40

4.3 Downloading and Viewing Data 40

Datafilestr

uctureanddescriptionofthefields 41

4.4 Connecting to External Datalogger or PC 43

4.5 Serial Comm

ands for Communication with the Aethalometer 44

4.6 External Devices 45

5 MAINTE

NANCE and SERVICE 47

5.1 Cleaning the cyclone 48

5.2 Leak test 50

5.3 Autom

atic flow meter calibration 51

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5.4 Manual flow meter calibration 55

5.5 Manual stability test 61

5.5 Manual clean air test 61

5.6 Cleaning the optical head 62

5.7 Changing the bypass cartridge filter 65

5.8 Calibrating the tape sensor 68

6 TECHNICAL SUPPORT and CONTACT INFORMATION 71

7 SPARE PARTS LIST 73



07645A DCN6170 5

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1Description



Figure1.TheAethalometer®Model633.



TheModel633representsthe“NextGeneration”versionofthereal‐timeAethalometerrack‐

mountinstrumenttomeasureBlackCarbon(BC)particlesinair.Pleaserefertotheoriginal

MageeScientificAethalometermanual for a full description and background information on

themethod(http://mageesci.com/images/stories/docs/Aethalometer_book_2005.07.03.pdf).



TheModel633Aethalometerincorporatesscientificandtechnicaladvancesdesignedtooffer

improvedmeasurementperformanceversuspreviousversionsoftheAethalometerandother

BC instruments, user features, communications and interface, and the ability to perform

routine performance tests to verify correct operation. Most importantly, the instrument

incorporates the patented DualSpot™ measurement method.  This provides two significant

advantages:eliminationofthechangesinresponsedueto‘aerosolloading’effects;andareal‐

timecalculationofthe‘loadingcompensation’parameterwhichoffers insights into aerosol

opticalproperties,andhasbeeninterpretedinmodelsofaerosoloriginsandaging.



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The Model 633 Aethalometer has been developed with input from the research and

monitoringcommunities,andis designedforreliableoperationunderall conditionsranging

fromstate‐of‐the‐artresearchtocompliancemonitoring.



TheleadinginnovationsincorporatedintotheModel633include:

 The DualSpot™ measurement method, which solves the effects common to all filter‐

based real‐time monitors, in which the instrumental response factor shows a

dependenceontheloadingofmaterialonthefilter.

 Featuresforautomatic‘dynamiczero’testingunderaflowofinternally‐generated

cleanair;‘span’testingoftheresponseoftheopticalsourcesanddetectors;calibration

oftheresponseoftheinternalmassflowmeters,ifanexternalstandardflowcalibrator

is connected; and validation of the photometric response by useofakitof‘Neutral

Density’opticalfilterswhosepropertiesmaybetracedtoreferencestandards.

 Userandcommunicationsinterfaces,permittingremotemonitoringofoperation;data

retrieval;performanceofinternaltests;andreportingof‘state‐of‐health’parameters.

 Modularconstructiondesignedforeaseofroutinemaintenanceservice.



In addition to the above features, the Model 633 Aethalometer offers real‐time aerosol

absorptionanalysisatuptosevenopticalwavelengths,withrapidtimeresolutionto1second

even in multiple‐wavelength mode.  This permits the measurement of optically‐absorbing

aerosols–‘Black’Carbonand‘Brown’Carboncomponentsofparticulate matter – in

applications including routine monitoring of ambient air quality for regulatory purposes;

measurements of the concentration of BC in urban, suburban, regional,ruralandremote

locations;sourcetesting;andlaboratory‐basedresearch.



1.1.1 ‘DualSpot™’ Technology

TheModel633AethalometerusesthepatentedDualSpot™methodtocompensateforthe‘spot

loadingeffect’;andalsotoprovideareal‐timeoutputofthe‘loadingcompensation’parameter,

whichmayprovideadditionalinformationaboutthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthe

aerosol.

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

The ‘spot loading effect’ is a variable phenomenon which appearsasagradualreductionof

instrumentalresponseastheaerosoldepositdensityofthefiltertapeincreasesfromzeroto

thepredeterminedlimitof‘MaximumAttenuation’(Gundel1984,Weingartner2003,Arnott

2005,Virkkula2007, Kanaya2008).Whenthefiltertape advancestoa freshspot,thedata

undergoesadiscontinuousjumpfromitspreviouslowervalue,calculatedwhenthespotwas

heavilyloaded;toahighervalue,calculatedfromcollectiononafreshspotatzeroloading.In

the Aethalometer the reduction of data at increasing loadings is well described by a linear

functionofattenuation,butitsmagnitudecannotbepredicted:someaerosolsinsome

locations in some seasons may show a small or zero ‘loading effect’; while under other

conditions, the effect may be larger and noticeable.  Empirically, it is found that fresher

aerosolsclosertotheircombustionsourceswillshowalarger‘spotloadingeffect’;whilewell‐

agedaerosolsunderatmosphericconditionsofhighchemicalactivityandoxidativeprocessing

may show an almost zero effect.  The effect is revealed statistically by processing data

collected over a large number of tape advances, representingmanydatapointscollectedat

loadings(‘ATNvalues’)rangingfromzerotothepresetmaximum.Thedataiscollectedinto

binsaccordingtoloading(attenuation,ATN).Ifthereisasystematic reduction of the

calculatedresultasafunctionofloading,thedatawillshowaclearnegative slope,withthe

interceptrepresentingthe‘zeroloading’value.Figure2illustratestwodatasetsfromurban

locationswithloadingeffectseitherpresentornot.

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Figure2.Aethalometerdatasortedandaveragedaccordingtoloading(attenuation,ATN)onspot–

roadsidelocationinLondon,UK(top);urbansiteinBoston(Roxbury),USA(bottom).



TheLondondatashowasystematicreductionatincreasingloadings;whiletheBostondatado

not.Thisdemonstratesthatanymethodintendedtocompensateforthe‘spotloadingeffect’

mustbeauto‐adaptiveandabletoadjustdynamicallytodifferentsituations.Aninstrument

basedonfirmwarewithafixed‘loadingnon‐linearity’parameterwillnotoperatecorrectlyat

alllocations.The‘loadingnon‐linearity’parametermustbemeasured.

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Itisclearthattheeffect,whenpresent,islinearwithloading(‘ATN’).Thiscanberepresented

as:



BC(reported)=BC(zeroloading)*{1‐k•ATN}



where BC (zero loading) is the desired ambient BC value that would be obtained in the

absenceofanyloadingeffect;andkisthe‘loadingcompensation parameter’ (similar to

Virkkula,2007).



The analysis of a large number of datasets from a wide variety oflocationsshowsthatthis

relationshipislinearinallcasesstudied;butwithdifferentvaluesofk.Itisthereforepossible

toeliminatethe‘loadingeffect’ofkbymakingtwosimultaneousidenticalmeasurementsBC1

andBC2atdifferentdegreesofloadingATN1andATN2.



BC1=BC*{1‐k•ATN1}

BC2=BC*{1‐k•ATN2}



Fromthesetwolinearequationswemaycalculatethe‘loadingcompensation parameter’ k;

andthedesiredvalueofBCcompensatedbacktozeroloading.



The Model 633 Aethalometer analyzes the Black Carbon component of aerosols on two

parallel spots drawn from the same input stream, but collected at different rates of

accumulation,i.e.atdifferentvalues of ATN.  By combiningthedataaccordingtotheabove

equations,theModel633yieldsthevalueofBCextrapolatedbackto‘zeroloading’;aswellasa

real‐timeoutputofthe‘loadingcompensationparameter’kwhichprovidesinsightsintothe

aerosolnatureandcomposition.Thisprocessisperformedinreal time for all wavelengths:

examinationofthe‘k’valuesasafunctionofwavelengthprovidesfurtherinformationabout

the aerosol composition. An example of this is shown for extreme concentrations of black

carbon(Figure3).



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2000 3000 4000

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

BC concentration (ng/m

3

)

time (sec)

IR, 1 second

raw BC1

raw BC2

compensated BC



Figure3.Thetimeseriesof633rawandcompensatedBCconcentrationswith1secondtimebase–note

theextremeconcentrationsandloadingeffects.



1.1.2 Automatic Zero and Span

The Model 633 Aethalometer is capable of automatically checking the ‘zero‐air’ response of

the instrument under dynamic operating conditions.  This test is implemented by back‐

flushingtheinletconnectionwithanexcessflowofinternally‐filteredairandcirculatingthe

filteredairintheinstrument.Thedatareportedduringthisperiodareanalyzedforthemean

value and the point‐to‐pointvariation. Themean valueshould beclosetozerounderideal

conditions;anypositivevaluegreaterthanzerorepresentstheleakageofBC‐containingroom

air into the instrument’s analytical zone.  The point‐to‐point variation represents the

instrument’smeasurementnoiselevelunderactualoperatingconditionsofactualflow–i.e.,a

‘dynamic’test.Thepoint‐to‐pointvariationforthewavelength370nmatthetime‐basesetto

onesecondisabout125ng/m3,whichtranslatestoacoupleofng/m3at1minutetime

resolution(Figure4).

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-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

14:30:00 14:35:00 14:40:00 14:45:00 14:50:00 14:55:00 15:00:00 15:05:00 15:10:00

1 second time-base

30 per. Mov. Avg. (1 second time-

base)

131 ng/m

3

119 ng/m

3

Point-to-point variation @ 1 second:

126 ng/m

3



Figure4.‘Zeroair’check–theModel633Aethalometerswitchesfromsamplingambientairtofiltered

air–1secondtimeresolutionpointtopointvariationisverystable.

TheresponseoftheopticaldetectorsoftheModel633Aethalometermaybeverifiedusinga

standardkitofNeutralDensityopticalfilters.Theseareglasselementswitharangeofknown

and stable optical absorptions, from light to dark, which are traceable from manufacturing

records back to primary standards.  When these are inserted into the Model 633

Aethalometer, its photodetectors will give a certain output signal.Thestabilityand

reproducibility of the relationship between optical signal and ND Filter density from one

validationtesttoanother;andthecomparisonwiththeoriginalfactoryvalues;isameasureof

theconsistencyofperformanceoftheinstrument’soptics.

1.1.3 User and Communications Interfaces

The Model 633 Aethalometer incorporates the following user, data and communications

features:

• 21‐cm(8.25”)colorgraphicstouch‐screenfordatadisplayandlocaluserinterface;

• USBportsforinsertionofamemorystickforlocaldatadownload;

• USBportsforconnectionofakeyboard,ifnecessaryforinitial setup of parameters,

suchasstationidentification;

• RS‐232 COM ports for data transmission from auxiliary instrumentsortothedigital

datalogger;

(Ethernetportinstalledforfuturesoftwareimplementation).

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1.1.4 Modular Construction

TheModel633Aethalometerisconstructedwithamodulardesign,sothatsub‐unitsmaybe

easilyserviced.Theonlyitemrequiringattentioninroutineuseiscleaningoftheoptical

inserttoremoveaccumulateddustorothercontaminationwhichmaybebroughtinwiththe

sampleairstream.Theopticalchamberisattachedwithabayonetfittingforquickremoval;

easy cleaning; and reliable re‐assembly.  The entire instrument is hermetically sealed to

reducetheentryofdust.

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1.2TechnicalSpecifications



Operation:

 Supplyvoltage:100‐240V~,50/60Hz

 Maxpowerconsumption:90W

 Measurementwavelengths:370,470,525,590,660,880and940nm

 Airflow:adjustable2,3,4and5LPM

Environmentaloperatingconditions:

 Indooruse

 Altitude:upto3000mwithinternalpump,otherconfigurationspossible

 Temperaturerange:10–40degreesCelsius(instrument)

 Relativehumidityrange:non‐condensing

Mechanicalspecification:

 Chassismaterial:sheetmetal

 Frontplatematerial:plastic

 Dimensions:standard19”/6U,rackmount

 Weight:approx.20kg

Connectors:

 Samplingair:inlet/outlettype–¼”NTPF

 Communication:3xUSBtypeA,3xRS‐232COM,1xEthernet

Userinterface:

 8.4”SVGAdisplaywithLEDbacklight

 Basiccontrol:touch‐screen

 Optionalcontrol:standardPCkeyboardandmouse

 Red,Yellow,RedstatusLEDs

Datastoragecapacity:10+years,at1‐minuteintervals



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1.3FunctionalDescription

TheModel633featuresmodulardesignandiscomposedofseveralsubsystemswhichareso

interconnected that most simple and safe handling of the instrument is possible. Presented

hereareafunctionalblockdiagramfollowedbyaflowdiagram.



Figure5.Model633functionalblockdiagram

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

ENCLOSURE

The Model 633 enclosure is very robust and made from sheet metal.Theenclosure

mechanicallyprotectsthedelicateinnermeasurementparts.Thedimensionsoftheenclosure

meettherackmountstandardfortheinstrumentation.



POWERSUPPLY

Thepowersupply moduleiscomposedofthe mainsinlet,the powersupplyelectronicsand

thecoolingfan.Sincethepowersupplyelectronicsheatsup,itismechanicallyintegratedina

separatedandthermallysealedarea.



MAINSINLET

ThemainsinletacceptsstandardEU,USorUKsupplycords.Itiscomposedoftheinletitself,

theEMCfilter,themainfuseandtheprimaryON/OFFswitch.Theswitchisapartofthepower

supplymodule.



COOLINGFAN

Thecoolingfanisalsoapartofthepowersupplymodule.Thecontrolelectronicsmeasures

thetemperatureofthepowersupplyareaandswitchesonandoffthecoolingfan.



MAINCOMPUTER

Themaincomputerprocessoralsogeneratesquitealotofheat.Itisintegratedinthepower

supplyareasoitcanbecooleddowntogetherwiththepowersupplyelectronics.Thehighest

level control software and the user interface are implemented on the main, PC based

computer.



ELECTRONICBOARDS

The system features modular design so the electronics is composed of various electronics

boardswhichmechanicallyfittogetherwithothermechanicalmodules.Thelowlevelcontrol

firmware is implemented with microcontrollers, which are located on separate electronic

boardssoparallelrealtimedataprocessingispossible.

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

ETHERNETCONNECTOR

The Ethernet connector allows the connection of the Model 633 measurement system to

Ethernetbasedcommunicationnetworks.



COM1,COM2,COM3CONNECTORS

TheCOMconnectorsallowtheconnectionofthesystemtoRS232baseddevices,likeexternal

sensorsordataloggers.



USBCONNECTOR(rearpanel)

TheUSBconnectorallowstheconnectionofthesystemtoUSBbased devices, like external

sensorsordataprocessingunits.



AIRINLETandOUTLETCONNECTORS

Theairinletandoutletconnectorallowstheconnectionoftheinstrumenttoexternalairflow

system. The measured air enters the instrument through the inlet connector and leaves the

instrumentthroughtheoutletconnector.



BALLVALVE

The ball valve is an electrically actuated valve which is connected directly to the inlet

connectorandconnectsorseparatestheinstrumentfromtheexternalairsystem.



CRC

The CRC (also called muffler) is a filter used to decrease the noise in the airflow which is

createdbymechanicalrotationofthepump.



AIRPUMP

The air pump pumps the measured air through the inlet connector, directly to the

measurementchamber.Itisoneofthemaincomponentsinthesystem.



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FLOWMETERS

Twoflow metersmeasure theairflow indifferentpointsinthesystem.One ofthemis used

alsointheairflowregulationloop.



SOLENOIDVALVES

Threesolenoidvalvesareusedtoswitchtheairflowthroughdifferentairflowpathswhenthe

instrumentissetindifferentoperatingmodeslikemeasure,tapeadvanceorsimilar.



CHAMBERLIFTMECHANISM

Thechamberliftmechanismallowsthemeasurementchambertobe lifted manually or

electromechanically. During tape advance the automated chamber lift procedure isinvoked.

During tape replacement the manual chamber lift procedure can be engaged. The manual

chamberliftmechanismfeaturesalsoaspeciallockingmechanismwhich simplifiesthe tape

replacementorchambercleaningprocedure.Themainelectroniccomponentsofthechamber

liftmechanismarethesteppermotorandthechamberliftpositionsensor.



TAPEADVANCEMECHANISM

The advance mechanism allows the instrument to perform automatic tape advances during

measurements.Themainelectronicpartsofthetapeadvancemechanismareasteppermotor

andthetwotapesensors.



ROLLONandUNROLLTAPESPOOLS

Theroll‐onandtheun‐rolltapespoolsholdthemeasurementtape.Duringautomatedtape

advancethetapeunrollsfromtheun‐rollspoolandrollsontheroll‐onspool.Iftheun‐roll

spoolisempty,theeventisdetectedautomaticallythankstothetapesensors.Thetape

replacementproceduremustbeperformedmanuallybytheoperator.Themeasurementtape

isoneofthemainpartsofthesystem.



TAPESENSORS

Thetwotapesensorsareusedbytheinstrumentsoftwaretodetecttheamountoftapeonthe

un‐rollandroll‐onspools.

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

LIGHTSOURCE

ThelightsourceintegratesgroupsofLEDsofdifferentlightwavelengths.Itisoneofthemain

partsofthesystem.



DETECTOR

The detector detects what amount of light passes through the measurement tape. A special

algorithmisusedtocalculatetheblackcarbonconcentrationusingtheinformationfromthe

detectorandtheflowmeter.



FRONTPANELDOOR

Thefrontpaneldoorcanbeopenedwhichallowstheaccesstothe instrument for tape

replacementorchambercleaning.



DISPLAYandTOUCHSCREEN

The display and the touch‐screen are the mainuser interfaces of the instrument.Using this

interface the operator can perform all necessary operations for proper functioning of the

instrument.



USBCONNECTORS(frontpanel)

ThetwoUSBportsonthefrontpaneldoorcanbeusedtoconnectakeyboard,mouseoraUSB

keyfordatadownloadordataupload.



STATUSLEDS

Thered,yellowandgreenstatusLEDsshowthecorrectorincorrect operation of the

instrument. This status is replicated on the screen with the Status Condition (see, 4.2

Instrument Status).



DOORKNOB

Thedoorknobisusedtoopenthefrontpaneldoor.



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Teledyne 633 User manual

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